Phase relations of carbonate-bearing eclogite assemblages from 2.5 to 5.5 GPa: implications for petrogenesis of carbonatites

We have experimentally investigated the phase and melting relations of garnet + clinopyroxene + carbonate assemblages at 2.5–5.5 GPa, to assess the feasibility of carbonated eclogite as a source for some crustally emplaced carbonatites. The solidus of our composition was at 1,125 °C at 2.5 GPa, 1,225 °C at 3.5 GPa and 1,310 °C at 5.0 GPa. Melts were sodic calcio-dolomitic carbonatites, and were markedly more calcic than the dolomitic melts produced by partial melting of carbonated peridotite. Na contents of the experimental carbonatites decreased with increasing pressure when compared at similar degrees of melting, and SiO₂ contents increased with degree of melting. Experiments on a second composition with enhanced Na₂O demonstrated its strong effect in lowering melting temperatures in carbonate eclogite. Natural carbonated eclogite bodies in the peridotitic upper mantle will have a range of solidus temperatures. In many cases, carbonate will be molten in the upper 250 km. Carbonate melt would segregate from its source eclogite at very low melt fractions and infiltrate surrounding peridotitic wall rock. This would result in metasomatic enrichment of the peridotitic wall rock, but its exact nature will depend on the relative P–T positions of the eclogite + CO₂ and peridotite + CO₂ solidii. As a result of these inevitable metasomatic interactions, it is considered unlikely that carbonatite melts derived from carbonated eclogite in the upper mantle could be emplaced into the crust unmodified. However, they may have a role in metasomatically enriching and carbonating parts of the upper mantle, producing sources suitable for subsequent production of silica undersaturated silicate liquids and carbonatites ultimately emplaced in the crust.Editorial responsibility: J. Hoefs     

Late Archean metamorphism in the Buksefjorden region,Southwest Greenland

Standard state thermodynamic data extracted from experimental studies and applied to mineral assemblages in orthogneisses, metasedimentary gneisses and metabasites show that conditions of late Archean (2,850 m.y.) upper amphibolite facies were P _solid7.0 kb, T630° C, and rose to P _solid10.5 kb, T810° C in adjacent granulite facies. The estimates of solid pressure for the granulite facies suggest a late Archean crustal thickness of ca. 35 km, comparable to present day continental crust. Upper amphibolite facies assemblages were in equilibrium with about one half P _solid, while granulite assemblages equilibrated at much lower , varying from about one tenth P _solid in quartzofeldspathic gneisses to one third P _solid in more basic layers.     

Tridymite: Effect of hydrostatic pressure to 6 kbar on temperatures of two rapidly reversible transitions

Trajectories of two reversible phase transitions in a low-Na synthetic tridymite have been determined to 6 kbar by differential thermal analysis (DTA) in hydrostatic apparatus using Ar or CO₂. The temperature of the lower transition increases from 111 ° C at 1 bar linearly with pressure with slope 1₅ deg kbar^–1. Pressure raises the temperature of the upper transition from 157 ±2 ° or 159 ° C (independently determined) at 1 bar wit a slope of 53 deg kbar^–1, up to 0.7 kbar; for the data above that pressure, the initial slope is 64 deg kbar^–1. Above 2–1/2 kbar, the variation is linear with slope 70 deg kbar^–1. No evidence for other transitions was found at any of the apparent changes of slope. Hystereses for both transitions decreased at high pressures compared to 1-bar. Preferred values for the transition enthalpies, together with these slopes and the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, yield estimates for the volume changes at the transitions of 0.01 (lower) and 0.15 to 0.25 (upper) cm³ gfw^–1. These calculated volume changes are not consonant with many of the high temperature volumetric data on tridymites of varying origins.     

Evolution of a tourmaline-bearing lawsonite eclogite from the Elekdağ area (Central Pontides,N Turkey): evidence for infiltration of slab-derived B-rich fluids during exhumation

