青藏高原对莫东北侧初夏干旱天气影响的数值研究

本文利用改进的Ｔ４２Ｌ９模式，以１９７９年６月１４日１２时的ＦＧＧＥ－Ⅲｂ资料为初始场，分别在有地形非绝热，有地形绝热以及无地形绝热情形下进行了五天数值预报试验，研究了青藏高原的热力和动力作用对高原东北侧干旱天气的影响，模拟结果指出，在初夏夏季风爆发期间，青藏高原有利于其东侧（包括甘肃南部和陕西南部一带）进入雨季，但也有利于其北侧的河西走廊地区维持干旱，高原的动力和热力作用对高原北侧的初夏干旱天气有着重要的影响。     

青藏高原感热加热对7月份大气环流和亚洲夏季风影响的数值试验

根据低纬地区地表温度高、蒸发及降水量大、辐合上升运动剧烈等特点,本文构造了一个正压模式的方程组,提示出影响低纬大气波动的一个重要因素——海表温度SST。研究指出:(1)当SST<25℃时,含蒸发风反馈机制的Rossby波向西传播,当SST>25℃时.含蒸发风反馈机制的Rossby波向东传播。(2)SST的数值越高,空气越潮湿,含蒸发风反馈机制的Rossby波传播速度就越小。当SST超过29℃时,会形成周期为30天的低频振荡。     

两次华南持续性暴雨过程中热带西太平洋对流异常作用的比较

利用NOAA的外逸长波辐射资料(OLR)和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及华南地区台站降水资料诊断分析了热带西太平洋对流活动在2005年和2006年华南地区持续性暴雨发生的大尺度环流背景上的物理作用.分析表明:2005年6月17～24日华南持续性暴雨过程与热带西太平洋对流的10～25天低频振荡从150 °E附近西传有关,持续性暴雨期间西太平洋副热带高压持续西伸的Gill型环流响应对应于传播到120 °E附近强对流的低频间歇期;2006年5月下旬～6月中旬华南的持续性暴雨可能与热带西太平洋的双热带辐合带(ITCZ)南支对流带异常强盛有关,持续强盛的南支ITCZ使得115～135 °E平均的局地Hadley环流最大上升中心位于0～5 °S,菲律宾海附近区域上升运动的减弱有利于西太平洋副热带高压持续西伸加强.通过比较这两例典型的华南持续性暴雨过程发现,副热带高压在华南地区持续西伸是两次持续性暴雨发生的共同的大尺度环流背景,而热带西太平洋对流活动则通过不同的物理过程影响副热带高压的持续西伸.     

青藏高原影响亚洲夏季气候研究的最新进展

文中回顾了近 10a来吴国雄等在青藏高原影响亚洲夏季气候研究方面的最新进展。通过分析东西风交界面的演变证明 ,由于青藏高原的春季加热 ,亚洲季风区对流层低层冬季盛行偏东风转变为夏季偏西南风最早发生在孟加拉湾东部 ,与其相伴随的激烈对流降水出现在其东面。因此孟加拉湾东部至中印半岛西部是亚洲季风最早爆发的地区。同时也指出盛夏伊朗高原和青藏高原加热所激发的同相环流嵌套在欧亚大陆尺度的热力环流中 ,从而加强了东亚的夏季风 ,加剧了中西亚的干旱 ;并通过其所激发的波动对夏季东亚的气候格局产生重要影响。文中还比较了夏季南亚高压的伊朗模态和青藏模态性质的异同及其对亚洲夏季降水异常分布的不同影响。     

1979年初夏青藏高原上空大气的非绝热加热和动能收支的特征

本文根据青藏高原气象科学实验期间的资料,计算了1979年5—8月青藏高原地区大气的非绝热加热和动能收支。其结果表明:青藏高原地区上空的能量收支有其明显的独特性,夏季青藏高原地区的大气是北半球重要的热源和能源区。并指出,青藏高原地区上空夏季型环流结构的建立要超前于东亚大气环流的季节性变化。     

SENSITIVITY EXPERIMENTS ON INFLUENCES OF UPLIFT OF QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU ON CIRCULATION IN SUMMER

