乌兹别克斯坦Almalyk斑岩铜矿田成矿时代及其地质意义

新疆西天山斑岩铜矿找矿勘查备受关注。乌兹别克斯坦Almalyk斑岩铜矿田处在西天山西段,铜矿规模属亚洲第二大,但其成矿时代还没有准确厘定。在区域地质构造中,Almalyk铜矿田位于中天山加里东—华力西褶皱带南部边缘,包括Kalmakyr、Dalneye、Sarcheku和Kyzata等4个铜矿床,铜成矿主要发生在斑岩体内,原生矿石呈网脉状、浸染状,金属矿物主要有黄铁矿、黄铜矿,辉钼矿、赤铁矿、磁铁矿、自然金、斑铜矿等。针对Sarcheku铜钼矿石中辉钼矿利用Re-Os法测得(320.4±2.3)Ma的模式年龄和(317.6±2.5)Ma的等时线年龄。结合岩浆建造序列,认为矿田内构造—岩浆—热液过程开始于早石炭世,发展于晚石炭世,结束于早二叠世,斑岩型铜成矿主要在晚石炭世。西天山包括Almalyk铜矿田在内大型—超大型斑岩型铜成矿作用主要在中泥盆—晚石炭世(D2—C2),与古亚洲洋壳向哈萨克斯坦—伊犁板块之下俯冲形成的复杂岛弧岩浆地质过程有关。     

哈密延东铜矿床地质和地球化学特征

土屋-延东是东天山发现的最大铜多金属矿田,延东铜矿是该矿田主要产铜区.延东铜矿主要矿石类型有两类:闪长玢岩中浸染状矿石和斜长花岗斑岩中细脉浸染状、块状矿石;围岩蚀变主要为绢英岩化、绿泥石-黑云母化和青磐岩化,蚀变分带不明显.成矿流体包裹体研究表明,成矿流体温度较低(均一温度为110℃~240℃),盐度变化较大(0.68%~52.5%),成矿流体组成具多源性,CH4占很大比例,以富含有机质成分为特征.氢、氧同位素组成表明,早期成矿流体以岩浆水为主,晚期为上升岩浆流体与地层中大气降水混合产物.含矿斜长花岗斑岩体SIMS锆石U-Pb年龄为(338.3±1.4)Ma,含矿岩体形成时限为早石炭世.     

新疆东天山地区延西铜矿床的地球化学、成矿年代学及其地质意义

延西铜矿床位于新疆东天山觉罗塔格地区北部的哈尔里克-大南湖岛弧带内,是延东-土屋斑岩型成矿带的西延部分。矿床的赋矿地层主要为石炭系企鹅山群,被含矿斜长花岗斑岩侵入。矿床中的主要岩石类型为安山岩、闪长玢岩以及斜长花岗斑岩,安山岩和闪长玢岩具有同源性及岛弧火山岩的特点,是主要的赋矿围岩;斜长花岗斑岩具有埃达克质岩石的特征,与成矿作用直接相关,其形成晚于安山岩、闪长玢岩。本文测得延西铜矿床辉钼矿Re-Os年龄为326.2±4.5Ma,可以代表其成矿年龄,与土屋-延东铜矿床322.7±2.3Ma的辉钼矿Re-Os年龄基本相同;包括延西铜矿床在内的土屋-延东斑岩型铜矿带成矿时代与成岩时代基本一致或稍晚。延西铜矿床具有斑岩型铜矿床的矿化和围岩蚀变特征,与土屋-延东斑岩型铜矿带内其它矿床均为中石炭世同源岩浆演化的产物,具有相似的成矿作用过程,成矿物质均为岩浆来源,这些矿床可能为同一岩浆活动在不同部位发生矿化的产物。延西铜矿床以及土屋-延东斑岩型铜矿带形成于东天山觉罗塔格地区晚古生代的挤压岛弧背景,应与哈尔里克-大南湖晚古生代岛弧的形成相伴,可能与康古尔塔格大洋板块向北部哈尔里克-大南湖岛弧的俯冲有关。     

