DLH1热带气旋路径预报试验

应用最新研制出来的ＤＬＨ１热带旋路径预报方案，在１９９４年及１９９５年两个台风季里，共对２４个热带风暴，强热带风暴及台区进行了８７次预报试验。结果表明，本方案在应用了Ｔ４２高度预报场后，比原的“两层订正引导”方案有明显改进。     

热带气旋路径西行北翘预报方法的研究

热带气旋偏西行突然北翘登陆华南的预报难度大，准确预报出登陆地段的时效短，往往来不及作好御防而造成较大的损失。为提高预报技术水平，广州区域气象中心组织了此协作课题。实践与统计表明：目前国内外多数客观预报方法对正常路径的预报较好，对异常路径却缺乏预报能力；一些预报方法需用实时后6／J‘时的中心位置，每次的预报位置又不断变动，满足不了预报服务实时性与稳定性的要求。本文引用气候持续概念，对热带气旋（中心附近最大风力＞8级，以下同）持续偏西行与偏西转偏北行两类路径的个例进行对比分析，在求出不同情况下的系列订…     

广西热带气旋路径预报方法试验结果分析

介绍广西热带气旋路径预报方法的试验方案，以及运用该方案对１９９５￣１９９６年汛期热带气旋路径预报的结果，并对结果进行诊断分析，在此基础上得出预报方法中尚待改进的主要问题和解决这些问题的初步思路，为提高广西热带气旋路径预报水平做有益的探讨。     

热带气旋路径趋势数值预报的试验研究

给出了一个嵌套于欧洲中期天气预报中心全球谱模式中的套网格模式,用于预报热带气旋路径趋势,提出了一种以欧洲中期天气预报中心提供的时距为24小时的预报场为基础的“接力预报”方法;设计了五种不同的“接力预报”方案;并对8507号和8509号两个热带气旋就各种不同预报方案进行了数值预报试验。结果表明,本模式对热带气旋路径趋势具有较强的预报能力,对疑难路径也具有一定的预报能力,为开展热带气旋的路径趋势预报提供了一个新的途径。文中还对影响热带气旋路径趋势的一些主要因子结合各预报结果进行了分析,为模式尽早投入业务提供了一定的依据。     

广西热带气旋路径预报方法试验结果分析

介绍广西热带气旋路径预报方法的试验方案，以及运用该方案对１９９５～１９９６年汛期热带气旋进行路径预报的结果，并对结果进行诊断分析，在此基础上得出预报方法中尚待改进的主要问题和解决这些问题的初步思路，为提高广西热带气旋路径预报水平做有益的探讨。     

热带气旋路径集合预报试验

以MM5模式为试验模式,分别用增长模繁殖法（BGM）和模式物理过程扰（MPP）形成12个集合成员,对2005年登陆我国的8个热带气旋进行了52次路径集合预报试验,以寻找适合西北太平洋热带气旋路径的集合预报方法。结果表明：BGM方法的集合预报结果总体上好于控制试验结果,其中对强度较弱的热带气旋的集合预报效果更好。MPP方法的集合预报结果总体上不如控制试验结果,但对初始时刻强度达到台风的热带气旋的集合预报效果较好,集合预报相对于控制试验的改进效果明显。基于BGM方法和MPP方法集合预报的不同特点,将两种方法相结合形成扰动成员,这一综合方法的集合预报效果好于单一方法的集合预报效果。BGM方法和MPP方法的系统发散度总体上都偏小。     

非静力模式预报热带气旋路径个例试验

利用非静力模式（ＭＭ５Ｖ２）对９６１１号、９９０４号等北上热带气旋路径预报进行民试验。用松驰（Ｎｕｄｇｉｎｇ）四维同化方案和人造热带气旋（Ｂｏｇｕｓ ＴＣ）技术,使独ｔ－１２时刻的模式场（包括第一个Ｂｏｇｕｓ ＴＣ）通过预积分逐步逼近ｔｏ时刻的Ｂｏｇｕｓ ＴＣ和同时刻的观测资料场庆１９９９年能够得到相隔６ｈ一次的ＡＴ１０６Ｌ１９预报场后,分别在ｔ－１２、ｔ－ａ６和ｔｏ时刻各制做一个Ｂｏｇｕｓ ＴＣ     

用卡尔曼滤波预报南海热带气旋路径的试验

利用卡尔曼滤波方法预报南海热带气旋路径，发现采用卡尔曼滤波可以大大地降低预报误差，提高预测模型的预报能力。     

热带气旋预报的人工神经网络方法

根据１９４９－１９８８年登陆珠江口的热带气旋资料，运用了人工神经网络的一个典型模型－“反向传播”模型，建立了该地区３５－４９小时热带气旋登陆地点的预报模型，并应用于热带气旋登陆地点的预报，即珠江口的热带气旋登陆地点预报，其拟合最大相对误差不超过０．７％。结果表明，神经网络预报模型具有容错能力强、预报速度快的特点，可望成为望带气旋预报的有效辅助手段。     

台风远距离暴雨的研究进展

台风是最强的暴雨天气系统，针对台风暴雨的研究由来已久，并把台风暴雨分为台风环流本身的暴雨和台风远距离暴雨。近几十年来，有关台风远距离暴雨的研究有了一些新的进展和成果。2007年的第十四届全国热带气旋研讨会上还给出了最新的台风远距离暴雨定义。谨从此定义出发，简要总结国内外在台风远距离暴雨方面的研究成果，并在分析归纳的基础上提出存在的问题和可能的研究方向。     

SOME ASPECTS OF OBJECTIVE FORECASTING OF TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION

As shown in a statistical analysis of the relationship between environmental fields at varied timeand tropical cyclone motion, the forecasting ability of the initisl environmental field predictors for tropical cyclone motion decreases with the increase of valid time period of forecast;it is higher with these predictors at a fUture time than at an initial time. The work also indicates that for the tropical cyclone motion over a given period of valid forecast, better predictors appear at times mostly differing from thevalid periods; for periods at 48-120 h the environmental predictors at 48-72 h are more capable of forecasting. With statistical interpretation of NWP products, a predictive model for tropical cyclone motionis superior in performance over a statistical forecasting model that employes predictors of the initial field in the basic framework. The concluding remarks can be used as reference in the construction of an objective prediction model for tropical cyclone motion.     

A NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF TROPICAL CYCLONE CROSSING SUBTROPICAL HIGH

The barotropic primitive equations model is used in a numerical study of a tropical cyclone crossing the Subtropical high. It is revealed that apart from its own characteristics, sensitive factors having immediate effects on the motion of the tropical cyclone also include its radial distance from the center of the subtropical high, the variation in latitudinal location and intensity. A complex mechanism for nonlinear interactions among the tropical,subtropical high and β effect is also shown in the experiment, and expected to serve for the diagnosis and prediction of abnormal motion.     

基于人工神经网络的集成预报方法研究和比较

用人工神经网络方法对同一预报量的各个子预报方程进行集成预报研究,并以同样的子预报方程进行回归、平均和加权预报集成。对神经网络集成预报模型与各个子预报方程及其它集成预报方法进行了对比分析研究。结果表明,人工神经网络方法所构造的集成预报模型不仅对历史样本的拟合精度比各个子预报方法及其它集成预报方法更好,独立样本的试验预报结果也显示出更好的预报准确性。并且,采用神经网络方法进行预报集成,可以避免以往集成预报方法难以确定权重系数的困难     

热带气旋登陆华东的客观预报方案

热带所旋登陆华东属小概率事件。构造适当划分区间的阶梯函数能较好地反映登陆事件条件概率的非线性分布。应用阶梯函数变换的因子对登陆事件概率的预报性能优于线性相关的标准化因子。预报方案应用阶梯函数变换因子，通过非线性相关比筛选和REEP分析构造热带气旋登陆华东的预报模式。应用初始场资料与数值预报产品分别构造了统计－天气学、统计－气候学和统计－动力学的分类预报模式。应用分类预报模式的预报结果进行综合的预报集成提高了预报技巧。预报检验与试验表明本方案对热带气旋登陆华东具有一定的预报能力。     

利用卫星云图变分同化初始场对热带气旋路径影响的数值试验

利用上海台风研究所的东海热带气旋预报模式，讨论用卫星亮温资料变分同化初始温度场及相对湿度场对热带气旋移动路径的影响。结果表明，对400—925hPa模式层的温度场、相对湿度场和温度场的变分同化对热带气旋移动路径预报有较好的实用意义。     

THE EFFECTS OF STATION NETWORK DENSITY ON STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF TROPICAL CYCLONE PRECIPITATION

In this paper, 1416 conventional ground-based meteorological observation stations on the mainland of China were subdivided into groups of differing spatial density. Data from each subgroup were then used to analyze variations in the tropical cyclone (TC) precipitation statistics derived from each subgroup across the mainland of China (excluding Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao), as well as in two regions (east China and south China) and three provinces (Guangdong, Hainan, and Jiangxi) between 1981 and 2010. The results showed that for the mainland of China, total precipitation, mean annual precipitation, mean daily precipitation, and its spatial distribution were the same regardless of the spatial density of the stations. However, some minor differences were evident with respect to precipitation extremes and their spatial distribution. Overall, there were no significant variations in the TC precipitation statistics calculated from different station density schemes for the mainland of China. The regional and provincial results showed no significant differences in mean daily precipitation, but this was not the case for the maximum daily precipitation and torrential rain frequency. The maximum daily precipitation calculated from the lower-density station data was slightly less than that based on the higher-density station schemes, and this effect should be taken into consideration when interpreting regional climate statistics. The impact of station density on TC precipitation characteristics was more obvious for Hainan than for Guangdong or Jiangxi provinces. In addition, the effects were greater for south China (including Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region, Guangdong, and Hainan provinces) than east China (including Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Fujian, Anhui, and Jiangxi provinces). Furthermore, the analysis proved that the statistical climatic characteristics began to change significantly when the station spacing was between 40 and 50 km, which are close to the mean spacing for all stations across the mainland of China. Moreover, TC areal precipitation parameters, including mean total areal precipitation and mean daily areal precipitation, also began to change significantly when the spacing was between 40 and 50 km, and were completely different when it was between 100 and 200 km.     

影响福建热带气旋年季频数的投影寻踪回归模型

投影寻踪方法是一类处理高维问题,特别是高维非正态问题的新兴统计方法.通过普查北半球500 hPa、100 hPa、北太平洋海温以及500 hPa环流特征量与影响福建热带气旋年、季频数的相关,采用逐步回归筛选预测因子.然后,应用投影寻踪回归方法的基本思想和算法,建立福建热带气旋年季频数的PPR预测模型.结果表明,PPR模型的预测效果明显优于逐步回归预测模型,对福建热带气旋年季频数具有较好的预测能力.     

TIMESERIES PREDICTION MODEL CONSISTING OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK AND GENETIC ALGORITHM

The paper introduces the basic concept and flow diagram of genetic algorithm (GA) and themerits and demerits of artificial neural network (ANN) as a timeseries prediction model andthereupon developed is a new model with ANN and GA in combination. Eventually, calculationsare presented with the results and model examined.