A coupled general circulation model in a zonal belt is used to simulate the variation of circulationfeatures in the process of uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.The results reveal that the heatingrates of the Plateau increase with the rising of the Plateau topography,and the latent heating compo-nent in the heating field tends to be the most important heating factor.The uplift of the Plateau en-hances the upward motion,intensifies the pressure systems in the high and low level atmosphere,re-inforces Southeast Asia monsoon strength,increases precipitation and severely decreases the surfacetemperature over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.However.the basic structures of the general circulation do not vary much due to the uplift of theQinghai-Xizang Plateau.and it is the land-sea distribution that is the decisive factor to form the pre-sent circulation pattern and monsoon.Therefore,to simulate the paleoclimate during the geologicalperiod people should consider more factors,especially the land-sea distribution.     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECT OF INDIAN SUBCONTINENT VEGETATION COVER ON SUMMER MONSOON

In the present paper,a global two-dimensional climate model developed by Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS) with inclusion of a simple parameterization of land surface processes developed recently by Zhang and Li is used to investigate the effect of vegetation cover of the Indian subcontinent on summer monsoon circulation and its rainfall.First of all,we carried out a control experiment in which the distribution of vegetation species was based on obser-vations.Then,with removal of the vegetation cover on the subcontinent,a sensitivity experiment was performed.For both of the experiments,the integrations were made from the beginning of April to the end of July.The results show that,after the vegetation was removed from the subcontinent,the monthly mean updraft and the monsoon circulation to the south of the Plateau was weakened in June and July.Especially,the change was more manifest in June.Also,in the south side of the Plateau,the easterly component was strengthened in the lower troposphere,the monsoon rainfall was reduced over the central India.Moreover,the rainfall was obviously reduced over the southern India from the end of June to the beginning of July.     

青藏高原对亚洲夏季风爆发位置及强度的影响

通过数值模拟,研究了青藏高原位于不同经度位置时,亚洲夏季风的爆发和演变情况,从动力和热力学角度分析了青藏高原大地形对亚洲夏季风爆发位置的影响。结果表明,青藏高原的“热力滑轮”作用引起:高原东南面热带陆地上空的偏南气流加强,降水增加,凝结潜热加强;高原西南面热带陆地上空出现偏北气流,降水减弱,陆面的感热加热加强。青藏高原对于亚洲夏季风的爆发地点有锚定的作用,在热带海陆分布的背景下,使亚洲夏季风首先在高原东南面的海洋东岸—陆地西岸爆发,并使亚洲季风降水重新分布。     

青藏高原北侧地区干湿年夏季垂直环流差异的对比分析及青藏高原的热力影响

为了分析西北干旱的形成原因，本文首先利用高原北侧地区５站历年夏季的降水量资料等，制定了该区的干湿标准，划分了历年夏季的干湿等级。接着又利用ＥＣＭＷＦ的格点资料等对比分析了该区干湿年夏季间垂直环流的差异，也探讨了青藏高原地面热状况与高原北侧干湿状况的联系。其主要结论是：１）文中制定的以降水标准差为判据的干湿标准适合西北干旱区；２）高原北侧干湿年夏季间在高原北侧和高原上的垂直环流存在明显差异；３）青藏高原地面热状况与上列差异有关，也即青藏高原的热力作用是西北干旱的重要成因之一。     

SENSITIVITY EXPERIMENTS ON INFLUENCES OF UPLIFT OF QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU ON CIRCULATION IN SUMMER*

A coupled general circulation model in a zonal belt is used to simulate the variation of circulation features in the process of uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.The results reveal that the heating rates of the Plateau increase with the rising of the Plateau topography,and the latent heating component in the heating field tends to be the most important heating factor.The uplift of the Plateau enhances the upward motion,intensifies the pressure systems in the high and low level atmosphere,reinforces Southeast Asia monsoon strength,increases precipitation and severely decreases the surface temperature over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.However.the basic structures of the general circulation do not vary much due to the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.and it is the land-sea distribution that is the decisive factor to form the present circulation pattern and monsoon.Therefore,to simulate the paleoclimate during the geological period people should consider more factors,especially the land-sea distribution.     

青藏高原对亚洲季风平均环流影响的数值试验

利用垂直方向具有９层σ面、水平方向菱形截断波数为１５的全球大气环流谱模式和有、无青藏高原大地形两种情况下１０年积分的模拟结果，研究了青藏高原大地形对亚洲季风平均环流的影响。结果表明：有、无青藏高原大地形，亚洲冬、夏季季风平均环流均存在很大的差异。去除地形，使夏季高层的南亚高压、低层的大陆热低压、副热带高压及冬季的大陆冷高压在位置或强度上发生了改变；地形的有、无决定着冬季东亚大槽的强度；索马里越赤道气流有地形时明显较无地形时强；地形的有无还影响着降水强度和雨带的分布。另外，副热带高压中心及雨带的季节性移动与高原大地形的存在与否亦有很大的关系     

