贵州都匀牛角塘富镉锌矿床成矿流体来源

对贵州都匀牛角塘富镉锌矿床的地质地球化学研究表明,该矿床的形成与麻江古油藏有关,其成矿流体可能是由麻江古油藏油田卤水演化而来,古油藏排除的烃类和油田卤水在运移过程中,活化萃取了清虚洞组白云岩和其下伏地层乌训组页岩及灰岩中大量的Cd和Zn等成矿物质,在矿区遇到富含Ca2+和Mg2+的岩石地球化学障,海相沉积岩中的SO2-4被油田卤水中有机质还原产生大量的H2S,导致闪锌矿等硫化物的沉淀,Cd以类质同象赋存于闪锌矿等硫化物中,并在矿田范围内留下一些有机质活动的痕迹.     

贵州都匀牛角塘富镉锌矿同位素地球化学研究

通过对牛角塘富镉锌矿的硫和铅同位素研究发现,该矿床同位素组成与其他含镉铅锌矿床明显不同,其硫同位素组成以富重硫为特征,δ^34S值变化范围不大,集中在 22‰～ 30‰;硫化物单矿物、矿石和乌训组地层岩石具有极其相近的铅同位素组成和高μ值(9．66～9．884)。表明该矿床的硫主要来源于寒武系地层硫酸盐或油田卤水,成矿物质铅主要来自铀钍相对富集的上部地壳岩石即清虚洞组白云岩(含矿地层)下伏地层乌训组页岩夹薄层灰岩,因此,牛角塘富镉锌矿成矿物质主要来源于上地壳即乌训组地层岩石,成矿时代为加里东运动的中晚期。     

富镉铅锌矿床开采过程中水质污染特征——以贵州都匀牛角塘富镉锌矿床为例

铅锌矿的开采和选冶使含锌和镉等有害物质的尾矿暴露于地表,这些有毒元素通过自然风化淋滤作用进入地表水,进而污染矿区水体,对矿区生态环境破坏性极大。本文通过对贵州都匀牛角塘富镉锌矿区河流、选矿厂排放的污水、坑道水进行采样分析,发现矿区水体呈弱碱性,水体重金属污染并不严重,其中Cd等重金属有毒元素的含量大多没有超过生活用水国家标准和农业灌溉水国家标准。结合已有研究成果,认为碳酸岩地区碱性环境限制了镉等重金属有毒元素的活化迁移,使其就近富集在矿区土壤、植物及河流沉积物中。更重要的是由于碳酸盐岩对矿山酸性排水的中和缓冲作用,降低了矿石的风化淋滤速度,减轻了因铅锌矿开采和选冶活动导致的Zn、Cd等有毒重金属元素对矿区环境的污染,为非碳酸岩地区铅锌矿山环境污染和治理提供了一些借鉴。     

贵州都匀牛角塘富镉锌矿床中镉的分布及赋存状态探讨

对贵州都匀牛角塘富镉锌矿的研究发现该矿床高度富集镉 ,矿石中镉含量一般为 2 2 84× 1 0 -6～ 9850× 1 0 -6,最高为 1 3 4 0 0× 1 0 -6,比地壳克拉克值 ( 0 .2× 1 0 -6)高 5～ 6个数量级 ,比工业品位高n× 1 0～n×1 0 2 倍 ,且其储量达到大型矿床的规模 ,在世界上十分罕见。镉主要以类质同象存在于闪锌矿中 ,少量镉以硫镉矿等独立矿物形式存在于矿床的氧化带 ,是风化淋滤过程中形成的镉的次生矿物。     

富镉铅锌矿山的环境影响———以贵州都匀牛角塘矿床为例

矿床的开采和选冶，常常将其中重金属有毒元素释放到环境中，铅锌矿造成的环境污染尤为严重。贵州都匀牛角塘矿床是国内外少见的富镉锌矿床，其中镉高度富集。本文通过对通过对矿区水、土壤及植物的分析和调查，发现其中镉和锌均已远远超过国家标准，矿区周围环境已受到严重污染。研究表明矿床的表生风化作用是镉等重金属释放的主要途径之一，更重要的是矿山的采矿和选矿更加剧了其释放量，虽在目前人群中没有明显中毒现象，可能是由于矿床开采时间较短，Cd等重金属元素在人体中积累不多所致。但矿山环境污染是污染元素长期积累造成的结果，即使在矿山关闭十年、上百年甚至上千年时间内，矿山尾矿淋滤液对环境生态的影响依然存在。因此，在矿山开发过程中必须注意矿床中有用元素的综合利用和重视环境保护，防患于未然，特别是对这类富含有毒污染元素的金属矿山的开采更应如此。     

