Palaeoclihlatic Indicators of China's Quaternary Saline Lake Sediments and Hydrochemistry

In this paper the authors classify saline lake sediments into the cold, warm and eurythermal phases, reveal the consistency between the zoning of hydrochemical types of modern saline lake water and climatic zoning and give climatic parameters under the conditions of typical cold phase (mirabilite and natron), warm phase (thenar-dite) and slightly warm phase (bloedite) saline lake deposition.     

Palaeoclimatic Indicators of China's Quaternary Saline Lake Sediments and Hydrochemistry

In this paper the authors classify saline lake sediments into the cold, warm and eurythermal phases, reveal the consistency between the zoning of hydrochemical types of modern saline lake water and climatic zoning and give climatic parameters under the conditions of typical cold phase (mirabilite and natron), warm phase (thenardite) and slightly warm phase (bloedite) saline lake deposition.     

内蒙古盐海子盐湖Ya02孔元素聚散与古气候变化

通过对内蒙古伊克昭盟Ｙａ０２孔３５件样品Ａｌ、Ｆｅ、Ｋ、Ｎａ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｆ、Ｃｌ以及Ｔｉ、Ｍｎ、Ｂａ等２２项元素测试结果的研究表明，元素组合与含量变化过程严格受气候因素的控制，并反应敏感。据此将该湖自下而上划分了１３个气候期，揭示了自成湖（２３ｋａＢ．Ｐ．）以来冷暖与干湿的气候环境变化模式：晚更新世主要以冷湿气候为主，并伴有多次相对温干偏湿的气候波动；早全新世为暖湿气候；中全新世以温暖干气候为主，伴有冷湿气候；晚全新世以来，所测各元素含量趋于增高趋势，反映了气候由温暖干向冷凉湿方向渐变     

青藏高原末次冰消期气候演化特点及其与格陵兰、欧洲的异同

根据生物、湖泊及冰川地层记录,分析了青藏高原末次冰消期的气候演化特点,并将其与格陵兰、欧洲气候演化序列进行了对比分析.结果表明,末次冰消期的气候演化大致可分为两个阶段:前一阶段为暖期,但波动频繁;格陵兰、欧洲在经历了H1事件后,迅速转暖,Bolling期比Allerod期气候更为适宜;而青藏高原渐趋回暖,夏季风降水逐渐增加,存在由冰融水与降水增加所形成的高湖面,气候温湿,进入一次湖泊扩涨期;大部分记录指示Allerod期比Bolling期气候更为适宜.后一阶段为冷期,格陵兰、欧洲气候恶化并显示出有回返冰期的气候特点;青藏高原气候严酷、荒漠扩展、冰流推进、湖面下降.气候演化的这种异同性表明:格陵兰、欧洲与青藏高原气候系统彼此存在联系,特别是在冷期;而在暖期,气候演化表现出各自的特点.气候演化格局所呈现的可比性,可能是通过冷期的一致而体现的.     

Discovery of Borax-bearing Mirabilite Beds in Dong Co, Northern Tibet, and Its Palaeoclimatic Significance

The authors investigated lacustrine chemical sediments on terrace-I of Dong Co-a salt lake in the interior of the northern Tibetan Plateau and firstly discovered borax and a complete sedimentary section with five pure mirabilite beds. According to the sedimentary characteristics of rhythmic layering, palaeotemperatures for the formation of the cold-phase mineral-mirabilite-at the profiles and 14C dating, the authors applied the theory and method of comparative salinology in the study of the history of the palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment of Dong Co in the early and middle Holocene and drew the conclusion that the salt lake had experienced the following climatic evolution: the warm and moist stage (>8470 a BP and possibly to 10500 a BP)→cold and dry stage (8470-8170 a BP)→warm and moist stage (8170-7590 a BP)→stage of repeated climatic oscillations (7590-7400 a BP, alternation of three dry oscillations and three moist oscillations in a generally cold climatic background)→cold and dry stage (7400-6     

青藏高原秋里南木湖原生硼砂、芒硝韵律层的发现及气候环境意义

湖泊沉积物中沉积韵律是个普遍现象,但盐类矿物组成的韵律现象比较少见。盐类矿物多出现在干旱的环境中,芒硝是干冷环境下沉积的盐类矿物。本文主要根据芒硝层厚度的变化,结合原生硼砂、粘土、孢粉、碳酸盐等环境指标,讨论了秋里南木湖27.8~4.97 ka BP的气候环境演化并进行了区域对比,为青藏高原是气候变化敏感区的观点提供了盐类矿物学方面的证据。研究认为,27.8~20.5 ka BP湖区气候相对温暖潮湿,20.5~11.4 ka BP气候寒冷,其中20.5~17.5 ka BP气候极端干冷,为末次盛冰期在秋里南木湖的反映,17.5~17.1 ka BP、15.9~15.2 ka BP和14.1~13.4 ka BP气候条件略微好转;11.4~10.1ka BP气候温暖,10.1~7.5 ka BP气候寒冷,其中8.1~7.9 ka BP的冷气候为“8.2 ka BP冷事件”的反映;7.5~4.97 ka BP气候相对温暖,但波动频繁。原生硼砂的存在说明,27.8 ka以来秋里南木湖水温度不高,湖水较浅,水动力条件稳定。     

第四纪盐湖沉积与古气候

笔者通过国内第四纪盐湖沉积的长期实地考察以及盐湖长期科学观察站的实验研究,并结合国内外大量盐湖沉积实验研究资料,以比较盐湖沉积学的理论和方法,将盐湖沉积划分为冷相、暖相和广温相,揭示现代全球盐湖水化学类型分带与气候分区的一致性;指出我国第四纪存在6次干旱(成盐)扩张期;识别出中国第四纪干旱中心19个明显的强冷偏湿-冷干事件及8个明显的暖偏湿-暖干事件,并推算其古气温变化范围。     