EFFECT OF THE INDIAN PENINSULA ON THE COURSE OF THE ASIAN TROPICAL SUMMER MONSOON

In terms of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3),the effect of the Indian Peninsulaon the course of the Asian tropical summer monsoon is simulated in this paper,and numericalexperimental results show that the Indian Peninsula plays a critical role in the establishmentprocess of the Asian tropical summer monsoon.When the CCM3 includes the Indian Peninsula,the model successfully simulates out the course of the Asian tropical summer monsoon,i.e.theSouth China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon at first bursts in middle May,while the Indian monsoonjust establishes until middle June.However when the Indian Peninsula topography is deleted in themodel,the Indian and SCS summer monsoons almost simultaneously establish in late May.Numerical results further indicate that in the former experiment the sensible heating of the IndianPeninsula warms the air above and produces evident temperature contrast between the peninsulaand its adjacent SCS and Bay of Bengal (BOB).which results in the strengthening and maintenanceof the BOB trough in the low-middle layer of the troposphere in the end of spring and early summerand thus the earliest establishment of the Asian tropical summer monsoon in the SCS in middleMay.However,the Indian summer monsoon just establishes until middle June when the strongwest wind over the Arabian Sea shifts northwards and cancels out the influence of the northwestflow behind the BOB trough.In the latter experiment the effect of Tibetan Plateau only produces avery weak BOB trough,and thus the SCS and Indian summer monsoons almost simultaneouslyestablish.     

A NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE MEDIUM-RANGE RESPONSES OF THE ATMOSPHERE TO THE ABNORMAL SOIL MOISTURE*

By employing the improved T42L9 spectral model introduced by NMC (Beijing) from ECMWF and utilizing the FGGE-IIIb data covering the period of 14-19 June 1979, the atmospheric responses to the abnormal soil moisture during the medium-range period have been studied numerically. According to the initial field at 12 GMT 14 June, a five-day numerical experiment under different conditions of the soil moisture has been carried out respectively. The monthly mean climatological soil moisture for June has been used in the control experiment in the initial time and it changes with time according to the moisture budget equation at the land surface. Comparing with the experiments with dry or wet soil. one can conclude that: 1) Source of precipitation over continents in summer consists of the land-surface evaporation and the moisture transfer from oceans. Their intensities are comparable during the medium-range time scale when the soil evaporates its moisture sufficiently. Therefore, the soil moisture can influence the global precipitation and the general circulation significantly; 2) By influencing the thermodynamic difference between land and sea,the soil moisture can change the intensity of monsoon and precipitation distribution; 3) The response of the atmosphere to the abnormal soil moisture has the characteristics of geographical distribution and nonlinear interactions; 4) Human activities on the world can influence the environment greatly.     

海陆分布和地形对1998年夏季风爆发的热力影响

应用1980－1995年5天平均的CMAP降水资料、美国NMC850hPa风、卫星反演的向外长波辐射（OLR）和上部对流层水汽亮温（BT）等资料分析比较了南海夏季风爆发前后的基本特征。结果发现：BT能够反映南海夏季风的爆发及其与周围地区降水的关系，但局地降水信息的反映不够具体；OLR能够比较好的反映热带海洋上的降水，但陆地上的低值OLR可能受到地形的影响，仅仅850hPa风场不能完全确定夏季风的爆发。南海季风转换区域定义在南海的中北部比较合适，这是因为南海夏季风爆发前就存在着长年位于南海南部的带海洋对流性雨带；南海夏季风爆发后西南季风气流和季风雨带从印度洋经孟加拉湾和南海伸向西北太平洋，开始了南亚和东亚夏季风的爆发过程。     

青藏高原隆升影响夏季大气环流的敏感性试验

本文用球带范围的大气环流耦合模式，模拟了青藏高原隆升过程中大气环流的变化。模拟的结果表明，高原对大气的加热作用随着高原地形的升高而加强，而其中潜热加热的贡献占据第一位。高原隆升加剧了高原上空大气的上升运动，使高低空的高低压系统得到了加强，增强了南亚和东亚的季风强度，并且引起高原地区降水明显增加，地表面平均温度剧烈下降。尽管如此，青藏高原的隆升并没有从根本上改变大气环流形势，海陆分布才是形成当代大气环流及季风的根本因子。因此，要模拟地质历史时期气候状况，除了高原地形外，还须考虑更多的因子，尤其是海陆分布的变化。     