富镉铅锌矿山的环境影响——以贵州都匀牛角塘矿床为例

矿床的开采和选冶,常常将其中重金属有毒元素释放到环境中,铅锌矿造成的环境污染尤为严重。贵州都匀牛角塘矿床是国内外少见的富镉锌矿床,其中镉高度富集。本文通过对通过对矿区水、土壤及植物的分析和调查,发现其中镉和锌均已远远超过国家标准,矿区周围环境已受到严重污染。研究表明矿床的表生风化作用是镉等重金属释放的主要途径之一,更重要的是矿山的采矿和选矿更加剧了其释放量,虽在目前人群中没有明显中毒现象,可能是由于矿床开采时间较短,Cd等重金属元素在人体中积累不多所致。但矿山环境污染是污染元素长期积累造成的结果,即使在矿山关闭十年、上百年甚至上千年时间内,矿山尾矿淋滤液对环境生态的影响依然存在。因此,在矿山开发过程中必须注意矿床中有用元素的综合利用和重视环境保护,防患于未然。特别是对这类富含有毒污染元素的金属矿山的开采更应如此。     

贵州牛角塘镉锌矿床中发现原生硫镉矿

在贵州牛角塘镉锌矿床中既有次生硫镉矿的存在,也发现了原生硫镉矿。硫镉矿的产状如下：①呈包裹体形式产于硫化物中;②以不规则晶粒赋存于硫化物粒间：③形成硫镉矿．方铅矿细脉或硫镉矿微脉穿插硫化物;④分布在黄铁矿中方铅矿或闪锌矿周围;⑤被菱锌矿胶结并交代,形成硫镉矿残骸状角砾;⑥组成菱锌矿．硫镉矿疏松集合体或菱锌矿．硫镉矿细脉;⑦呈皮壳状或薄膜状分布在氧化矿石表面或裂隙面上。前五种形式产出的硫镉矿为原生硫镉矿,主要分布在原生矿石或弱氧化的矿石中。后两种产状的硫镉矿为次生硫镉矿,分布于氧化矿石晶洞中或矿石表面和裂隙面上。并从Cd、Zn地球化学特性、热力学和结晶化学性质探讨了原生硫镉矿形成机制。     

都匀牛角塘锌矿床地质特征及成矿控制条件初探

贵州都匀牛角塘锌矿床是黔东铅锌矿带南端一个中偏大型矿床,产于下寒武统清虚洞组一套厚层藻鲕白云岩中,矿体呈似层状、透镜状产出,组分简单,矿石矿物为闪锌矿、黄铁矿及少量方铅矿,脉石矿物为白云石。伴生有益组分是Cd,呈类质同象赋存于闪锌矿中,具综合利用价值。矿床经历了两个成矿阶段,早期成矿作用阶段,有用组分初步富集形成顺层稀疏浸染状细粒浅色闪锌矿化,或形成低品位矿体;后期热液改造作用阶段,褶曲和断裂作用,热液活动,改造早期矿化或矿体,实现矿床再次富集,形成富矿体,并伴生较多黄铁矿。矿床属强烈改造型层控锌矿床。     

都匀牛角塘锌矿田控矿条件及成矿模式探讨

本文根据牛角塘锌矿田的地质背景，初步讨论了该矿田成矿控制的地质构造条件；并利用同位素地球化学资料，对矿床成因进行了探讨；最后建立了该矿田的描述性成矿模式。     

Sphalerite Chemistry,Niujiaotang Cd—Rich Zinc Deposit,Guizhou,Southwest China

Sphalerite in the Niujiaotang Cd-rich zinc deposit, Duyun, Guizhou is characteristically light-yellow in color with significant enrichment of cadmium which ranges from 0.83% to 1.97% (averaging 1.38%) in concentration in the mineral, corresponding to an enrichment coefficient as high as 30. 47 to 72. 96. In comparison with other major Pb−Zn deposits in the world (the Mississippi Valley deposits, and the Fankou and Jinding deposits in China) the Niujiaotang deposit isn ⁻ n×10 times richer in cadmium. Sphalerite in the deposit is also rich in Ga and Ge, but poor in In, Mn and Fe, suggesting some special mechanisms that govern the geochemical behavior of these trace elements. Except for a minor amount of independent minerals like greenockite, cadmium occurs mainly as isomorphous impurity in the crystal lattice of sphalerite. During weathering and leaching under supergene condition, cadmium was separated from Zn, resulting in some secondary minerals of Cd, including oxides and otavite. This project was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 496-33110) and the Laboratory Foundation of Ore Deposit Geochemistry of Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

The Niujiaotang Cd-rich zinc deposit,Duyun, Guizhou province,southwest China: ore genesis and mechanisms of cadmium concentration

