生物集群相似性系数分析的适用性探讨

相似性系数的选择可能会影响生物集群间的β多样性分析。Bray-Curtis相似性系数是目前使用最广的系数之一,还有一些研究使用了欧氏距离等系数。通过非度量多维标度的结果直观对比了两个相似性系数在处理生物数据时的结果,以便了解两个系数的差异。分析结果表明,Bray-Curtis相似性系数比欧氏距离更适合处理包含很多零值的生物数据。生物数据中的零值与环境数据中的不同,不应该影响集群间相似性的计算。如果遇到完全没有生物的集群,可以选用零调整的Bray-Curtis系数,或者剔除此类集群后再计算Bray-Curtis相似性系数。一些研究忽略了相似性系数的差异,在比较和分析多元分析结果时应该慎重,以免在生态环境评价时被误导。     

风暴潮数值模拟中风应力拖曳系数的伴随法反演研究

借助伴随同化方法,利用实测水位资料,对空间分布的风应力拖曳系数做了反演研究.假定风应力拖曳系数具有空间分布特征,即在模拟海区中均匀选取一些独立点,利用这些独立点的风应力拖曳系数线性插值得到全场的风应力拖曳系数.同化实验结果表明,采用空间分布的风应力拖曳系数得到的模拟结果,明显优于将风应力拖曳系数取为常数和依照经验公式计...     

全附体潜艇的PMM仿真实验

针对潜艇水动力系数求解及流场预测问题,本文通过求解瞬态雷诺时均方程,结合SUBOFF潜艇模型的具体参数和重叠网格法,提出了一种计算潜艇平面运动机构试验(PMM)的仿真方法,实现了PMM的虚拟仿真。将仿真试验的计算结果运用傅里叶变换获得了潜艇的加速度、角加速度的水动力系数,同时计算出频率为0.4 Hz时的潜艇的流场变化。结果显示：PMM数值试验所求得的水动力系数与试验值吻合良好,其中,惯性类系数求解精度较高,大部分系数的误差在17%以内,而黏性类水动力系数的求解精度远不如直线拖曳试验或回转试验计算精度高,个别计算系数超过了50%。从数值试验的整体效果上看,PMM数值试验方法可以用于潜艇惯性类系数的初步求解和预报,而黏性类系数的精度有待进一步研究。     

鮸鱼幼鱼在不同水温下摄食的初步研究

以冰鲜桡足类为饵料对鮸鱼幼鱼在不同水温时的摄食进行了研究.在水温10、15和20℃时,幼鱼消化道饵料系数和食物消化时间呈线性回归方程,曲线斜率为食物消化速度;消化时间各为16、19和12h;摄食率各为100%、100%和85%;消化道饵料系数均在45-60min之内达到最大值;饱食系数各为3.11%、7.84%和8.42%;提出鮸鱼幼鱼的日摄食量指数公式为:日摄食指数=饱食系数 (12×消化道饵料系数与消化时间曲线方程一次项系数),得到日摄食量指数各为5.92%、15.19%和22.29%.     

JDC三叶可调螺距螺旋桨系列

为改善船舶推进和海洋工程动力定位的性能,我们对可调螺距螺旋桨进行了多方面研究。已完成了盘面比为0.35、0.50和0.65的JDC三叶可调螺距螺旋桨系列的试验研究。获得了JDC系列全部试验结果。敞水试验数据按盘面比、初始螺距比、进速系数,转角、进速系数,初始螺距比及其相应的转角、进速系数三种组合进行多元回归分析,给出敞水曲线及其相应的多项式的系数和幂。水动力转叶力矩试验数据在不同盘面比时,按初始螺距比、转角、进速系数进行多元回归,给出水动力转叶力矩系数曲线及相应的多项式的系数和幂,离心力转叶力矩系数的计算值,在不同盘面比时按设计螺距比、转角进行多元回归,给出离心力转叶力矩系数曲线及其相应的多项式的系数和幂。最后给出各盘面比的B~(1/2)_p-δ图谱,供设计使用。     

