和田玉的物质组分和物理性质研究

和田玉属软玉类玉石,是透闪石矿物的集合体,也可称透闪石玉.白玉、青白玉和青玉是和田玉的主要品种.经电子探针分析,和田白玉、青白玉和青玉基本上由透闪石组成;透闪石主要由SiO2、MgO和CaO组成,含少量Al2O3、FeO、TiO2和MnO.玉石颜色主要与Fe2+、Ti4+、Mn2+的含量有关;具致密块状构造,扫描电子显微镜下显示毡毯状和显微交织结构,部分可见到显微粒状结构.和田玉中还含有少数杂质矿物.     

贵州罗甸软玉矿的发现及岩石矿物学特征

贵州省境内近期发现了新玉石矿,玉石以白-浅绿色为主,偶见糖色、青色,多呈蜡状-弱油脂光泽。通过对采自该矿玉石样品的镜下观察,配合FTIR及XRD等大型仪器分析,确定其主要为透闪石矿物所组成的矿物集合体,与新疆和田玉基本一致。SEM观测结果揭示,该矿软玉中透闪石矿物主要呈纤维状、柱状和片状变晶结构,晶粒(片)粒度小,结构致密。其中具纤维状交织结构的软玉质地最为细腻,质量较好,与新疆和田玉相似度较高。     

和田玉的电镜显微形貌和能谱特征

和田玉驰名中外,亦被称为中国玉、中国软玉.和田玉的主要矿物组成是透闪石-阳起石系列矿物.虽然不同类型和田玉的主要化学成分和矿物组成相近,但其颜色和质地却有很大的不同.利用电子显微镜分别对不同类型的和田玉进行系统的显微结构观测和能谱分析,结果表明上等品质的和田玉,如羊脂玉、白玉,矿物成分为透闪石,粒度小于3 μm,晶形好,呈交织结构,能谱曲线由单纯的硅、镁、钙组成,无铁、铝等元素;青色-绿色系列的和田玉,矿物结晶相对较粗,粒度3～10 μm,并有铁、铝等离子的加入,矿物结构已由透闪石向阳起石转化,其颜色随着铁含量的增加而变深;黄色-黄褐色系列的和田玉,有异常增加的钙,具有特征团粒状结构和似纤维状结构.     

含油气性水化学特征指标及评价模型研究

由灰色关联分析、模糊聚类结果，提取出反映四川盆地水化学主要特征的最有效特征指标：二叠系为三维荧光指纹图形、顶空气总烃与重烃、矿化度、Ｎａ＾＋含量、Ｃａ＾２＋／Ｃａ总、Ｍｇ＾２＋／Ｍｇ总；上三叠统为三维荧光指纹图形、顶空气Ｃ１－Ｃ３的Ｄ函数、Ｌｉ＾＋／Ｎａ＾＋、矿化度、Ｃａ＾２＋／Ｃａ总、Ｍｇ＾２＋／Ｍｇ总、Ｎａ＾＋含量。由上述特征指标及成因指标δ＾１８Ｏ、水溶甲烷δ＾１３Ｃ，构成了天然气保存的水化     

娘子关泉域岩溶地下水SO_4~(2-),Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)污染分析

分析了娘子关泉域岩溶地下水ＳＯ２－４,Ｃａ２＋,Ｍｇ２＋等组分含量增多的原因,并定量地探讨了ＳＯ２－４,Ｃａ２＋,Ｍｇ２＋的各种来源比例。研究表明,含水层中石膏溶解及硫化物氧化是造成ＳＯ２－４,Ｃａ２＋,Ｍｇ２＋高含量的主要原因,控制硫化物氧化水进入含水层,对水质改良有显著效果。     

广西大化透闪石玉的发现及初步研究

利用偏光显微镜、X射线衍射、电子探针、扫描电镜、红外光谱等测试方法,对广西大化新发现的透闪石玉进行了宝玉石特征、矿物组成及结构构造的研究,结果表明大化透闪石玉的主要矿物组成为透闪石,主要结构与和田玉基本一致,其宝石特征已经达到玉石级并已制作成雕件饰品加工销售。     

和田玉（透闪石玉）的研究

用电子探针、X射线衍射、扫描电镜等测试方法,对新疆和田玉进行了研究,结果表明和田玉的主要矿物组成为透闪石,主要结构为毛毡状结构.本文还论述了其成因,指出了进一步找矿及考古意义.     

北方地区酸雨对地下水硬度形成的影响机制分析

由酸雨对包气带土样的淋滤试验和浸泡试验资料表明，在岩－水相互作用的初期，硬度主要来自土中易溶盐的溶解和Ｈ￣＋、Ｎａ￣＋对上颗粒表面Ｃａ￣（２＋）、Ｍｇ￣（２＋）、Ｆｅ￣（２＋）等的交换；在后期，硬度主要来自土中碳酸盐、铝硅酸盐的风化水解。酸雨中的酸度与土壤溶液中的碱度的中和过程，即是水中硬度的形成过程；酸雨的ｐＨ值越低，在相同作用时间内形成的硬度值越高。是硬度组分自土中迁出的主要载体；岩水作用的时间越长，硬度值也越高。     

娘子关泉域岩溶地下水SO^2—4,Ca^2＋,Mg^2＋污染分析

分析了娘子关泉域岩溶地下水ＳＯ＾２－４,Ｃａ＾２＋,Ｍｇ＾２＋等组分含量增多的原因,并定量地探讨了ＳＯ＾２－４,Ｃａ＾２＋,Ｍｇ＾２＋的各种来源比例。研究表明,含水层中石膏溶解及硫化物氧化是ＳＯ＾２－４,Ｃａ＾２＋,Ｍｇ＾２＋高含量的主要原因,控制硫化物氧化水进入含水层,对水质改良有显著效果。     

论和田玉的几个问题

本文自和田玉的内涵论述起,阐述了以主要组分为透闪石、有玉性的玉石为和田玉。当今我国和田玉名词的确立是对世界宝石学的发展和贡献。提出透闪石亚族的建议,并突出其中的金属离子,较清楚论述了各金属离子-透闪石的品种(如镁-透闪石)及其玉石。探讨了人们对和田玉的认识性问题。对养玉,按照不同的人群分出了不同的养护方式供爱好者参考、应用。论说了籽料和田玉更受人们喜好的原因。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861