植被变化对中国区域气候的影响Ⅰ:初步模拟结果

利用区域气候模式（RegCM2）对中国植被变化的气候影响进行了模拟研究,结果表明:江淮流域洪涝灾害增多及华北干旱的加剧可能是北方草原沙漠化与南方长绿阔叶林退化共同影响的结果,而且南方植被退化对其的影响似乎更严重。严重的植被退化会导致降水与植被退化之间的正反馈,易使退化区不断向外扩展且退化难以恢复。而程度较轻的植被退化,退化与降水减少之间是一种负反馈,当人为压力减弱后,退化较易恢复,但由于地表径流的增加,易导致洪涝灾害的发生。植被退化使气候变得更加恶劣,而北方草原植被增加使气候变得温和。但植树区外围的降水减少,易使新栽树林由外向内退化,说明目前的北方草原区气候似乎不支持在该地区出现大面积的森林。     

植被变化对中国区域气候影响的数值模拟研究

用高分辨率区域气候模式(RegCM-NCC)模拟了中国区域植被发生改变后引起的局地或区域气候变化。结果表明:大范围区域植被变化对区域降水、温度的影响非常显著,内蒙古地区土地荒漠化可导致中国北方大部分地区降水减少,尤其加剧了华北、西北地区的干旱,西北地区绿化有利于黄河流域降水增加,而长江流域和江南地区降水却有不同程度的减少,因此可在一定程度上减少这里的洪涝灾害;气温的变化比降水更显著,植被退化使当地气温明显升高,使中、低层大气变得干燥,近地层风速加大,而植树造林却使当地及周围地区冬偏暖、夏偏凉,大气变得湿润,近地层风速减小,有利于在一定程度上减少沙尘暴的发生。另外,植被变化对东亚冬、夏季风强度也有一定程度的影响,从而影响到中国东部地区降水的分布和冬季低温、冷害事件发生的强度。     

植被变化对中国区域气候的影响Ⅱ:机理分析

在利用区域气候模式（RegCM2）对中国植被变化的气候影响进行了数值模拟研究的基础上,该文着重对其中可能的机理进行了分析,结果表明:植被变化对地-气系统的能量平衡具有重要影响。植被变化使地表释放的有效通量（感热+潜热）发生变化,同时有效通量中的感热。潜热分配,即波恩比亦会发生改变,从而导致大气湿静力能分布的变化,使大气层结及垂直运动发生相应改变,这会进一步影响到大气水汽输送情况,井与相应的垂直运动变化结合最终导致降水的变化。另外,由于植被变化造成的地表蒸散及上壤持水能力的变化,会使土壤含水量、地表径流等也发生明显的变化。     

植被变化对中国区域气候的影响II:机理分析

在利用区域气候模式(RegCM2)对中国植被变化的气候影响进行了数值模拟研究的基础上,该文着重对其中可能的机理进行了分析,结果表明植被变化对地-气系统的能量平衡具有重要影响.植被变化使地表释放的有效通量(感热+潜热)发生变化,同时有效通量中的感热、潜热分配,即波恩比亦会发生改变,从而导致大气湿静力能分布的变化,使大气层结及垂直运动发生相应改变,这会进一步影响到大气水汽输送情况,并与相应的垂直运动变化结合最终导致降水的变化.另外,由于植被变化造成的地表蒸散及土壤持水能力的变化,会使土壤含水量、地表径流等也发生明显的变化.     

植被覆盖变化对区域气候影响的研究进展

陆面植被覆盖变化作为全球及区域气候变化的重要影响因素之一,在近几十年来逐渐受到科学家们的关注,特别是通过大量的数值模拟研究了不同陆面覆盖状况对大气和气候变化的影响,取得了重要进展。研究结果普遍认为,植被覆盖变化通过改变地表反照率、粗糙度和土壤湿度等地表属性,从而影响辐射平衡、水分平衡等过程,最终可以导致区域降水、环流形势及大气温度、湿度等气候变化。总结了近十年国内外的相关研究及初步成果,尤其是植被变化对中国区域气候的影响,大部分研究认为,大范围植被退化使我国地表温度升高,东亚夏季风环流减弱,降水减少,使华北干旱加剧。同时指出了研究中存在问题及今后的工作重点。     

西北植被覆盖对我国区域气候变化影响的数值模拟

使用美国ＮＣＡＲ区域气候模式ＲｅｇＣＭ２研究了西北植被覆盖面积变化对我国区域气候变化的影响。共设计了三组试验,即西北植被面积扩大试验,控制试验和植被面积缩小试验。     