Ekman模型时间变化风应力系数的伴随参数估计

本文基于时间分布参数设置,利用伴随同化方法,反演了Ekman模型中随时间变化的风应力拖曳系数,并在孪生实验和实际实验中对该方法进行了验证。在孪生实验中,研究了参数反演结果对不同影响因素的响应,包括:风速分布、风应力系数分布、风应力系数初始猜测值、风应力系数独立变量个数、观测数据误差和观测的深度。孪生实验结果验证了伴随同化方法反演Ekman模型中时变风应力系数的有效性,具体包括如下五个方面结论:1)不同风速分布下均能成功反演出不同风应力拖曳系数分布; 2)反演结果对初始猜测值较为敏感,风应力系数初始猜测值越接近给定值,反演结果越好;3)风应力系数独立点个数的选取会显著影响反演结果,合理的选择有利于提高反演效率及减小观测数据误差;4)观测误差能够影响反演结果,观测数据误差在20%以下时能取得合理的反演结果; 5)反演结果对观测数据的表层和次表层流速更为敏感,这是由Ekman流的物理性质决定的。实际实验,利用百慕大锚系试验平台的风速和流速数据,去除周期性潮流和地转流成分后得到Ekman流成分,并作为观测输入到该同化模型,反演出了适用于该区域和该时段的随时间变化的风应力系数。通过比较模拟流速和观测流速,证明利用伴随同化方法能从实测数据中反演出合理的时变风应力系数,对于海洋模型风应力系数的确定是一项有益的尝试。     

改进的基于非高斯双参数模型的图像滤波算法

以描述小波系数分布规律的非高斯双参数模型为基础,介绍和分析了BiShrink滤波算法,指出了其存在的不足。提出的改进算法采用冗余小波变换替代正交小波变换,将子带内小波系数的局部相关性纳入滤波过程,给出了局部自适应的阈值估计策略,再通过双参数联合收缩函数达到系数收缩的目的。实验结果表明,改进算法同时兼顾了子带内小波系数之间的相关性和尺度间系数的传播特性,在有效滤除噪声的同时,较好地保持了图像的细节信息。     

海底表层土导热系数变化规律的试验研究

基于热探针法原理,测试了在杭州湾以东陆架区取得的28个海底表层柱状样0.2、1.0和1.8 m处的导热系数,结合激光粒度分析结果,比较了研究区6种土导热系数的大小,发现含砂量大于10%的粗粒土拥有较大的导热系数。土质类型相同时,含水量和干密度对其导热系数影响显著。杭州湾沉积区、混合沉积区,陆架砂质沉积区表层土导热系数的平均值分别是:1.25、1.45 和1.46 W·m^-1·K^-1,呈现出由近岸向外海增大的趋势。而土样导热系数在垂向的变化表明:水深、埋深等空间分布因素对海洋土的热物性没有直接影响。     

波-流场中孤立桩柱上作用力系数的研究

本文基于波-流场中的线性波理论和模型试验,探讨了在同向波-流场中的孤立桩柱及按莫里逊(Morison)公式计算波-流力时的作用力系数,提出了以波-流场特征系数为参数的相对速度力系数的计算公式,并根据试验中实测的最大波-流力值,用二元线性回归的数理统计方法,求得了拟合最佳的速度力系数和惯性力系数。     

不同风速条件下海表空气动力学粗糙度参数化方案

实验室和外海观测资料已经证实,高风速下海面拖曳系数的变化和中低风速下并不相同。考虑到海面飞沫以及海浪状态对拖曳系数的影响,本文提出一种新的拖曳系数计算方案,该方案可适用于各种风速条件下。在中低风速下飞沫对拖曳系数的影响可以忽略不计,无量纲的海面粗糙长度先随着波龄的增加而增加,继而随波龄的增加而减小;然而在高风速下,因气泡破裂或者波浪破碎产生的飞沫使得风廓线对数函数改变,造成拖曳系数的减小。对不同波龄而言,拖曳系数和粗糙长度达到最大值的风速并不相同。同时,高风速下,海面拖曳系数的降低减少了摩擦速度随风速增加而增加的速率。     

The Gulf of California: Review of ecosystem status and sustainability challenges

The Gulf of California is unique because of its geographical location and conformation. It hosts diverse ecosystems and important fisheries that support industry and provide livelihood to coastal settlements. It is also the site of interests and problems, and an intense interaction among managers, producers, and conservationists. In this report, we scrutinize the abiotic (hydrography, climate, ocean circulation, and chemistry) and biotic (phyto- and zooplankton, fish, invertebrates, marine mammals, birds, and turtles) components of the marine ecosystem, and some particular aspects of climate variability, endemisms, harmful algal blooms, oxygen minimum layer, and pollution. We also review the current conditions and conflicts around the main fisheries (shrimp, small and large pelagic fishes, squid, artisanal and sportfishing), the most important human activity in the Gulf of California. We cover some aspects of management and conservation of fisheries, especially the claimed overexploitation of fish resources and the ecosystems, and review proposals for creating networks of marine protected areas. We conclude by identifying main needs for information and research, particularly the integration of data bases, the implementation of models and paleoreconstructions, establishment of monitoring programs, and the evaluation of fishing impacts and management actions.     