An undated high-pressure low-temperature tectonic mélange in the Elekda area (central Pontides, N Turkey) comprises blocks of MORB-derived lawsonite eclogite within a sheared serpentinite matrix. In their outer shells, some of the eclogite blocks contain large (up to 6 cm) tourmaline crystals. Prograde inclusions in poikiloblastic garnet from a well-preserved eclogite block are lawsonite, epidote/clinozoisite, omphacite, rutile, glaucophane, chlorite, Ba-bearing phengite, minor actinolite, winchite and quartz. In addition, glaucophane, lawsonite and rutile occur as inclusions in omphacite. These inclusion assemblages document the transition from a garnet-lawsonite-epidote-bearing blueschist to a lawsonite eclogite with the peak assemblage garnet + omphacite I + lawsonite + rutile. Peak metamorphic conditions are not well-constrained but are estimated approximately 400–430°C and >1.35 GPa, based on Fe–Mg exchange between garnet and omphacite and the coexistence of lawsonite + omphacite + rutile. During exhumation of the eclogite–serpentinite mélange in the hanging wall of a subduction system, infiltration of B-rich aqueous fluids into the rims of eclogite blocks caused retrogressive formation of abundant chlorite, titanite and albite, followed by growth of tourmaline at the expense of chlorite. At the same time, omphacite I (X_Jd=0.24–0.44) became unstable and partially replaced by omphacite II characterized by higher X_Jd (0.35–0.48), suggesting a relatively low silica activity in the infiltrating fluid. Apart from Fe-rich rims developed at the contact to chlorite, tourmaline crystals are nearly homogeneous. Their compositions correspond to Na-rich dravite, perhaps with a small amount of excess (tetrahedral) boron (~5.90 Si and 3.10 B cations per 31 anions). ¹¹ B values range from –2.2 to +1.7. The infiltrating fluids were most probably derived from subducting altered oceanic crust and sediments.     

Dihedral angle measurements and infiltration property of SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-rich melts in mantle peridotite assemblages

Petrological and experimental studies demonstrated that nepheline-normative, SiO₂-rich melts can be present in the upper mantle at pressures 1.5 GPa. To evaluate the role of such melts in mantle processes and magma genesis, we carried out two types of experiments: (1) melt distribution experiments to characterize the grain-scale distribution of a small fraction of typical SiO₂-rich mantle melt (SRMM) in polycrystalline olivine (Ol) at 1,180°C, 1.2 GPa; and (2) an infiltration experiment to test the ability of SRMM to impregnate and metasomatise neighbouring non-molten mantle rocks. The median dihedral angles at Ol-Ol-SRMM contacts are equal to 50°, implying that melt should be interconnected at all melt fractions. Complications arise, however, in the investigated system because Ol–liquid interfacial energy is anisotropic, and we estimate that the connectivity threshold in the SRMM–Ol system is 0.3 vol%. Regarding the very low volume fraction of SRMM in peridotites, we conclude that these melts either occur as isolated pockets or form a network of grain edge channels with a low degree of connectivity due to a large number of dry grain edges. Even in the case where an interconnected network exists, their large viscosities should prohibit the extraction of SRMM from peridotite sources. The infiltration experiment also points to a very reduced mobility of SRMM in the upper mantle. In this experiment, a slice of synthetic dunite was immersed into a magma reservoir made of 60 wt% SRMM+40 wt% Ol, and subjected to 1,180°C-1.2 GPa for 113 h: despite this long duration, the SiO₂-rich liquid was unable to infiltrate measurably the dunite. Our experiments do not support the hypothesis that SRMM represent agents of mantle metasomatism.     

Kornerupine in Mg-Al-rich gneisses from Namaqualand,South Africa: mineralogy and evidence for late-metamorphic fluid activity

Three kornerupine occurrences are reported in distinctive SiO₂-poor, MgO- and Al₂O₃-rich paragneisses from the Namaqualand Metamorphic Complex in South Africa. Kornerupine coexists stably with phlogopite, cordierite, orthopyroxene, gedrite, sapphirine, sillimanite and plagioclase and, in sapphirine-free rocks, with spinel and corundum. Tourmaline of a texturally older generation than kornerupine is commonly present in the same samples.Ten analysed kornerupines show a variation in total Fe as FeO from 1.8 to 10.9 weight per cent. B₂O₃ contents are estimated from x-ray data and a few spectrochemical analyses to range from 0.9 to 3.5 weight per cent. There is a strong inverse correlation between B³⁺ and Al³⁺. Total iron content has a strong and systematic effect on refractive index, colour and dispersion. Fe and Mg are systematically partitioned with the other minerals, and Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratios increase as follows: spinel 相似文献   

Plate motions in the Alpine region and their correlation to the opening of the Atlantic ocean

The plate tectonic evolution of the Alps is intimately related to the stepwise protrusion of the Atlantic ocean to the north. The South Penninic oceanic basin of the Alps is part of the spreading system of the early Atlantic ocean in the Jurassic. In the Lower Cretacous, the North Peeninic basin forms as an appendix of the Atlantic in its second stage of evolution, connected with it via the Pyrenees trough and the Bay of Biscay. Subduction in the South Penninic ocean by convergent motion of the Briançonian and the Adriatic plates leads to a first continental collision in about mid-Cretaceous time. In the Upper Cretaceous, when the Atlantic ocean protrudes between North America and Greenland, Eurasia and Africa move divergently, and there is relative quiescence in the Alps. In the Tertiary, the Atlantic ocean spreads between Greenland and Scandinavia which results in convergent motion between Eurasia and Africa and important compressional events in the Alps.