1979年印度夏季风活跃、中断和撤退时期欧亚上空风场和温度场的变化

本文对1979年夏季印度西南季风活跃、中断和撤退时欧亚地区大范围环流和温度场进行了分析。结果表明,该年季风活动的变率与欧亚中高纬环流形势的演变有明显关系。季风活跃期,高空西风带显著北移,西藏高原上空有高空反气旋环流建立、发展,苏联西部阻塞高压发展、维持;季风中断期,西藏高原西部有高空槽存在;苏联西部阻塞高压减弱、崩溃或有高空槽发展;季风的撤退也与东亚冷空气活动关系密切。     

EFFECT OF THE INDIAN PENINSULA ON THE COURSE OF THE ASIAN TROPICAL SUMMER MONSOON*

In terms of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3),the effect of the Indian Peninsula on the course of the Asian tropical summer monsoon is simulated in this paper,and numerical experimental results show that the Indian Peninsula plays a critical role in the establishment process of the Asian tropical summer monsoon.When the CCM3 includes the Indian Peninsula,the model successfully simulates out the course of the Asian tropical summer monsoon,i.e.the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon at first bursts in middle May,while the Indian monsoon just establishes until middle June.However when the Indian Peninsula topography is deleted in the model,the Indian and SCS summer monsoons almost simultaneously establish in late May.Numerical results further indicate that in the former experiment the sensible heating of the Indian Peninsula warms the air above and produces evident temperature contrast between the peninsula and its adjacent SCS and Bay of Bengal (BOB).which results in the strengthening and maintenance of the BOB trough in the low-middle layer of the troposphere in the end of spring and early summer and thus the earliest establishment of the Asian tropical summer monsoon in the SCS in middle May.However,the Indian summer monsoon just establishes until middle June when the strong west wind over the Arabian Sea shifts northwards and cancels out the influence of the northwest flow behind the BOB trough.In the latter experiment the effect of Tibetan Plateau only produces a very weak BOB trough,and thus the SCS and Indian summer monsoons almost simultaneously establish.     

A NUMERICAL STUDY FOR THE EFFECT OF TROPICAL 40-50 DAY OSCILLATION ON ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON

By using a five-layer primitive equation model with P-sigma coordinates,the effect of convective heating source with the oscillation of a dipole pattern over the tropical Indian Ocean-Western Pacific on Asian summer monsoon is investigated.The results from simulations show that the oscillatary heating source may cause oscillations in east-west zonal circulation at the equator,in cross-equatorial flow,in meridional monsoon circulation and in the phase of high-low level circulation over Asia,with period same as that of the oscillating heat source.Furthermore,the influence mechanism of the tropical heating source associated with oscillations on Asian summer monsoon circulation is also studicd.It is clearly shown that the westward propagation of thermally-forced Rossy waves to the west of the oscillatary heating source and the northward propagation of disturbances can give rise to oscillations of the equatorial east-west zonal circulation and monsoonal meridional circulation.Finally,the oscillation of all the Asian summer monsoon circulation is formed.     

FEATURES OF DIABATIC HEATING AND KINETIC ENERGY BUDGET OVER THE QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU DURING EARLY SUMMER 1979

The diabatic heating and kinetic energy budget over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau are estimated,based onthe data collected by the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Meteorological Science Experiment (QXPMEX) during thesummer of 1979.The results revealed that the energy budget over the Plateau has its peculiarity.Duringthe summer,the atmosphere over the Plateau is one of the important source regions of heat and kinetic energyin the Northern Hemisphere.It is indicated that the formation of summer circulation over the Plateau isearlier than the seasonal transition of general circulation over East Asia.     

亚洲夏季风建立前后对流层温度场演变特征及其热力成因

对１９９６年亚洲夏季风爆发前后（３～６月）印度及南海季风区对流层温度演变特征及其热力成因作了比较分析。结果表明：印度和南海夏季风的爆发与各季风区对流层中上层南北温差逆转密切相关,而南北温差逆转是由１０～３０°Ｎ之间纬度带对流层的季节性增暖引起的。夏季风爆发前期,南海季风区的增温主要由暖平流及非绝热加热过程（主要为凝结潜热）共同作用所致。春季在印度季风区大陆上空存在显著的下沉绝热增温,使得对流层中上层的增温率比华南大陆及邻近地区上空的增温率显著得多。但印度季风区冬末春初的南北温差（南暖北冷）也非常明显,以至该地区对流层中上层增暖到引起南北温差发生逆转的时间较迟,而南海季风区对流层中层南北温差发生逆转的时间相对要早,因而印度夏季风比南海夏季风迟爆发。