华北平原地下水超采评价软件的开发与应用

在华北平原区域地下水动态调查工作的基础上,利用VB编程工具和MapObjects GIS二次开发软件,采用基于网格化思想的开采系数法、临界水位法及潜力模数法3种单一指标法,实现分水文地质单元、分行政区为评价单元的各分区超采程度计算。此外,通过GIS手段将超采程度分区图进行直观显示和外部输出,建立了地下水超采动态评价系统平台,辅助华北平原地下水超采评价工作,为地下水管理提供新的方法。     

陕西省地下水超采区划定技术研究浅析

地下水是水资源的重要组成部分,陕西省40%以上的工农业生产、生活用水依赖地下水,尤其是在关中地区,地下水资源的开采程度达到了60%以上。随着经济社会的快速发展和城市化进程的加快,为满足日益增长的供水需求,对地下水资源的开采俞加剧烈。笔者依据陕西省2001～2010年,全省地下水水位监测资料重点对关中平原、榆林风沙滩区和汉中盆地,埋深200 m以内的潜水和浅层承压水,不包括基岩裂隙水及岩溶水,采用水位动态法、开采系数法和诱发问题相结合的方法进行地下水超采区划分技术研究。确定全省划定地下水超采区15个,超采面积1 427.4 km^2,年均超采量0.51亿m3;其中一般超采区14个,面积1 240.4 km^2,年均超采量0.51亿m3,严重超采区1个,面积187 km^2。     

超采深层地下水引起的地质环境效应

持续超采深层地下水会产生地下水位下降,引起土体变形导致地面沉降,同时形成相邻城市的地下水联合开采漏斗,在研究粘性土的渗透变形的基础上,本文以河北省为例,论述了超采深层地下水引起的地面沉降、地裂缝等地质环境灾害问题,阐明这些灾害正在发展之中,严重危害人们正常生产生活,认为政府严格统一立法管理监督、控制深层地下水在临界开采水位内开采是治理或预防地面沉降等灾害的关键。     

华北平原深层地下水超采程度计算与分析

华北平原深层地下水的超采已引起了一系列的环境地质问题。为了从区域上认识深层地下水的超采情况以及由此引发的环境地质问题,分别以地下水开采潜力系数(深层地下水可利用量/现状开采量)、地面沉降量、多年平均水位下降速率为指标对地下水超采情况进行了计算和分析。结果表明,不同方法的计算结果具有一定的一致性。从区域上来看,深层地下水总体上处于超采状态,已无开采潜力。地下水开采程度指标采用以2003年为现状年的开采量,因此更多反映的是开采程度现状。利用地面沉降和多年平均水位下降速率计算的超采结果更多地反映了深层地下水开采历史所产生的环境地质问题。     

大同市地下水超采区地下水位回升线性预测分析

地下水是大同市城镇生活及工农业生产的主要供水水源。长期以来,由于大量集中开采地下水,造成大同市地下水位超采严重,形成多处地下水降落漏斗,超采面积506 km2,其中严重地下水超采区达163 km2。对大同市城郊浅层孔隙水中型超采区长系列年动态资料分析计算,建立地下水开采量、超采量、超采区净补给量和水位回升线性关系,在考虑地下水补、径、排基础上,对超采区水位回升变化趋势进行预测,确定大同市地下水超采区漏斗中心水位恢复年限为2017年,通过圆锥模型分析,预测地下水位恢复后能实现地下水良性循环状态。     

浅析唐山市水资源监控系统建设工程实施方案

通过建设地下水水位动态监控体系和非农取用水户监控体系,建立健全高效的水资源监控体系,基本实现水位、水量双控制,对地下水超采进行监测、评估和管理,达到逐步减少地下水开采、提高生产和生活用水效率、充分利用可利用水资源、修复水生态、实现水资源可持续利用的目的。     

用水化学动力学方法分析评价苏锡常地区孔隙Ⅱ承压水超采状态下补给条件的意义

基于孔隙承压水属性,研究了苏锡常地区孔隙Ⅱ承压水超采状态下最大水位埋深期（1994年、1998年）地下水动态（水位、水质）监测资料与水文地质条件。论述水位动态虽能直观反映开采状态下水资源衰竭与水位变化特征,但对补给条件及水动力机制不清楚,则会给超采状态下水文地质条件认识及评价带来视觉上的偏颇。采用水化学动力参数则能很好地反映不同水源补给空间的变化规律,用其常量水化学组分（K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、HCO-3、CO2-3、SO2-4）计算的离子强度（I）、主要离子活度（aHCO-3、aNa+     

超固结土层垂向形变机理及临界水位控沉分析——以西安南郊钻孔土样研究为例

超固结地层发生地面沉降需要一个大于超固结应力的起始附加应力来驱动。依据有效应力原则,临界水位与超固结应力之间存在线性相关关系,则超固结地层垂向形变机理亦可通过临界水位描述为：当人为开采地下水引起的起始水位降深大于临界水位时,地面沉降将明显发生。西安南郊地质技校钻孔埋深100-300m内土样试验资料分析及计算结果表明：该地层普遍呈现超固结特性;第一、二承压含水组的临界水位值分别为63.44m及73.76m;将“临界水位”作为控制地面沉降与最大限度开采地下水资源的主控指标来考虑,是地面沉降的有效防治措施。     