The Niujiaotang zinc deposit in southeastern Guizhou, China, is a Mississippi Valley-type Zn deposit within Early Cambrian carbonate rocks. Sphalerite is enriched in cadmium (average 1.4 wt.% Cd), which occurs mostly as isomorphous impurities in the sphalerite lattice. Discrete cadmium minerals (greenockite and otavite) are rare and are found almost exclusively in the oxidation zone of the deposit, probably formed as secondary minerals during weathering–leaching processes. Geochemical data show that the sulfides are enriched in heavy sulfur, with δ³⁴S ranging from +10.0‰ to +32.8‰ (mean +22.5‰). The consistent Pb isotopic compositions in different sulfide minerals are similar to that of Cambrian strata. The ore lead probably came from U- and Th-rich upper crustal rocks, such as the Lower Cambrian Wuxun Formation. The ore fluid is of low-temperature (101°C to 142°C) type, with a Na–Ca–Mg–Cl-dominant composition, and is interpreted as oil-field brine. The data indicate that the metals were mainly derived from the Early Cambrian strata (Qingxudong and Wuxun Formations), whereas sulfur is sourced from sulfate in Cambrian strata or oil-field brines of the Majiang petroleum paleoreservoir. The genetic model for the deposit invokes an Early Cambrian shallow-sea environment on the Yangtze Platform. Zinc and Cd in seawater were concentrated in abundant algae via unknown biological mechanisms, resulting in large amounts of Zn- and Cd-rich algal ooliths. During the Ordovician, concurrent with destruction of the Majiang petroleum paleoreservoir, oil-field brines migrated from the center of the basin to the margin leaching metals from the Cambrian strata. In the Niujiaotang area, preexisting Zn and Cd, particularly in the Qingxudong and Wuxun Formation, were further mobilized by hot brines rising along the Zaolou fault system, forming stratiform and generally conformable Zn–Cd orebodies in reactive carbonate lithologies.     

贵州都匀老猫石铅锌矿地质特征

老猫石铅锌矿是贵州都匀牛角塘铅锌矿田近年新发现产于奥陶系碳酸盐岩中的脉状铅锌矿床,位于王司背斜南部倾伏端,矿化严格受断裂带控制,主控矿断裂 F12与背斜轴近垂直呈近 EW向展布,矿体呈脉状、透镜状,近矿围岩蚀变主要为白云石化、方解石化、硅化,白云石化与矿化关系密切。     

贵州都匀牛角塘氧化锌矿石的浮选研究

作者简述了都匀牛角塘氧化锌矿石的物质成分及其特性,介绍了浮选试验的工艺流程及指标,由于合理地解决了浮选顺序、氧化矿的硫化及矿泥的不良影响,分选效果较好。文中初步分析了以上几个主要工艺因素对选别影响的机理。     

贵州贞丰水银洞金矿含矿岩系元素地球化学特征

贵州贞丰水银洞金矿为赋存于二叠系龙潭组煤系地层所夹的不纯灰岩中的盲金矿床,含矿岩系为一套陆源碎屑岩与不纯碳酸盐岩多层交替出现的组合.矿石类型主要为凝灰质生物碎屑灰岩等,金品位高.矿体 SiO2含量平均 21.78%, CaO MgO含量超过 30%,围岩 SiO2含量平均 41.58%, CaO MgO含量平均不到 15%.含矿岩系岩石具有高镁铁、低 Na2O、 K2O远大于 Na2O的特征; As、 Ag和 Tl均有不同程度的富集,矿石中 Au与 As、 Tl有较高的正相关关系; 矿体∑ REE平均 21.8 μ g/g,δ Eu值平均 1.03,无 Eu异常或正异常,围岩∑ REE平均 241.9 μ g/g,δ Eu值平均 1.00,无异常.模式图上,矿体比较明显地富集中稀土元素( Sm- Ho).水银洞金矿地质、元素地球化学组成特征及参数反映了含矿岩系形成时的特定的沉积环境或经历了特殊成矿作用过程.     

多金属矿床中方解石的地球化学特征反映的成矿流体性质

利用多金属矿床中不同阶段形成的方解石Fe,Mn,Sr的质量分数及C,O,Sr的同位素特征探讨成矿过程中的流体性质,并尝试对成矿机制及其过程进行定量模拟.分析表明:①成矿期形成的方解石中Fe,Mn的质量分数明显增高,大部分Mn的质量分数高于1％,是岩浆期后热液作用的反映,利用阴极发光强度可区分不同期次沉淀的方解石;②d(13C)和δ(18O)的联合变化趋势可定性判别方解石的沉淀机制,结合流体中碳氧同位素背景值可对方解石及与之伴生的多金属矿物沉淀过程进行定量模拟;③不同成矿区具有特定的87Sr/86 Sr值区间,该值可作为区分不同端元流体的有利依据.Sr-87Sr/86 Sr体系可用于蚀变-成矿体系中的流体/岩石值以及不同来源流体中Sr贡献度的定量计算;④成矿过程均伴随有放射性成因锶加入,古老铝硅酸盐是成矿物质的主要母源.     