中国近代土地利用变化对区域气候影响的数值模拟

利用国家气候中心改进的高分辨率区域气候模式(RegCM-NCC)模拟研究了中国近代历史时期土地利用/覆盖变化对中国区域气候的影响,模拟结果显示,1700年以来,以森林砍伐、草地退化及相应耕地面积扩大为主的土地利用变化可能对中国区域降水、温度产生了显著影响。1700—1900年期间,由于土地利用的变化使华北、西南等地区降水呈减少趋势,其他区域变化不明显,但近50年来却使长江中下游地区、西北、东北部分地区降水有所增加。1700—1800年间的土地利用变化使得除东北及长江流域地区外的大部分地区温度呈下降趋势,1900年以后有所升高,特别是近50年来中国大部分区域平均气温升高,与这一时期由于大气中温室气体排放浓度增加造成的温度升高相一致。另外,土地利用变化不仅使大气温度、湿度发生变化,还可引起基本流场的变化,使东亚冬、夏季风气流有所增强,这主要是由于植被变化改变了地面温度,使海、陆温差进一步增大的结果。因此,土地利用变化对区域尺度气候变化的影响是不容忽视的。     

青藏高原植被变化对区域气候影响研究进展

陆地生态系统与气候变化之间存在这密不可分的相互作用过程。青藏高原地区是全球气候变化的敏感区,全球变暖对高原陆地生态系统演变的影响非常明显,这必将导致高原生态系统变化。生态系统的变化又将会引起局地、区域气候的响应,导致局地、区域、甚至全球的气候变化。因此研究青藏高原地区植被演变及其与气候变化的关系是一个有着重要学术价值和实际意义的课题。本文在对青藏高原植被与气候关系研究回顾的基础上,介绍了近年来关于青藏高原植被变化对区域气候影响取得的新的进展,提出了一些可能的物理过程,同时指出了研究中存在问题及今后的工作重点。     

黄河源区植被覆盖度对区域气候影响的数值模拟

利用1997-2006年8km空间分辨率的AVHRR/NDVI,得到了与区域气候模式RegCM3具有相同分辨率的植被覆盖度时间序列,并用其替代RegCM3模式中默认的植被覆盖度,对黄河源区主要气候要素进行了数值模拟。结果表明,使用卫星遥感估算的植被覆盖度,模拟的黄河源区气象台站月平均气温更接近实测值,局地降水量也有一定...     

p-·RCM模式对中国区域气候季节变化的模拟

通过对区域气候季节变化的模拟,对p-·坐标系区域气候模式的模拟能力进行了检验。模式较准确地再现了中国区域气候系统的季节性变化特征及中国东部降水带的季节性进退,模拟的各气候区降水的季节变化趋势也与实况基本相符,但模式低估了华东和华南地区的春季降水,而高估了华东、西南和西北地区的秋季降水。     

南半球臭氧变化气候效应的数值模拟

采用一个陆气耦合的９层谱模式模拟了南半球臭氧减少所产生的气候效应。数值试验结果表明,南半球臭氧的减少不仅对南半球温度场的 大气环流有影响,而且对北半球的温度场结构和大气环汉也有一定的影响。其气候效应具有全球性。南半球臭氧减少总体上可以使平流层中层以上大气降温、平流层低层增温、对流层顶附近降温。此外,在北半球冬半年期间,南半球臭氧的减少可使南北半球的副热带西风急流都减弱,极锋急流都增强;在北半球夏半     

用区域气候模式模拟人为硫酸盐气溶胶在气候变化中的作用

使用新版RegCM2区域气候模式,单向嵌套澳大利亚CSIROR21L9全球海-气耦合模式,在C02加倍情况下引人人为硫酸盐气溶胶直接气候效应,进行了其对中国气候变化影响的试验。结果表明,硫酸盐气溶胶的直接气候效应,对地面气温为降温作用,其中在冬半年和在南方更明显;对降水的影响为全国各月平均降水将以减少为主,年平均降水变化的基本特点为在中国东部以减少为主,西部以增加为主。但无论温度还是降水变化的数值都很小。     

MODELING THE EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC SULFATE IN CLIMATE CHANGE BY USING A REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL

1 INTRODUCTION Being an important composition of the atmosphere, aerosol attracts increasing attention from the scientific community in recent years, together with the radiative forcing it causes and effects it imposes on the climate system. The anthropogenic aerosol affects the climate both directly and indirectly. The climate is directly affected when solar shortwave radiation is scattered and absorbed in what is known as the 搖mbrella effect? which can be dated back to as early as mor…     

EVALUATION OF CGCM AND SIMULATION OF REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE IN EAST ASIA

In this paper,experiment results about East Asia climate from five CGCMs are described.Theability of the models to simulate present climate and the simulated response to increased carbon dioxideare both covered.The results indicate that all models show substantial changes in climate whencarbon dioxide concentrations are doubled.In particular,the strong surface warming at high latitudesin winter and the significant increase of summer precipitation in the monsoon area are produced by allmodels.Regional evaluation results show that these five CGCMs are particularly good in simulatingspatial distribution of present climate.The main characteristics of the seasonal mean H500,SAT,MSLP field can be simulated by most CGCMs.But there are significant systematic errors in SAT,MSLP,HS00 fields in most models.On the whole,DKRZ OPYC is the best in simulating the presentclimate in East Asia.     