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Zusammenfassung Die plattentektonische Entwicklung in den Alpen steht mit dem etappenweisen Vorstoß des Atlantischen Ozeans nach Norden in engem Zusammenhang. Das ozeanische Südpenninische Becken der Alpen ist Teil des frühen Atlantik im Jura. In der Unterkreide bildet sich das Nordpenninische Becken als Fortsatz des Atlantik in dessen zweitem Entwicklungsstadium und steht mit diesem über den Pyrenäentrog und die Biscaya in Verbindung. Annäherung der Briançonischen und der Adritischen Platte führt zu Subduktion im Südpenninischen Becken und zu einer ersten Kontinentkollision in der Mittelkreide. Zur Zeit des atlantischen Vorstoßes zwischen Nordamerika und Grönland werden Eurasien und Afrika auseinanderbewegt, und es herrscht relative Ruhe in den Alpen. Im Tertiär bahnt sich der Atlantik seinen Weg zwischen Grönland und Skandinavien; dies führt Eurasien und Afrika gegeneinander und hat bedeutende Einengung in den Alpen zur Folge.

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Résumé Le développement de la tectonique de plaques dans les Alpes est rapport étroit avec la poussée par etapes de l'Océan Atlantique en direction du Nord. Le bassin océanique piémontais des Alpes est une partie de l'Atlantique originel au moment du Jurassique. C'est au Crétacé inferieur que se forme le bassin valaisan en tant qu'appendice de l'Atlantique dans son deuxième stade de développement; il se trouve par là en relation avec la fosse pyrénéenne et le Golfe de Gascogne. Le rapprochement de la plaque briançonnaise et de la plaque adriatique conduit à une subduction dans le bassin piémontais et à une premiére collision continentale au Crétacé moyen. A l'époque de la pénétration atlantique entre l'Amérique du Nord et le Groenland, l'Eurasie et l'Atlantique s'écartérent, tandis qu'il règne une période d'accalmie relative dans les Alpes. C'est au Tertiaire que l'Atlantique se fraie son passage entre le Groenland et la Scandinavie. Cela mène à la rencontre de l'Eurasie et de l'Afrique, ce qui entraîne un rétrécissement important dans les Alpes.

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Stability of titanian clinohumite: Experiments and thermodynamic analysis

Reversed hydrothermal experiments on a natural titanoclinohumite [Ti-Cl; approximate formula Mg_7.5FeTi_0.5O₁₆(OH)] show that it breaks down at 475°±11° C (3.5 kbar), 620°±11° C (14 kbar) and 675°±8° C (21 kbar) to the assemblage olivine +ilmenite+vapor. An internal-consistency analysis of the data yields _r G _s ^/0 (298 K, 1 bar)=36,760±3,326 cal (mole Ti-Cl)^–1. _r S _s ^/0 (298 K, 1 bar)=34.14±5.91 cal deg^–1(mole Ti-Cl)^–1. Linear correlation coefficient r _G–S 1.0. A solution model that accounts for TiO₂-M(OH)₂ and F-OH substitution shows that the results for our nearly F-free Ti-Cl are in reasonable agreement with the unreversed breakdown experiments of Mer-rill et al. (1972) on a F-bearing Ti-Cl.Because fluorine is necessary to stabilize Ti-Cl under mantle conditions, we suggest that Ti-Cl is much more likely to be a storage device for fluorine than for water in the mantle.     

Boron isotope variations in nature: a synthesis

The large relative mass difference between the two stable isotopes of boron, ¹⁰B and ¹¹B, and the high geochemical reactivity of boron lead to significant isotope fractionation by natural processes. Published ¹¹B values (relative to the NBS SRM-951 standard) span a wide range of 90. The lowest ¹¹B values around — 30 are reported for non-marine evaporite minerals and certain tourmalines. The most ¹¹B-enriched reservoir known to date are brines from Australian salt lakes and the Dead Sea of Israel with ¹¹B values up to +59. Dissolved boron in present-day seawater has a constant world-wide ¹¹B value of + 39.5. In this paper, available ¹¹B data of a variety of natural fluid and solid samples from different geological environments are compiled and some of the most relevant aspects, including possible tracer applications of boron-isotope geochemistry, are summarized.

