多相管流电磁成像测井方法研究

基于油、气与水的导电特性和介电特性差异,提出一种多相管流成像测井方法,可测量并求出油井内多相流体流动的截面图像．通过分析油井内流体中电磁场的特性,提出新的成像测井方法,并用自行研制的环状阵列式测量探头进行实验,验证了方法的可行性．     

油井流动成像电磁测量方法研究

油井内流体的流动成像需要对非均匀介质进行动态非线性测量,基于油气与水的导电特性和介电特性差异,提出一种电磁成像测量方法,通过在井下激发电磁场对流体流动截面进行扫描测量,经过反演处理,实时成像显示流体分布及流动状况.数值模拟和物理模型实验结果表明,该方法可以获得多相流体流动截面的清晰图像.     

多相流动电磁波成像测井测量敏感场计算

在多相流动电磁波成像测井研究中，测量敏感场是设计测量仪器和研究图像重建算法的前提工作. 本文用数值方法计算多相流动电磁波成像测井测量敏感场. 根据测量探头电极阵列的对称性，将三维敏感场问题划分为轴向和横向两个平面问题，然后应用有限元算法求解两个平面电势分布问题，对于不同介质模型，计算各种测量条件下测量区域内电势分布，进而根据电势分布计算测量敏感场. 结果表明测量敏感区域为发射电极到测量电极的弧形区域，在发射电极到测量电极的电势梯度线上，测量敏感函数近似于一个指数函数.     

地层水电阻率评价方法综述

随着油气资源勘探及开发难度加大,由陆相、高孔渗、均质、浅层逐渐过渡到海相、低孔渗、非常规、深层油气资源,其"复杂非均质"特性使得对地层流体特别是地层水及其导电特性评价尤为关键.利用试井分析数据可获得精确的地层水矿化度信息,但试井数据有限,不能获得每个储层的地层水矿化度及电阻率信息,且试井分析成本高、时间长,而测井曲线通过一定的理论计算公式能够提供地层水电阻率信息.在地层水特性分析的基础上,根据地层水电阻率评价技术研究进展,本文将其分为三种主要计算类型:水样分析评价方法、常规测井评价方法和成像及核磁测井评价方法,总结和讨论不同测井评价地层水电阻率的方法原理,并阐述其应用过程中的优势和不足,同时对地层水电阻率测井仪器国内外进展现状进行阐述.     

油井多相流电磁成像测量敏感场仿真

为了考察油井多相流电磁成像测量的敏感场分布,本文根据阵列电极结构和测量电磁场特性,应用有限元求解流体截面的电磁场问题,对于不同介质分布模型,计算电势分布,进而模拟测量敏感场.仿真结果表明,测量敏感场呈马鞍面状分布,在靠近发射电极和测量电极的区域敏感性较强,在弧形区域的中间敏感性较小.     

垂直上升管中油气水三相流流型多尺度熵分析

为了研究垂直上升管中油气水三相流流动特性,本文利用纵向多极阵列电导式传感器（VMEA）和阵列电导探针组合测量方法在内径为125 mm多相流流动环中采集了油气水三相流电导波动信号,在定义6种油气水三相流流型基础上,绘制了4种油水混合液量下油气水三相流流型转换图,分析了含油率对流型转化及气相流速对油水相态逆转的影响.对水为连续相的5种流型VMEA传感器波动信号进行了多尺度熵分析,研究结果表明：含油率增加可使水包油段塞流在较低气相表观速度下产生;较低流速下的油水相态逆转可发生在油液比为0.9左右,气相流速增加使得逆转点向含油率低的方向偏移;多尺度熵细节可以刻画油气水三相流非线性动力学特性,而低尺度的多尺度熵变化率敏感地反映流型转变,是划分油气水三相流流型的有效准则.多尺度熵有助于理解油气水三相流流型非线性动力学特征.     