泰安旧县水源地地下水位动态特征及可开采量研究

泰安市城区水资源供需矛盾突出,地下水资源开采引发了岩溶塌陷等地质环境问题,亟需查明岩溶塌陷生态水位约束下水源地的允许开采量,确定水源地最优取水方案。以旧县水源地1980—2021年的地下水位、年降水量、地下水开采量、岩溶塌陷等数据为基础,探讨人类活动对水源地地下水位的演变的影响因素,分析发生岩溶塌陷的地下水临界水位。基于Modflow-GWM软件构建泰安城区−旧县岩溶水系统流动与管理耦合模拟模型,探讨防止岩溶塌陷发生的地下水允许开采的资源量。结果表明：（1）孔隙水水位年内动态受降水影响明显,呈现“降水−补给”型特点;岩溶水水位变化呈“枯低丰高”的特征,水位动态变化属降水入渗−开采型;（2）旧县水源地地下水位自1980—1990年呈现大幅下降,1990—2003年岩溶地下水位基本呈现波动下降,2004年后水源地地下水位上升较为明显;（3）研究水位动态与岩溶塌陷关系得出,防止发生岩溶塌陷的水源地临界水位为108 m,处于岩溶含水层顶板以上2 m;（4）通过地下水管理模型,确定在临界水位时模拟区岩溶水可开采量为8.2~8.5 万m^3·d⁻¹,其中旧县水源地可开采资源量为3.2~3.5万m^3·d⁻¹。     

天津地面沉降区地下水资源超采和涵养恢复阈值的讨论

天津市地面沉降属于典型的水资源短缺型地面沉降,发育范围广,沉降程度高,灾害损失大,有效防治天津市地面沉降的主要手段是严格控制地下水资源超采、涵养恢复地下水含水系统。从地下水流动系统和地面沉降的发育特点出发,综合分析讨论,认为天津沉降区整体上地下水已经超采,仅研究小区域地下水是否超采,存在“以小论大”的误区,宜以水文地质单元为单位来开展超采情况评价,地下水资源实现有效涵养恢复的阈值是要求地下水位恢复至地面沉降临界水位以上。     

济宁市地下水超采区分析及对策

本文根据济宁市地下水开发利用现状,对地下水超采区进行了划定,并对因地下水超采引发的环境地质问题进行了分析.针对超采现状,提出了治理地下水超采的规划目标和调控方案.     

咸阳市城区地下水超采问题及对策

咸阳市是陕西的第三大城市,城市用水严重依赖地下水,地下水起采问题相当严重,已形成了三个区域性地下水降落漏斗.本文通过地下水水位现潮资料,对成阳地下水起采区现状和成因进行了初步分析,并提出解决和缓解这一局面的对策.     

阿克苏地区地下水资源与水盐调控分析

根据水和盐分运移平面模型和剖面模型运行结果，确定该区形成盐碱化的潜水水位的临界深度为2．2m。根据地下水位的理深和形成盐碱化的程度，划分出六个区域。在可能导致盐碱化加剧的区域采用以开采地下水为主，以降低地下水位；在有可能出现盐碱化地区，以采用地表水和地下水相结合的灌溉方式；在地下水位埋藏较深(＞5m)的地区，以地表水灌溉为主。从控制盐碱化和保证农业可持续发展出发，以环境、经济、技术和水动力条件为约束条件，以最大限度利用水资源为目标，建立了该区地表水和地下水联合调度的优化模型，确定出各区地下水的最优开采量和地表水的合理引水量，制定出保汪农业可持续发展条件下，水资源最优开发方案。     

大同市(平原区)地下水超采现状及治理措施

通过分析大同市平原区地下水超采现状,指出地下水超采容易引起的水环境问题,针对日益紧张的水资源供需矛盾和地下水起采引起的水环境问题,提出了超采区的治理措施.     

Ending groundwater overdraft in hydrologic-economic systems

Groundwater overdraft occurs when extraction exceeds both natural and induced aquifer recharge over long periods. While ultimately unsustainable and invariably having detrimental effects, overdrafting aquifers is common and may be temporarily beneficial within a long-term water management strategy. Once a region chooses to end overdrafting, water management must change if increased water scarcity is to be avoided. Integrated water-management models allow aquifers and overdraft to be analyzed as part of a regional water-supply system. Incorporating economics into the model establishes a framework for evaluating the costs and effects of groundwater management actions on the entire system. This economic-engineering approach is applied in a case study of the Tulare Basin in California, USA, where previous economic studies showed optimal pumping depths have been reached. A hydro-economic optimization model is used to study the economic effects and water management actions that accompany ending overdraft. Results show that when overdraft is prohibited, groundwater banking using conjunctive-use infrastructure built between 1990 and 2005 largely annuls the cost of not overdrafting. The integrated economic-engineering approach quantifies effects of groundwater policies on complex regional water-resource systems and suggests promising strategies for reducing the economic costs of ending aquifer overexploitation.     