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Résumé La grande différence relative de masse entre les isotopes stables du bore, ¹⁰B et ¹¹B, et la grande réactivité geochimique du bore ont pour conséquence un fractionnement isotopique naturel important. Les valeurs de ¹¹B publiées (par rapport au standard NBS SRM-951) varient de 90. Les valeurs de ¹¹B les plus basses (–30) correspondent aux evaporites non-marines et à certaines tourmalines. Le réservoir le plus enrichi en ¹¹B est représenté par les saumures des lacs salés d' Australie et par la Mer Morte en Israël, qui ont des valuers de ¹¹B allent jusqu'à + 59. L'eau de mer a une valeur de ¹¹B mondialement constante de + 39.5. Des valeurs de ¹¹B des solutions naturelles ainsi que des roches et minéraux de différentes origines, publiées jusqu'à présent, sont présentées ici. En outre quelques aspects importants concernant la géochimie des isotopes du bore y compris quelques applications sont exposés.

     

Die Verteilung der Lanthaniden im Tholeyit von Tholey (Saar) und in Palatiniten,Pseudopegmatiten und Apliten des permischen Vulkanismus im Saar-Nahe-Pfalz-Gebiet

Zusammenfassung Ein Teil der im Unterperm (Wende Unterrotliegendes/Oberrotliegendes) gebildeten magmatischen Gesteine des Saar-Nahe-Pfalz-Gebietes wurde auf Lanthaniden untersucht: Gesteins-Gruppe 1: doleritischer Olivinbasalt, Pigeonit-Tholeyit, Tholeyit (Originalvorkommen) aus dem Schaumberg-Sill bei Tholey (Saar), und Plagiaplit. Gesteins-Gruppe 2: Palatinit, Pseudopegmatit, Aplit.Gesteins-Gruppe 1: Der Tholeyit aus dem Schaumberg-Sill zeigt deutlich höhere absolute Lanthanidengehalte (180 und 230 ppm Y, La-Lu) und eine stärkere Anreicherung der leichteren Lanthaniden La-Eu im Vergleich zu den ozeanischen und kontinentalen tholeiitischen Basalten (100 ppm Y, La-Lu). Das ist ein weiterer Hinweis dafür, daß der Tholeyit vom Locus typicus nicht identisch ist mit dem als tholeiitischer Basalt bezeichneten Gesteinstyp. Im Gegensatz zu den absoluten Lanthanidengehalten bestehen aber praktisch keine Unterschiede bei der relativen Lanthanidenverteilung zwischen dem Liegenden und dem Hangenden des Sill. Mit ansteigendem K₂O/Na₂O-Verhältnis wird in der Reihenfolge: doleritischer Olivinbasalt, Pigeonit-Tholeyit, Tholeyit aus dem Schaumberg-Sill und Plagiaplit eine Zunahme der absoluten Lanthanidengehalte und eine fortschreitende Fraktionierung zwischen den leichteren und den schwereren Lanthaniden festgestellt. Eine aus petrographischen Befunden von Jung (1958) vermutete Differentiation zwischen den genannten Gesteinstypen deutet sich somit auch in der Lanthanidenverteilung an.Gesteins-Gruppe 2: Ähnliche Zusammenhänge bestehen zwischen Palatiniten (180 ppm Y, La-Lu, 3 Proben), Pseudopegmatit (290 ppm Y, La-Lu, 1 Probe) und Apliten (270 ppm Y, La-Lu, 3 Proben), jedoch hier ohne klar erkennbare Abgängigkeit von den K₂O/Na₂O-Verhältnissen.