SIMULATION OF REGIONAL CLIMATE OVER CHINA WITH CHINESE REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL

In this paper,we present the results simulated with the Chinese regional climate model nestedin NCAR CCM1 GCM through one-way nesting approach.The model has been run for 14 months.The NCAR CCM1(1992)is at rhomboidal truncation(R15),while the horizontal resolution ofthe Chinese regional climate model is 100 km.It is found that the Chinese regional climate modelhas some advantages in simulating the surface air temperature and precipitation over the generalclimate model,because of the improved land surface parameterization.     

RECOGNISING THE UNCERTAINTY IN THE QUANTIFICATION OF THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HYDROLOGICAL RESPONSE

A widely used method of evaluating effects of climate change on flow regime is to perturb the climate inputs to a rainfall–runoff model and examine the effect on a statistic of the modelled flows. Such studies require four elements: a method of perturbing the climate, a rainfall–runoff model, a study catchment and a flow index. In practice the direction and magnitude of the estimated effects depend on each of the four elements, leading to concern over the usefulness and generality of the results. To investigate these uncertainties two climate scenarios and eight climate sensitivity tests have been applied to three UK catchments using two conceptual rainfall–runoff models in order to quantify effects of climate change on three flow indices representing mean runoff, flood magnitudes and low flows. The sensitivity tests were found to be useful to assess the suitability of the models to simulate flows outside the conditions experienced in their calibration. Both models gave internally consistent results but, on close examination, one model was found inappropriate for this application. Results show that the effect of climate change on flow varies between catchments and that different flow response indices can change in opposite directions, e.g. floods increased in magnitude while low flows reduced. Contrasting results were obtained from the two climate scenarios.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF VEGETATION COVER FACTOR ON BOUNDARY LAYER CLIMATE IN SEMI-ARID REGION

A numerical model has been developed for simulating land-surface processes and atmosphericboundary layer climate of vegetation and desert in semi-arid region.Dynamically,thermal andhydrological processes take place in the atmospheric boundary layer.Vegetation and surface layerof soil are included in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere coupled system,in which,vegetation isconsidered as a horizontally uniform layer,soil is divided into 13 layers and the horizontaldifferences of variables in the system are neglected.The influence of local boundary layer climateby vegetation cover factor is simulated with the coupled model in the semi-arid region of NorthwestChina (around 38°N,105°E).Results indicate that due to significant differences of water andenergy budgets in vegetation and desert region,the air is colder and wetter over the vegetation andcorrespondingly an obvious local circulation in the lower atmosphere is formed.Simulating results also show that maximum updraft and downdraft occur around thevegetation-desert marginal area,where the dynamical and thermodynamical properties of PBL(Planetary Boundary Layer) are uncontinuous.It is stronger at daytime,weaker and reverse atnighttime.In the simulation,the moisture inversion phenomena are analyzed.Finally.theinfluences of vegetation cover factor exchange on local boundary layer climate are simulated.Thesimulating results bring to light that water may be conserved and improved by developing treeplanting and afforestation,and improving cover factor of vegetation in local ecoenvironment,andthis is an important way of transforming local climate in arid and semi-arid area.Results indicatethat the coupled model can be used to study the soil-vegetation-atmosphere interaction and localboundary layer climate.     

气候变化对江苏省小麦生产的可能影响

根据国内外研究结果综合分析,得到ＣＯ２倍增时江苏省温度、降水的变化值,初步确定了ＣＯ２倍增时江苏省小麦生长季内的可能气候情景。分析未来ＣＯ２倍增时对小麦作物的直接影响、间接影响及紫外辐射影响。具体估算了温度升高、降水增加、ＣＯ２浓度上升、紫外辐射增强后江苏省小麦生育期不变和生育期缩短两种情景下的气候生产潜力,并由此分析了气候变暖对江苏省不同地区的利弊影响。结果表明：江北大部分地区小麦产量有所增加,     

A PRELIMINARY SIMULATION OF EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON RICE IN THE MIDDLE AND LOWER REACHES OF CI-IANGJIANG RIVER AND WINTER WHEAT PRODUCTION ON THE HUANG-HUAI-HAI PLAIN

In this paper,based on the analysis of the variation of effective accumulated temperature and precipita-tion in the last 100 years,together with the potential impacts of greenhouse effects on the climate in Chinasimulated with the current major climatic models(GFDL,GISS,NCAR,OSU and UKMO),the impacts ofclimate change on rice in the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River and winter wheat production on theHuang-Huai-Hai Plain~* are simulated with the available weather-yield statistic models on the assumption that te-mperature variation ranges 1—4℃ and precipitation variation ranges ±10—20%.The result is that under thecurrent planting systems and agrotechniques,the impact of climate change on wheat production is more signifi-cant than that on rice;the climatic conditions of agricultural production in the north of China will become morefavourable while those in the south of the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River remain the same;butthose in the southern part of North China and the basins between Changjiang River and Haihe River are ratherunstable.In general,it is difficult to reach the conclusion that advantages or disadvantages dominate in suchclimate changes because of uncertainties.