Groundwater overdraft vulnerability and environmental impact assessment in Arusha

A simple approach is proposed for identifying areas vulnerable to groundwater overdraft. The methodology utilizes GIS techniques to analyze and evaluate controlling factors in areas with little data. The proposed methodology was applied in Arusha. Water demand in Arusha Municipality and its environs has increased to about 5.3% annually since 1999. Groundwater levels have declined. The aquifer hydrogeological variables were evaluated for impact to potential groundwater overdraft by overlay and index techniques. The spatial distribution of overdraft vulnerability was discussed. The northwestern part of Arusha is the most vulnerable to overdraft and possible serious environmental impacts. The Loruvani area has the most potential for aquifer development due to its permeability, high recharge rate, massive aquifer thickness and low drawdown.     

滇中地区地下水监测站网分析

滇中地区是云南省经济核心区,也是用水需求量最大的区域,通过分析区内现有地下水监测站网的密度、功能和布局,结合区域地下水功能区划、地下水开发利用状况、地下水超采情况和浅层地下水脆弱性,找出现有地下水监测站网存在的问题,提出合理化建议,为该区域地下水监测站网的调整规划提供技术依据。     

Predictive simulation of three exploitation schemes for the brines in the Bieletan section of the Charham Salt Lake, China

Potassium-rich halite ores and brines occur in the Charham Salt Lake area in the Chaidam Basin in northwest China. The mean 14.3 g/l of potassium in the brines in the near-surface halite aquifer makes the Charham Salt Lake an important base for production of potassium fertilizer in China. About 30×10⁴ m³/day of brines has been pumped from the current ditches in the Bieletan section in the west of the area, creating a cone of depression in the water table near the ditch system. A two-dimensional mathematic model describing the flow of the brines is established to predict the changes in the water table. The flow domain was discretized into 1,185 triangular elements with 641 nodes. Data of brine production through pumping ditches from November 2002 to August 2003 were used to identify the model. The developed model can be employed to predict the exploitation regimes caused by three proposed exploitation schemes A, B and C. A withdrawal rate of 22.67×10⁴ m³/day of brines is pumped through the current ditch system in scheme A and through the current ditch system plus 16 wells in scheme B. The results of the 5 years predictive simulation for schemes A and B indicate that these rates will cause a normal fall in water table in the pumping period of 9 months and a rise in water table in the recovery period of 3 months in each of the 5 years, with one depression cone near the current ditches in scheme A and two depression cones near the current ditches and the proposed wells in scheme B. In scheme C three more ditch systems are proposed to be excavated in the northeast, northwest and southwest of the Bieletan section and brines are pumped through each of the four ditch systems in turn for 1 year in every 4 years. The predictive simulation results of scheme C suggest that normal changes in the water table will also be expected and a continual increasing or decreasing trend in the water table will not be encountered in a 12-year period of prediction. The water table near each of the four ditch systems will recover sufficiently after a 39-month recovery.     

北京地区地热资源潜力区划

能源与环境问题是困扰世界各国可持续发展的重大问题,近年来地热资源作为理想的绿色环保能源,发挥越来越重要的作用。北京市地热资源属于沉积盆地型中低温地热资源,目前已有40余年集中开发利用历史。为及时掌握北京市地热资源开发利用潜力,本文在分析北京市构造特征、地热资源类型及地温分布特征的基础上开展了地热资源开发利用潜力评价,构建了基于地热流体开采程度、地热流体热量潜力模数和最大水位降速3个指标的地热资源潜力区划,将北京市地热田分29个评价单元进行了区划,取3个指标中最不利者将其分为严重超采区、超采区、基本平衡区、具有一定开采潜力区、具有开采潜力区和极具开采潜力区6个区,其面积分别为151.45 km2、631.17 km2、1341.16 km2、101.11 km2、302.72 km2、14.62 km2。     

Evaluation of groundwater potential and eco-geological environment quality in Sanjiang Plain of Heilongjiang Province

Sanjiang Plain of Heilongjiang Province has become an important commodity grain base in our country after the construction of more than a century. Groundwater is the main water source for industrial and agricultural production and daily life in the area. With the large-scale development and construction in this area, there are a series of ecological and environmental geological problems, such as the reduction of groundwater resources, which seriously restricts the sustainable development of local agriculture and society as well as economy. Based on the characteristics of three-dimensional flowof groundwater in Sanjiang Plain, this paper adopts the simulation software Visual MODFLOW to evaluate groundwater exploitation potential. The results show that overall there is a certain exploitation potential of Sanjiang Plain groundwater but it is unevenly distributed, and overdraft phenomenon exists in seven farms such as Baoquanling and Chuangye. Based on analytic hierarchy process, the evaluation result of eco-geological environment quality in Sanjiang Plain shows that 94.5% of the region features good geological environment quality, medium stability and medium bearing capacity. The study can provide geological evidence for optimal allocation of water resources, land planning and regulation, and the high and stable yield of the commodity grain base in Sanjiang Plain.