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Distribution of the lanthanide elements in the tholeyite from tholey (saar, W.-Germany) and in palatinite, pseudopegmatite, and aplite of the permian volcanism in the saar-nahe-pfalz area

Several types of magmatic rocks from the Saar-Nahe-Pfalz area (lower Permian) have been analysed for the 14 lanthanide elements and yttrium: rocks of group 1. doleritic olivine basalt, pigeonite tholeyite, tholeyite (type locality) from the Schaumberg sill near Tholey (Saar), and plagiaplite; rocks of group 2. palatinite, pseudopegmatite, aplite.Rocks of group 1. It is important to note the higher absolute Y and La-Lu contents (180 and 230ppm Y, La-Lu) and the relative enrichment of the lighter lanthanides in the tholeyite from the Schaumberg sill as compared with oceanic and continental tholeiitic basalts (100 ppm Y, La-Lu). This is additional evidence against the assumption that the tholeyite from the type locality has genetic relations to the so-called oceanic and continental tholeiitic basalts. The lanthanide elements in the tholeyite increase in concentration from the lower to the upper part of the Schaumberg sill, but there is little change in relative abundances within the sill. Increasing K₂O/Na₂O ratios are accompanied by an increase of the absolute lanthanide concentrations and by a progressive accumulation of the lighter lanthanides in the sequence: doleritic olivine basalt, pigeonite tholeyite, tholeyite from the Schaumberg sill, plagiaplite. The distribution pattern of the lanthanides in these rocks confirms the explanation of the petrographic observation by Jung (1958) as a magmatic differentiation series.Rocks of group 2. Similar relations were observed between palatinites (180 ppm Y, La-Lu, 3 samples), pseudopegmatite (290 ppm Y, La-Lu, 1 sample), and aplites (270 ppm Y, La-Lu, 3 samples), but there was no clear evidence for a correlation of lanthanide distribution with K₂O/Na₂O ratios.

     

Synthesis and some properties of iron- and vanadium-bearing kyanites, (Al,Fe3+)2SiO5and (Al,V3+)2SiO5

Iron- and vanadium-bearing kyanites have been synthesized at 900 and 1100° C/20 kb in a piston-cylinder apparatus using Mn₂O₃/Mn₃O₄- and MnO/Mn-mixtures, respectively, as oxygen buffers. Solid solubility on the pseudobinary section Al₂SiO₅-Fe₂SiO₅(-V₂SiO₅) of the system Al₂O₃-Fe₂O₃(V₂O₃)-SiO₂ extends up to 6.5 mole% (14mole %) of the theoretical end member FeSiO₅(V₂SiO₅) at 900°C/20 kb. For bulk compositions with higher Fe₂SiO₅ (V₂SiO₅) contents the corundum type phases M₂O₃(M = Fe³⁺, V³⁺) are found to coexist with the Fe³⁺(V³⁺)-saturated kyanite solid solution plus quartz. The extent of solid solubility on the join Al₂SiO₅-Fe₂SiO₅ at 1 100°C was not found to be significantly higher than at 900° C. Microprobe analyses of iron bearing kyanites gave no significant indication of ternary solid solubility in these mixed crystals. Lattice constants a ₀, b ₀, c ₀, and V₀ of the kyanite solid solutions increase with increasing Fe₂SiO₅- and V₂SiO₅-contents proportionally to the ionic radii of Fe³⁺ and V³⁺, respectively, the triclinic angles ,, remain constant. Iron kyanites are light yellowish-green, vanadium kyanites are light green. Iron kyanites, (Al_1.87 Fe _0.13 ³⁺ )SiO₅, were obtained as crystals up to 700 m in length.     

Probing the relationship between surface waters and aquifers by <Superscript>18</Superscript>O measurements on the top of the Araripe Plateau/NE Brazil

The Araripe Plateau in northeastern Brazil has an area of about 8,000 km², confined by 39°05E and 40°55E, and 7°10S and 7°50S. Due to high permeability of soils, a surface drainage system is practically inexistent. Water is stored in excavations with clayey soil, the barreiros. Monthly samples were taken for ¹⁸O measurements, from September 1999 to August 2000, from four barreiros, three dug wells and five drilled wells. Results show that (1) groundwaters in the eastern part of the plateau are derived from present-day rainfall (¹⁸O–3.2), whereas groundwaters in the western portion are isotopically different (¹⁸O–5.0); (2) barreiros are strongly marked seasonally by elevated ¹⁸O during the dry period due to elevated evaporation; (3) a dug well at a distance of 30 m from a barreiro exhibits ¹⁸O similar to that of the reservoir, indicating a strong interaction between groundwater and surface water; and (4) a tubular well of 242-m depth, located in a fault, exhibits strong seasonal changes in ¹⁸O and electrical conductivity, revealing downward leakage between aquifers.     

The TiO2 frequency in volcanic rocks

The authoress calculates the frequency of the TiO₂-content in the lavas of the active volcanoes and shows by the aid of a quotient =Al₂O₃ – Na₂O/TiO₂ the pronounced bimodality of the frequency curve from which she concludes that the great variety of the magmas cannot be explained by a magmatic differentiation but only by a double origin of the magmas from the upper mantle and from the sialic crust of the earth.

