西南地区东部夏季旱涝转换期的确定及其特征分析

提出一种区域旱涝转换期定义方法，并对西南地区东部１９６１－１９９５年旱涝转换期进行了划定，结果表明：本文对西南地区东部旱涝转换期定义方法是可行的；在西南地区东部，转换日期最早出现于６月第６候，最晚出现于７月第６候，主要集中于６月第６候、７月第１、２、４候；旱涝转换具有东多西少、南早北迟的特点，部分年份各地旱涝转换日期并不一致。     

西南地区东部旱涝转换及降水预测方法研究

在分析西南地区东部旱涝转换特点基础上,利用北半球500hPa 候平均高度场和ECMWF数值预报场资料,经过不同尺度的相似过滤和集成,得到未来若干候的降水分布,推断出旱涝转换开始期.试验结果令人满意.     

西南地区东部旱涝转换及降水预测方法研究

在分析西南地区东部旱涝转换特点基础上,利用北半球５００ｈＰａ候平均高度场和ＥＣＭＷＦ数值预报场资料,经过不同尺度的相似过滤和集成,得到未来若干候的降水分布,推断出旱涝转换开始期,试验结果令人满意。     

中东急流的季节转变特征及与印度夏季风爆发早晚的关系

采用1968—2009年NCEP/NCAR逐候再分析资料,分析了季节转换期间中东急流的变化特征及其热力机制。结果表明:中东急流中心的强度和位置存在明显的季节变化特征,第67候—次年第24候偏强且位置稳定偏南(27.5 °N)、第38—44候偏弱且位置稳定偏北(45 °N)。200 hPa纬向风场EOF第1空间模态反映了中东急流在冬、夏季的位置,冬季主要位于埃及和沙特阿拉伯上空,夏季主要位于黑海东部至咸海东部上空,且中东急流在冬季比在夏季强。第26—31候和第54—61候分别是中东急流春夏季和秋冬季的季节转换期,其200 hPa西风演变与500～200 hPa平均南北温差演变的对应关系很好,表明南北温差的季节性转变导致了200 hPa西风的季节性转变。个例分析表明,印度夏季风爆发日期早晚与中东急流季节转换日期早晚的关系非常密切。印度夏季风爆发较早（晚）时,由于500～200 hPa南北温差大值区域向北推进较早（晚）,因此,中东急流向北推进较早（晚）,同时40～90 °E对流层低层西风急流出现也较早（晚）。      

近50a江淮梅雨的区域特征

利用江淮地区44个站1954-2003年50 a逐日降水资料,采用模糊聚类、经验正交函数分解(EOF)、谐波分析和小波分析等方法分析了江淮梅雨期梅雨量的时空变化特征.结果表明:江淮地区梅雨量的空间分布存在显著不同的区域差异,可以分为南、北两个区.梅雨量具有显著的年际和年代际变化特征,南区候平均雨量峰值出现在6月第5候,北区峰值出现在7月第1候,副高脊线的两次北跳分别与江淮梅雨的平均入梅日期(6月第4候)和平均出梅日期(7月第2候)密切有关;南区梅雨量长期变化呈显著的上升趋势,而北区变化不明显;南北两区梅雨量具有显著不同的年际和年代际方差构成.南北两区梅雨量均存在多时间尺度的振荡周期.副热带高压和季风环流的异常直接影响到江淮梅雨期梅雨量的丰枯.     