巴尔喀什成矿带Cu-Mo-W矿床的辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄测定及其地质意义

巴尔喀什成矿带是世界著名的中亚成矿域斑岩型铜钼成矿带,产出许多斑岩型铜钼矿床和一些石英脉-云英岩型钨钼矿床。中亚成矿域可能是一个多核成矿系统,具有以走滑断裂为边界构成的断裂构造体系并受之控制。本文对巴尔喀什成矿带巴尔喀什—阿克沙套地区11件辉钼矿样品进行了Re-Os同位素分析,得到博尔雷大型斑岩型铜(钼)矿床和东科翁腊德、扎涅特、阿克沙套石英脉-云英岩型钨钼矿床的辉钼矿模式年龄(平均值)分别为315.9Ma、298.0Ma、295.0Ma和289.3Ma;其中,东科温腊德、阿克沙套和扎涅特等3个矿床的Re-Os等时线年龄为297.9-+30..949Ma,MSWD值为0.97。辉钼矿Re-Os年龄说明巴尔喀什成矿带Cu-Mo-W成矿作用发生在315.9～289.3Ma期间,Cu-Mo-W矿床的形成可分为两期:一期为斑岩型铜钼矿床,约形成于315.9Ma;另一期为石英脉-云英岩型钨钼矿床,约形成于297.9Ma。根据辉钼矿模式年龄和等时线年龄,推测该地区花岗斑岩和伟晶岩的形成时代与相应的矿床基本同时,均为晚石炭世,属海西期构造岩浆活动的产物。通过与我国境内西、东准噶尔和东天山斑岩铜矿带的对比表明,巴尔喀什成矿带铜钼成矿作用的年龄介于东天山土屋—延东斑岩铜矿与西准噶尔包古图斑岩铜矿之间。分析表明,中亚成矿域大规模斑岩型铜钼成矿作用集中在晚石炭世,属海西晚期构造-岩浆活动的产物。     

福建紫金山矿田罗卜岭斑岩型铜钼矿床辉钼矿Re-Os定年及地质意义

罗卜岭铜钼矿床是位于紫金山矿田北东侧的一个大型斑岩型铜钼矿床,铜钼矿体产于四方花岗闪长岩和罗卜岭花岗闪长斑岩体内。通过对该矿床11件代表性辉钼矿样品进行Re-Os同位素定年,获得的模式年龄为104.7±1.6～106.5±1.5Ma,等时线年龄为104.9±1.6Ma,与赋矿围岩的成岩年龄一致,表明罗卜岭铜钼矿床形成于早白垩世,属燕山晚期构造-岩浆活动产物。由于斑岩铜钼矿床为紫金山矿田成矿流体早期演化的产物,故认为紫金山矿田成矿流体演化起始于105Ma左右。     

哈萨克斯坦阿克斗卡超大型斑岩型铜矿田地质特征与成矿模式

中亚成矿域巴尔喀什成矿带阿克斗卡矿田主要由阿克斗卡、艾达里和库兹尔基亚等矿床组成, 是发育在火山岛弧环境的典型斑岩型Cu-Mo-Au矿床群, 其中阿克斗卡为超大型斑岩铜矿。斑岩型铜成矿作用发生在晚古生代哈萨克马蹄形构造形成过程中, 成矿构造背景为乌拉尔-天山断裂系统的大型左行走滑作用和大陆地壳侧向增生过程, 具有典型的斑岩铜矿围岩蚀变和矿石矿物分带特征; 成矿作用受东西向、北东东向和北西西向断裂控制, 主要与早期碱性阶段的硅化蚀变有关, 酸性蚀变阶段发生了再矿化与富集成矿作用; 据含矿花岗闪长岩中锆石SHRIMP定年本文给出主要成矿时代为327.5 ± 1.9 Ma (早石炭世晚期), 成矿模式为"花岗闪长岩"型, 属于浅成斑岩铜矿成矿系统。      