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Zusammenfassung Die Verfasserin berechnet die Häufigkeit des TiO₂-Gehalts in den Laven der tätigen Vulkane und zeigt vermittelst eines Quotienten =Al₂O₃ – Na₂O/TiO₂ die ausgesprochene Bimodalität der Häufigkeitskurve, woraus sie den Schluß zieht, daß die große Verschiedenheit der Magmen nicht durch eine magmatische Differentiation erklärt werden kann, sondern daß man eine zwiefache Herkunft der Magmen annehmen muß: aus dem oberen Mantel und aus der sialischen Kruste der Erde.

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Résumé L'auteur calcule la fréquence du pourcentage de TiO₂ dans les laves des volcans la bimodalité cans actifs et montre, à 1 aide d un quotient =Al₂O₃ – Na₂O/TiO₂ la bimodalité prononcée des courbes de fréquence, et en tire la conclusion que la grande variété des magmas ne peut pas être expliquée par une différenciation magmatique, mais par l'origine double des magmas: du manteau supérieur et de la crôute sialique de la terre.

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Riassunto L'autrice calcola la frequenza del contenuto in TiO₂ nelle lave dei vulcani attivi e dimostra mediante un quoziente =Al₂O₃ – Na₂O/TiO₂ la pronunziata bimodalità delle curve di frequenza e ne trae la conclusione che la grande varietà dei magmi non è dovuta a differenziazione magmatica ma ad una duplice provenienza: dal mantello superiore e dalla crosta sialica della terra.

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Dedicated to Professor Dr. A.Rittmann on the occasion of his 75. birthday

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This study is a part of the researches, carried out with the funds of the National Research Council of Italy under the direction of Prof. A.Rittmann.     

Metamorphic evolution of the Eiksunddal eclogite complex. Western Norway,and some tectonic implications

The metamorphic evolution of the Western Gneiss Region of Norway (WGR) can be evaluated from examination of eclogites formed as an integral part of the gneiss terrain (ie. in situ). Petrologic data from one of the larger country-rock eclogites within the northwestern part of WGR have been used to construct a P, T, t-path for this crustal volume. Textural relations as well as mineral composition and zonation suggest an early period of amphibolite facies conditions, followed by movement along a very steep positive P/T-gradient towards very high pressure (P25 kb) and moderate temperature (T600° C). Orthopyroxene coexisting with garnet at such conditions was poor in Al (<0.5 wt% Al₂O₃) and is preserved in the cores of orthopyroxene grains in garnet websterites. The increasing Al-content of orthopyroxene towards garnet, and increasing edenite substitution rimwards in zoned amphiboles, suggest a period of decompression accompanied by heating, towards the metamorphic maximum at T 750° C, P20kb. Garnet zoning reflects a general prograde history, but the reactions that control the zoning are insensitive to pressure changes. Jadeitic pyroxenes may have formed in the gneisses at P-max, but would revert to plagioclase subsequent to the metamorphic maximum, giving rise to the observed mineralogy. Further decompression and cooling continued towards high-rank amphibolite facies conditions. This P, T, t-path reflects crustal thickening to 80–90 km during Caledonian time. The uplift path is qualitatively similar to theoretically derived paths in which uplift is assumed to be controlled by erosion. However, uplift following the metamorphic maximum may have been accelerated by a period of suture progradation.     