红纤维虾形草(Phyllospadix iwatensis)种子形态及内部特征

海草床可以为海洋动物提供产卵、索饵、繁育等场所。目前, 海草床面积急剧下降, 其中我国关于虾形草属(Phyllospadix)海草的研究相对较少, 对于虾形草主要繁育载体种子的描述、显微观察和萌发过程方面存在较多空白。本研究以红纤维虾形草(Phyllospadix iwatensis)为研究对象, 对其生长环境、种子外部特征、内部结构、萌发过程等进行了定性定量描述。结果表明, 虾形草果实种子对于海洋环境有着外部形态与内部结构的适应性, 外部形态特点包括独特的果序和果实形状, 以及翅状结构和内侧鬃毛, 其中果序呈弯虾形, 平均长度3.4cm, 果实呈马掌形, 直径3~4mm, 内部结构特征包括胚乳占比大、果皮种皮解剖结构复杂等, 具有作为海岸带植被修复工具种的优势。本研究补充了目前对虾形草等海洋沉水植物种子的研究资料, 为虾形草海草种质库保护与海草床修复提供了建议和参考。     

Trade secrets: Renaming and mislabeling of seafood

As the global trade and market for seafood has grown, so have the twin problems of renaming and mislabeling. Resource scarcity, the potential for greater profits, and weak legislation have all encouraged incorrect labeling, the results of which include consumer losses, the subversion of eco-marketing, further degradation of fisheries resources, and even adverse effects on human health. This paper examines the extent and consequences of renaming and mislabeling seafood, the state of current legislation, and the importance of future policies, with particular attention to the US, where 80% of the seafood is imported and more than one-third of all fish are mislabeled. Policy recommendations include governments’ support for a global mandate to label species, country of origin, and catching or production method on all seafood with high penalties for infractions. Chain of custody standards, such as those recently implemented by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), should also be considered for adoption worldwide. To garner support for this legislation, consumers must become better acquainted and concerned with their seafood and its origins.     

养殖文蛤体内寄生的一种吸虫幼虫及宿主组织病理学

作为文蛤吸虫病害研究的基础资料,报道了寄生在文蛤体内的1种复殖吸虫幼虫的形态结构及宿主由此所产生的组织病理学变化。研究表明：该吸虫分别为咆蚴和尾蚴。咆蚴圆筒形,内含不同发育阶段的尾蚴。成熟尾蚴体成扁平舌状,具有口吸盘、腹吸盘,1对眼点和1条细长无刺的尾巴。该吸虫主要侵占生殖腺,少部分幼虫进入附近的消化盲囊、鳃、肾等部位。轻微感染者,生殖滤泡萎缩,生殖细胞发育滞后;严重感染的宿主,生殖腺完全被侵占并耗尽。消化盲囊、鳃、肾等器官组织也因幼虫感染呈现不同程度的病理学变化;严重者上皮细胞水肿或脱落,肌肉组织结构紊乱或溶解等。本工作同时显示,吸虫寄生可诱发宿主血淋巴细胞大量增生,并产生凝集、组织浸润及形成包囊等免疫反应。     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

胶州湾海水-沉积物界面氮、磷、铁的地球化学特征

对胶州湾底层水溶解氧、总氮、总磷、溶解无机氮、活性磷酸盐、铁及孔隙水中溶解无机氮、磷酸盐、铁和沉积物粒度、有机碳进行了分析。结果显示除铵氮外,孔隙水浓度明显高于底层水中浓度,其中硝酸氮、亚硝酸氮、活性磷酸盐、铁在孔隙水中的浓度分别为在底层水中浓度的17.8、9.3、12.5、7.7倍,暗示孔隙水中的物质可能向上覆水体扩散。在横向上,底层水及孔隙水中硝酸氮、亚硝酸氮、铵氮、活性磷酸盐都呈东岸高西岸低的分布规律,在西南部出现低值。Fe在底层水及孔隙水中的分布规律为东低西高,然而在沉积物中则与此正好相反。氮、磷、铁主要补给源有河流输入、工业生活污染排放、海洋生物自身分解以及孔隙水的释放。影响氮、磷、铁分布的主要因素为物源、河流输入及水动力条件,同时受到沉积物粒度的制约。相关分析显示,溶解氧、有机碳、铁对水体中磷及氮的分布具有某种制约作用。     

Carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in nine sub-systems of the Sylt-Rømø Bight ecosystem,German Wadden Sea

Flow networks of nine sub-systems consisting of 59 components each of the Sylt-Rømø Bight, German Wadden Sea, were constructed depicting the standing stocks and flows of material and energy within and between the sub-systems. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous were used as currencies for each sub-system, thus resulting in 27 network models, which were analyzed by ecological network analytical protocols. Results show substantial variability in the dynamics of these elements within and between the nine sub-systems, which differ in habitat structure, species diversity and in the standing stocks of their constituent living and non-living components. The relationship between the biodiversity and selected information indices and ratios, derived from ecological network analysis, of individual sub-systems is variable and differ substantially between them. Ecosystem properties such as the structure and magnitude of the recycling of these elements, number of cycles, and total sub-system activity were calculated and discussed, highlighting the differences between and complexity of the flow of C, N and P in a coastal marine ecosystem. The average number of cycles increase from 179 for C, to 16,923 and 20,580 for N and P respectively, while the average amount of recycled material, as measured by the Finn Cycling Index (FCI), increase from 17% for C, to 52% for P and to 61% for N. The number of cycles and the FCI vary considerably between the sub-systems for the different elements. The largest number of cycles of all three elements was observed in the muddy sand flat sub-system, but the highest FCIs were computed for both C (32%) and N (85%) in the Arenicola Flats, and in sparse Zostera noltii sea grass beds for P (67%). Indices reflecting on the growth, organization and resilience of the sub-systems also showed considerable variability between and within the inter-tidal ecosystems in the Bight. Indices such as, for example, the relative ascendency ratios increase on average from C to N to P, whereas others, such as the Average Mutual Information and Flow Diversity indices, were found to be higher in the N models than in the C or P ones.     

Sediments of lakes Rotoroa and Rotoiti,South Island,New Zealand

The chemistry and mineralogy of the sediments of Lakes Rotoroa and Rotoiti, South Island, New Zealand (41° 51 S, 172° 38 E and 41° 50 S, 172° 50 E respectively) , were studied. In general, the cation exchange properties, element concentrations, and mineral compositions of the sediments show little variation between samples from each lake. However, some nutrient concentrations, notably exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and potassium, and total nitrogen and sulphur, are higher in sediments from weed beds than in sediments underlying deeper water; iron and manganese concentrations tend to show the opposite trend. Concentrations of exchangeable calcium and total nitrogen, sulphur, manganese, and iron generally decrease down the sediment profiles from the sediment/water interface. Differences between lakes, notably higher concentrations of illite and of the elements potassium, aluminium, titanium, and zirconium, and lower concentrations of calcium in the sediments of Lake Rotoiti than in those from Lake Rotoroa, are probably due mainly to the different geological settings rather than to differences in the diagenetic processes operating within the lakes. Mineralogical analyses indicate that the lake sediments are derived mainly from the valleys of the major inflow rivers rather than from the slopes at the sides of each lake.     

青草沙水库工程对附近水域河床冲淤的影响

青草沙水库是长江河口的一个重大工程,显著改变了北港上段的河势。河势的变化会引起流场和泥沙质量浓度的变化,进而影响河床的冲淤。本文应用三维水动力和泥沙数值模式,计算和分析了青草沙水库工程对附近水域流场、泥沙质量浓度和冲淤的影响。青草沙水库工程建设后,北港河道束窄,导致水库北侧河道主槽流速和泥沙质量浓度增加。水库工程使得进入北港的径流量和纳潮量减少,导致青草沙水库以东、北港下段和拦门沙区域流速和泥沙质量浓度下降。应用半理论半经验河床冲淤公式和模式计算的工程前后流速、泥沙质量浓度和水位数据,给出了由水库工程造成的河床冲淤变化分布。在水库以北北港水域发生普遍冲刷,冲刷强度最大可达2~3 m,冲淤分布和量值与工程前后实测水深变化吻合良好。数值模式较好地模拟了青草沙水库工程对附近水域冲淤分布的影响和变化量值。     

南海海底沉积物声学物理参数测定的温度和时间优化研究

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