1 kHz—15 MHz岩石介电常数的实验研究

平行板电容法是低频段测量介质介电常数的一种方法，本文介绍使用ＨＰ１６４５１Ｂ低频段介电测量装置测量岩石介电特性的方法。给出岩石介电常数与岩性、孔隙度、含水饱和度矿化度和频率的关系，为进一步研究岩石低频段介电特性和机理提供依据。     

双频介电测井方法与实现

介电测井是一种测量地层中电磁波传播速度和相位差的测井方法,能计算出地层的介电常数和电导(阻)率,在油田广泛推广用于评价地层孔隙度和含水饱和度,以区分油、水、气层.本文结合在国产数控测井地面系统配接Atlas1531/1532介电测井仪的经验,详细介绍了介电的测井原理和数据处理,给出了测井方法的具体实现和应用.该方法已经在多种地面系统和测试台架得到验证,通过现场测井取得良好的应用效果.     

新型油基泥浆测井电成像方法研究

电成像测井能够直观地获取岩性、沉积以及裂缝等地质信息,在油田勘探开发中得到日益广泛应用.在油基泥浆环境中,电成像装置采用电容耦合原理把交变电流发射到地层中,测量各个钮扣电极的电流或者电位,可以得到钮扣的阻抗,把阻抗信号进行标定,获得反映地层特征的图像.本文提出了一种新成像处理方法,把测量的复数信号经过数据处理,不但能够获取地层电阻率图像,同时也能够获取地层的介电常教图像.运用该方法对地层模型进行了验证,与此同时对试验井测量资料进行成像处理,获得了清晰的电阻率图像和介电常数图像.     

低电阻率油气层的测井系列研究

根据低电阻率油气层的成因,将低电阻率油气层分为四种主要不同的类型,这四种类型的低电阻率油气层除了需要进行常规测井系列外,不同成因的低电阻率油气层应采用不同的新技术测井项目,对于高不动水含量型低阻油气层,将核磁共振测井作为解决这种类型的针对对性测井项目,而MDT测井作为选择性项目;对于粘土附加导电型低阻油气层,将极化率测井作为解决该类低阻问题的针对性测井项目,核磁共振、双频介电、MDT测井作为选择性测井项目;对于砂泥岩间互型低阻油气层,高分辨率感应测井或者阵列侧向测井是解决此类低阻油气层的关键技术;对于盐水泥浆侵入型低阻油气层,可以有针对性的进行过套管电阻率测井,同时在储层物性条件较好时还可以选测C／O或PND测井替代过套管电阻率测井项目,或者根据地面及地下地质情况,选取随钻测井系列.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.     

Species Composition and Seasonal Variations of the Gastropoda in Upper Sakarya River System (Turkey) in Relation to Water Quality

Species composition, abundance, and seasonal distribution of the Gastropoda fauna and the physical and chemical variables of Upper Sakarya River System have been investigated between October 1998 and August 1999. Gastropod fauna in the Upper Sakarya River System was represented by 9 species of Prosobranchia and 7 species of Pulmonata. Diversity, dominance, and abundance of the Gastropoda species were recorded seasonally. The abundance of some of the 16 species was correlated positively with temperature, dissolved oxygen and negatively or positively with pH and nitrate. It was observed that Gyraulus albus (Müller, 1774), Physa acuta Draparnaud, 1805, Valvata pulchella Studer, 1820, and Oxyloma elegans (Risso, 1826) can tolerate a high level of NO‐N while V. piscinalis (Müller, 1774) spread out in unpolluted water. Although the species and their numbers change at the stations, the maximum numbers were found during autumn, while minimums were identified during the winter sampling. Gyraulus albus was the most widespread species in our research area. Only 5 species (Gyraulus albus, Physa acuta, Valvata cristata (Muller, 1774), Valvata pulchella, Melanopsis praemorsa costata (Olivier, 1804)) were determined each season. However, no Gastropoda were found at the station 3 that has high BOD, NO‐N, NO‐N, and NH₃ levels.