Löslichkeit von KCl in der Gasphase von überkritisch erhitztem Wasser

Zusammenfassung Die Löslichkeit von KCl in überkritisch erhitztem Wasser wird in einem Temperaturbereich von 400–500° und einem Druckgebiet bis 300 Atm. bestimmt. Als Druckgefäß wird ein 1 Liter fassender Autoklav verwendet, aus dem bei konstant gehaltener Temperatur nacheinander kleine Probemengen der gasförmigen Lösung über ein Gasauslaßventil in einem gekühlten V2A-Rohr aufgefangen und zur Gehaltsbestimmung abgetrennt werden. Die KCl-Bestimmung erfolgte im allgemeinen chemisch, bei kleinen Drucken und dementsprechend kleinen Mengen durch beigemengtes, künstlich radioaktives K⁴² mit einem Flüssigkeitszählrohr. Die LöslichkeitL steigt bei vorgegebener Temperaturt mit dem Druckp an, und zwar bei der 400°-Löslichkeitsisotherme stärker als bei den L-Isothermen höherer Versuchstemperatur (450°, 475° und 500°).Weil nur Löshchkeiten bis maximal 1 g je Liter ausgewertet werden, wurde das logL,p-Diagramm in ein log L, log -Diagramm (-Dichte) umgezeichnet und vorausgesetzt, daß die hierfür benutztenpt-Tabellen für reines Wasser noch für stark verdünnte Salzlösungen anwendbar sind. Der geradlinige Kurvenverlauf im doppeltlogarithmischen Diagramm zeigt an, daß für die Zunahme von L mit eine Beziehung der ArtL = const ⁿ (n für KCl 3,2) aufgestellt werden kann. Eine geringe Zunahme vonL mit der Temperatur im Bereich von 400–500° bei konstant gehaltenen -Werten ist aus einem logL,t-Diagramm ersichtlich. Die ⁿ -Beziehung scheint weitgehend auch für die Löslichkeit von SiO₂ bei den Temperaturen 400 und 500° gültig zu sein (n _400° 2,3,n ₅₀₀ 1,73). Die Ergebnisse der Löslichkeitsmessungen anderer Autoren an ähnlichen Systemen werden diskutiert und Beziehungen zu den eigenen Ergebnissen hergestellt.Unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen fürp undt lassen sich Schlüsse auf solche Vorgänge in der Erdrinde ziehen, die mit den beschriebenen Versuchsbedingungen vergleichbar sind bzw. den Ablauf von chemischen Reaktionen bei der Gesteinsumwundlung in bestimmter Richtung (Auflösung oder Abscheidung über die Gasphase) beeinflussen können.Herrn P of. Dr. C. W.Correns zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.In gekürzter Form vorgetragen auf der Tagung der Deutschen Mineralogischen Gessellschaft in Regensburg im August 1952.     

Pervasive rehydration of granulites during exhumation – an example from the Pulur complex, Eastern Pontides, Turkey

Summary High-grade gneisses from the Pulur complex in NE Turkey bear evidence for biotite-dehydration melting at 820°C and 0.7–0.8GPa, melt segregation and near-isothermal decompression to 0.4–0.5GPa. During further exhumation, the rocks underwent secondary pervasive rehydration at temperatures between 400 and 230°C and fluid pressures between 0.3 and 0.1GPa. Metamorphic peak conditions are dated at 331–327Ma, while hydrothermal retrogression occurred significantly later at 315–310Ma under static conditions. During the rehydration event, primary high-grade mineral assemblages including garnet, cordierite, sillimanite, spinel, biotite, plagioclase and ilmenite were extensively replaced by muscovite, paragonite, margarite, corundum, diaspore, chlorite, kaolinite, pumpellyite, prehnite, epidote, titanite, anatase, pyrite and chalcopyrite. Secondary mineral assemblages indicate that the infiltrating fluids were characterized by low fO₂, very low X_CO2 (<0.002), variable activities of Ca²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺ and H⁺ and relatively high activities of H₂S and CH₄. Quartz veins that might have acted as pathways for the fluids are rare. Ubiquitous veinlets consisting of (i) albite, (ii) chlorite+calcite+quartz or (iii) K-feldspar+calcite+quartz were formed after the pervasive rehydraton event by precipitation from aqueous solutions that were somewhat richer in CO₂.     

The Hiendelaencina epithermal silver-base metal district,Central Spain: Tectonic and mineralizing processes

The northeastern sector of the Spanish Central System hosts important Stephanian-Permian silver-base metal epithermal mineralizations defining the so-called Hiendelaencina District. The overall geotectonic evolution of this region indicates a major late Variscan extensional period involving the unroofing of dome-shaped metamorphic core complexes, which ultimately led to the radial brittle disruption of these bodies allowing the ascent of andesitic magmas and high-level hydrothermal activity. The deposits are hosted by high-grade metaphorphic rocks belonging to these complexes. Mineralogical and fluid inclusion studies reveal that the mineralizations were formed during two to four hydrothermal stages. These are the result of complex interactions between fluids of contrasted temperatures and salinities. Data on sulphur isotopes suggest that two sources of sulphur existed: magmatic (andesitic derived, with ³⁴S + 6) and metasediment-derived (with initial ³⁴S probably + 25).     