热液成矿作用地球化学:以金矿为例

文中以金矿为例总结了热液成矿地球化学特征,包括热液蚀变、金在成矿热液中的地球化学行为、富集-沉淀机制以及在硫化物中的存在形式。热液蚀变过程中形成的矿物组合反映了成矿流体的地球化学特征,蚀变模式具有重要的找矿勘探意义。在热液体系中,金主要以Au-Cl或者Au-S络合物的形式进行运移,体系温度、压力、氧逸度以及硫逸度等条件的变化是导致络合物分解、金沉淀的主要机制。在较高压力条件下,金趋向于在热液蒸汽相中富集。As和Sb是金矿热液体系中常见的伴生元素,在较低硫逸度条件下,形成自然砷/自然锑-自然金组合。金从热液中沉淀后主要以显微包裹体或者固溶体金的形式赋存于黄铜矿、毒砂、磁黄铁矿以及黄铁矿等硫化物中,而硫化物中固溶体金的量主要受热液H_2S活动性的控制。     

萤石Sm—Nd同位素体系对晴隆锑矿床成矿时代和物源的制约

本文首次对黔西南晴隆锑矿床的萤石进行Sm-Nd同位素研究,来探讨该矿床的形成时间和成矿物源.研究表明,该矿主成矿期的萤石构成两组等时线,其对应的等时线年龄分别为148±8 Ma和142±16 Ma,显示该矿床的成矿作用发生在晚侏罗世.本次测定的成矿年龄数据远小于峨眉山玄武岩的成岩年龄,暗示该矿床与该区二叠纪的火山作用没有直接的成因联系.计算表明,在晴隆锑矿床成矿时(142 Ma),两组萤石的εNd(t)值分别为-5.72～-5.81和-3.81～-3.88,远小于峨眉山玄武岩的相应值(0.40～3.27);两组萤石初始Nd同位素组成的差异,暗示其Nd的来源存在不均一性,这很可能与萤石沉淀环境围岩的局部差异有关.在εSr(t)-εNd(t)图解中,萤石明显分布在与赋矿围岩不同的区域,暗示该矿的成矿物质主要是来自外部(可能是下伏老地层或基底),而不是赋矿的峨眉山玄武岩和茅口组灰岩,因此,该矿并非是前人认定的"原地改造成矿".     

Organic Geochemistry of Sedimentary Rock-hosted Disseminated Gold Deposits in Southwestern Guizhou Province, China

Sedimentary rock-hosted disseminated gold (SRHDG) deposits in the Youjiang-Nanpanjiang Basin,southwestem Guizhou Province are commonly hosted by the same fold crests that commonly contain a remarkable amount of organic material. The total organic carbon (TOC) contents of the ores and host rocks are usually less than 1%. The reflectance of vitrinite and pyrobitumen in the ores and the host rocks ranges from 1.5% to 4.5%, often in the range of 2% to 3%. In the Lannigou deposit, the reflectance of vitrinite and pyrobitumen in the ores is usually somewhat higher than those within the host rocks, indicating a hydrothermal impact on the organic matter in the altered host rocks. On the contrary, the estimated maximum paleotemperatures of the Getang and Zimudang deposits are higher than the homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions in the ores, signifying that the organic matter maturation predated Au mineralization. No correlation between the organic matter contents and Au concentrations were recognized in the ores.However, the most striking observation is that there is a positive correlation between the $2 (a parameter of Rock-Eval analysis), Au and As contents of the ores in the Lannigou deposit. Organic matter maturation and migration is apparent from the TOC vs. HCI diagram. Furthermore, group analysis of the dichloromethane extractable organic component of the ores and host rocks shows that the maturation degree of the organic matter in the ores is slightly higher than that of the host rocks in the Lannigou gold deposit. However, the compositions of their alkanes, steranes and terpenes, which serve as biomarkers, are quite similar; this suggests that the organic matter found in the ores and host rocks has a common marine source. Organic matter probably contributed to the preconcentration of Au in the host rocks. Hydrocarbons in the system,on the other hand, clearly contributed to the emplacement of the gold mineralization through thermal sulfate reduction.Organic matter in the solution might have increased the potential of the hydrothermal solution to transport Au.