中亚巴尔喀什成矿带萨亚克大型铜矿田矿床地质特征与成矿模式

综述了哈萨克斯坦巴尔喀什成矿带萨亚克大型铜矿田地质特征、矿田构造与成矿模式。萨亚克铜矿田是中亚成矿域巴尔喀什成矿带唯一的以矽卡岩型铜矿化为主的大型铜矿床,产在萨亚克地堑复向斜内。该矿田包括几个在空间上相对独立的矽卡岩型铜矿床、斑岩型铜钼网状脉矿床和一系列石英脉型矿脉,构成了斑岩型和矽卡岩型两个端元形成的成矿系列,但以矽卡岩型为主。矿床主要位于中石炭世灰岩与晚石炭世花岗岩类的接触带上,具有独特的矽卡岩型Cu-Au-Mo矿化组合,成矿时代为海西中晚期,根据本研究进行的锆石SHR I MP定年结果,主要与次要成矿期年龄分别为335±2Ma和308±10Ma。金属矿床主要赋存在地堑复向斜内局部发育的鞍状背斜顶部,部分富矿体的产出严格受断裂构造-岩浆活动的控制。闪长岩与铜矿化作用的关系最为密切,铜含量可高达1%以上;其次,花岗闪长岩与铜矿化的关系也较为密切,铜含量可达0.2%以上。萨亚克矽卡岩型铜矿田铜保有储量约为57.5万吨。     

西天山哈勒尕提铁铜多金属矿床成岩成矿时代:锆石U-Pb和辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年代学

哈勒尕提铁铜多金属矿床是新疆西天山北缘博罗科努多金属成矿带上的一个典型矽卡岩矿床,其成岩成矿时代此前尚无确切的年代学资料。作者通过对与成矿相关的二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩中锆石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素测定,获得其加权平均年龄分别为(376.4±3.2)Ma和(365.6±3.5)Ma,表明其侵入时代为晚泥盆世,代表了晚古生代北天山洋向南部伊犁板块俯冲消减背景下的岩浆作用产物。矽卡岩矿石中辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为(368.9±3.1)Ma,加权平均年龄为(366±2)Ma,与成岩时代在误差范围内一致。哈勒尕提矿床与同一成矿带上的艾木斯呆依"可克萨拉铁铜矿床、莱历斯高尔-3571铜钼矿床等一起,构成了一个与晚泥盆世—早石炭世中酸性侵入岩有关的矽卡岩-斑岩型铁铜钼多金属成矿系统。     

巴尔喀什成矿带博尔雷斑岩铜矿床地质特征与成矿时代

巴尔喀什成矿带是世界著名的中亚成矿域斑岩型铜钼成矿带, 产出许多大型-超大型斑岩型铜钼矿床和一些石英脉-云英岩型钨钼矿床。本文介绍了巴尔喀什成矿带博尔雷大型斑岩型铜(钼)矿床地质特征, 并对该矿床2件辉钼矿样品进行了铼-锇同位素分析, 得到博尔雷大型斑岩型铜(钼)矿床的辉钼矿模式年龄(平均值)为315.9 Ma, 说明了晚石炭世巴尔喀什成矿带斑岩型铜钼矿床的形成年龄, 属海西晚期构造-岩浆活动的产物。博尔雷斑岩铜矿成矿时代介于东天山与西准噶尔斑岩型铜矿床的成矿时代之间。      

东天山土屋–延东铜矿带石英钠长斑岩与辉钼矿形成年龄及其重要意义

土屋–延东铜矿带位于东天山大南湖–头苏泉岛弧带上,是目前新疆最大的铜矿带。铜矿体主要赋存于石炭纪斜长花岗斑岩和晚古生代企鹅山群中,但是前人研究表明斜长花岗斑岩的成岩年龄(339~332 Ma),明显老于成矿年龄(约322Ma),因此,土屋–延东铜矿带的致矿岩体至今还存有争议。本次研究首次对该铜矿带晚石炭世石英钠长斑岩进行了详细的岩相学和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学分析,并结合辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄测定,探讨土屋–延东铜矿带矿床成因。对延东铜矿4件辉钼矿样品进行Re-Os同位素分析,得到322.0±2.7 Ma的加权平均模式年龄和319.1±9.1 Ma等时线年龄,明显要晚于斜长花岗斑岩年龄。两个石英钠长斑岩样品LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为324.9±2.4 Ma和324.5±2.1 Ma,表明石英钠长斑岩为晚石炭世岩浆活动的产物。岩相学研究表明,石英钠长斑岩中发育黄铜矿+绿泥石+硬石膏+方解石矿物组合,这与延东铜矿主成矿阶段的矿物组合基本一致,并且石英钠长斑岩成岩年龄与辉钼矿年龄在误差范围内一致,表明石英钠长斑岩可能与土屋-延东铜矿带铜矿形成有着密切关系,这一发现可能为大南湖–头苏泉岛弧带晚石炭世铜矿的勘查提供新的思路。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。