热带大气季节内振荡对西南地区东部夏季降水的影响及其可能机制

利用1979~2013年6~8月的西南地区东部20个台站日降水量资料、逐日MJO(Madden-Julian Oscillation)指数、全球OLR(Outgoing Longwave Radiation)逐日格点资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析日资料,采用合成分析和线性回归等方法,对夏季MJO不同位相活动影响西南地区东部夏季降水的原因及其可能机制进行了初步分析。研究表明,MJO与西南地区东部夏季降水之间存在着显著的关系,当MJO处于第4(第6)位相时,由于西太平洋副高位置偏南(偏北)、向西南地区东部的水汽输送偏多(偏少),在异常上升(下沉)气流影响下,西南地区东部夏季降水偏多(偏少)。MJO影响西南地区东部夏季降水的可能原因是:当MJO处于第4位相时,赤道东印度洋地区上空大气释放凝结潜热,其激发东北向传播的异常波动,进而影响东亚环流,使得西南地区东部出现夏季降水偏多的环流形势,西南地区东部夏季降水增多;但在第6位相时,西太平洋地区上空对流释放的凝结潜热,其激发PJ(太平洋-日本)型Rossby波列,出现不利于西南地区东部夏季降水的环流形势,西南地区东部夏季降水偏少。     

中国西南区域雨季开始和结束日期划分标准的研究

为了更好地开展区域关键期气候监测业务,满足国家级气象服务的需求,本文从区域角度出发,利用1961～2011年西南地区92个气象观测站的逐日雨量资料和1981～2010年美国国家环境预报中心和国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)逐日的高低层大气环流再分析资料,研究了西南区域雨季开始和结束日期定义的标准问题。结果表明西南区域多年平均雨季开始日期在5月3候(27候),结束日期在10月3候(57候),季节转换期间高低层环流的突变特征进一步表明了该结论的合理性。并通过对多种雨季开始和结束日期判断标准的对比分析,最终提出了西南雨季开始和结束日期的划分标准。同时,对影响西南地区雨季开始和结束日期变化的机理也进行了初步的讨论。     

夏季青藏高原大气热源与西南地区东部旱涝的关系

利用1959～2006年西南地区东部20个测站逐日降水量资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料,分析了夏季青藏高原大气热源特征,指出了影响西南地区东部夏季旱涝的热源关键区域,并就关键区大气热源对该区域夏季旱涝的影响进行了诊断,得出了以下主要结论:西南地区东部夏季降水与高原主体东南部的热源变化关系密切,当该区域(该区域...     

近64a来南京夏季降水峰期变化及其异常环流分析

利用1951—2014年南京站逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料和NOAA逐月海表温度资料,分析了南京夏季降水的逐候演变特征及其异常环流。结果表明:1)南京夏季降水集中在6月第5候至7月第3候,在气候态上降水强度存在峰期位于6月第5候和7月第1候的双峰结构。降水峰期还存在准10 a的年代际变化。2)不同年份降水的候演变特征呈现为峰期在6月第5候、7月第2候的单峰结构以及双峰结构这三种状态之间转换。3)当降水单峰出现在7月第2候(6月第5候)时,同年6月第5候,西太副高偏弱(强)偏东(西)、东亚大槽和贝加尔湖浅槽偏弱(强)、南京附近对流层低层水汽异常辐散(辐合)、中层盛行下沉(上升)运动;同年7月第2候,西太副高偏强(弱)偏西(东)、东亚大槽和贝加尔湖浅槽偏强(弱)、南京附近对流层低层水汽异常辐合(辐散)、中层盛行上升(下沉)运动。4)南京夏季降水的峰期变化与前期冬季(175°E~50°W,10~20°N)区域的SST(Sea Surface Temperature)异常有着较好的相关性。     

安徽梅雨年际变化特征研究

本文对安徽省1951～2002年52a的入梅日期、出梅日期、梅雨日数、梅雨期降水总量等数据进行了统计。反映梅雨期年际变化特征的分析结果表明：安徽省入梅日期主要集中在6月的第2候和第4候，出梅日期主要集中在7月第2候；入梅日期的早晚与梅雨期天气形势、梅雨日数、梅雨期总降水量有着一定的对应关系。文中揭示的有关梅雨期年际变化特征，对于做好入梅日期、梅雨日数、梅雨期总降水量的预报，进而做好防汛抗旱的服务工作具有一定的参考意义。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.