Mg tracer diffusion in synthetic forsterite and San Carlos olivine as a function of P,T and fO2

We present new experimental data on Mg tracer diffusion in oriented single crystals of forsterite (Fo₁₀₀) and San Carlos olivine (Fo₉₂) between 1000–1300° C. The activation energies of diffusion are found to be 400 (±60) kJ/mol (96 kcal/mol) and 275 (±25) kJ/mol (65 kcal/ mol) in forsterite and San Carlos olivine, respectively, along [001] at a fO₂ of 10^–12 bars. There is no change in activation energy of Mg tracer diffusion within this temperature range. Mg tracer diffusion in a nominally pure forsterite is found to be anisotropic (D_c > D_a > D _b) and a function of fO₂. This fO₂ dependence is different from that in olivine containing Fe as a major element, which suggests that the diffusion mechanism of Mg in forsterite is different from that in Fe-bearing olivine at least over some range of fO₂. The diffusion mechanism in nominally pure forsterites may involve impurities present below the limits of detection or alternately, Si or Fe³⁺ interstitial defects, Fe being present as impurity (ppm level) in forsterite. Pressure dependence of Mg tracer diffusivity in forsterite measured to 10 GPa in a multianvil apparatus yields an activation volume of approximately 1–3.5 cm³/ mol. It is found that presence of small amounts of hydrogen bearing species in the atmosphere during diffusion anneal (f_H2 0.2 bars, f_H20 0.24 bars) do not affect Mg tracer diffusion in forsterite within the resolution of our measurement at a total pressure of 1 bar. The observed diffusion process is shown to be extrinsic; hence extrapolation of the diffusion data to lower temperatures should not be plagued by uncertainties related to change of diffusion mechanism from intrinsic to extrinsic.     

Petrogenesis of Hawaiian tholeiites: 1, phase equilibria constraints

The most magnesian olivine phenocrysts [Mg no.=100 Mg/(Mg+Fe)=90.5] in Hawaiian tholeiites provide evidence for the earliest stages of differentiation of Hawaiian magmas. Based on the correction of olivine fractionation effects, the primitive melt compositions which have crystallised these olivines are picritic with 16 wt% MgO. They are excellent primary-melt candidates. An experimental study on a new Hawaiian picritic primary-melt estimate demonstrates multiple saturation with peridotite (harzburgite) at 2.0 GPa and 1450° C. Garnet is not a liquidus phase at pressures below 3.5 GPa, and garnet peridotite is not a liquidus phase assemblage at any pressure or temperature. This result confirms previous experimental studies on Hawaiian primary-melt estimates and conflicts with trace-elementgeochemistry-based interpretations, which claim that melt generation occurs in the presence of residual garnet. If Hawaiian tholeiite primary magmas are picritic and have equilibrated with garnet-absent peridotite residues, the geochemical and isotopic characteristics of Hawaiian tholeiites (i.e. Sm/Nd chondrites and Nd>0) are consistent with their source recently having been enriched in incompatible elements. Previous modelling shows that such characteristics are consistent with source enrichment through the migration of small melt fractions generated at depth in the presence of garnet. This may be effected either at the time of Hawaiian magma genesis through dynamic melt segregation processes or, by melting of a previously enriched mantle source; possibly oceanic lithospheric mantle which has been infiltrated by melt fractions from the underlying asthenosphere prior to Hawaiian magmatism. Alternatively, if Hawaiian primary magmas are ultramafic in composition (20 wt% MgO) they may be generated in the presence of garnet peridotite at pressures 3.0 GPa.     

Granulite facies amphibole and biotite equilibria,and calculated peak-metamorphic water activities

Samples located near the Oregon Dome anorthosite massif in the south-central Adirondack Mountains, New York contain the fluid-buffering mineral assemblages: amphibole + clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene + quartz or biotite + quartz + orthopyroxene + K-feldspar. These rocks were metamorphosed under granulite-facies conditions (T=725°–750°C, P=7.5 kbar) during the Grenville orogeny. The Mg-rich nature of amphiboles, micas, and pyroxenes allow accurate calculation of water activities because corrections for the effects of solid solution are relatively small. The activity of water was low during the peak of granulite-facies metamorphism, with H₂O0.15±0.14. Wollastonite occurrences indicate that the CO₂ was low (<0.3) in nearby rocks, demonstrating that large quantities of CO₂ did not infiltrate in a pervasive manner. The combination of low H₂O with low CO₂ is consistent with the hypothesis that magmatic processes were dominant, generating dry, fluid-absent conditions.Abbreviations fi Fugacity of species i in a fluid - Xi mole fraction of component i in a phase - T temperature - P lithostatic pressure - P _F fluid pressure - _i ^x activity of component i phase X