Quaternary Climate and Environment in the Lop Nur, Xinjiang

Since the middle Early Pleistocene (1.20 Ma B.P.), the desert steppe climate and environment have predominated in the Lop Nur area, Xinjiang, characterized by warm humid epochs interrupted by dry cold intervals. The grain-size and magnetic susceptibility curves record 30 climatic oscillations, each with a ca. 40 ka cycle, in the area since 1.2 Ma B.P., which reflects the controlling effects exerted by the astronomic factor on the environment. The Quaternary sedimentary environment in the Lop Nur gradually changed from a fresh lake through a brackish lake to a saline lake, showing a spiral evolution, and finally it evolved into a playa.     

近1500年来新疆艾比湖同位素记录的气候环境演化特征

利用介形虫壳体^δ18O,^δ13C及其沉积物有机质^δ13C同位素组成等环境代用指标,重建了西北干旱区艾比湖地区近1500年来气候环境演化特征。结果表明,气候不稳定性不但出现在时段约660～760A.D.及约1380～1500A.D.由暖干变冷湿的气候转换时期,也出现在时段约1050～1150A.D.及约1850～1940A.D.由冷湿变暖干的转换时期。尤其是由冷湿到暖干的气候转换时期,频繁而大幅度的气候变化影响湖泊水环境的稳定连续性,限制了介形虫等湖泊生物的生存,造成湖泊生态环境系统的破坏。而在百年尺度上艾比湖地区气候表现为暖干、冷湿的组合特征。约1850年开始,气候出现明显的干旱化趋势。     

Lake-level changes during the past 100,000 years at Lake Baikal, southern Siberia

Lake-level changes inferred from seismic surveying and core sampling of the floor of Lake Baikal near the Selenga River delta can be used to constrain regional climatic history and appear to be correlated to global climate changes represented by marine oxygen isotope stages (MIS). The reflection pattern and correlation to the isotope stages indicate that the topset and progradational foreset sediments of the deltas formed during periods of stable lake levels and warm climatic conditions. During warm stages, the lake level was high, and during cold stages it was low. The drop in the lake level due to cooling from MIS 5 through MIS 4 is estimated to be 33-38 m; from MIS 3 through MIS 2, it fell an additional 11-15 m. Because the lake level is chiefly controlled by evaporation and river input, we infer that more water was supplied to Lake Baikal during warm stages.     

内蒙古伊克昭盟盐湖最近23ka古气候波动模式的研究

根据对内蒙古伊盟地区的５个碱湖中的６个钻孔岩心系统的１４Ｃ、氧碳稳定同位素、微量元素、相关元素比值、磁化率、ｐＨ值、有机碳（ＯＣ）、总碳（ＴＯ）、二氧化碳（ＣＯ２）、化学分析等的研究，编制出一个最能代表该地区气候演变规律的２３ｋａ以来的百年级气候变化曲线。依据此曲线，划分出１１个气候期，有的气候期还进一步划分出若干气候亚期。对比表明，该地区的气候变化特点与全球古气候波动模式是相一致的。     

青藏高原秋里南木湖盐类沉积韵律

盐类沉积韵律对研究湖泊环境及气候变迁有重要意义。对青藏高原秋里南木湖发现的芒硝、粘土和原生硼砂的韵律沉积进行了沉积速率和沉积韵律的分析。从物质来源、地貌和气候变化3个方面讨论了韵律形成的机制。在此基础上，利用矿物组成、年代、孢粉资料讨论了沉积物所反映的气候环境变化。结果表明，充足的物源和封闭的地貌环境是沉积韵律形成的物质条件，气候变化是主要外部动力。沉积韵律所反映的气候环境变化为：20.6~20.5 ka BP无芒硝，植被发育，气候相对温暖湿润；20.5~11.4 ka BP芒硝层很厚，植被类型过渡至以蒿为主的荒漠草原，气候干冷。其中，20.5~17.5 ka BP气候极端干旱寒冷，17.5~17.1 ka BP，15.9~15.2 ka BP和14.1~13.4 ka BP气温回升；11.4~10.1 ka BP芒硝层很薄，植物种类丰富，气候显著变暖；10.1~7.5 ka BP芒硝层厚度增加，木本植物花粉进一步降低，盘星藻消失，气候变冷；7.5~4.97 ka BP芒硝层厚度减小，但厚薄不一，植被过渡到以蒿为主的典型草原，气候相对暖湿，但冷暖交替频繁，其中7.0~6.2 ka BP蒿含量下降，湿生植物含量增加，气候冷湿，6.2~5.2 ka BP耐干旱、盐碱植物增加，禾本科消失，湖水盐度增加，气候冷干。     

西藏西部聂尔错古湖近20 000-2 000年的微体古生物与环境及气候变化

西藏西部聂尔错古湖37/ZK7的钻孔剖面深10m,含丰富的介形类和轮藻类等微体水生生物化石。介形类数量多,但分异度低。频繁出现、含量较多的是LeucocytheremirabilisKaufmann和LimnocytheredubiosaDaday,其他是为数不多的Limnocytherellina,Eucypris和Candona。轮藻类产出层位多,但其藏卵器保存不好,多系营养体碎片及卵膜。据介形类生态环境分析,结合剖面铀系测年和沉积物特征及相关地化背景值等,聂尔错古湖在近20000-2000年间的古环境变化大致情况如下：①距今20000年前后,湖水较深,水温较低,水质微咸,气候较凉湿转暖湿。②约18700-18100aBP,湖水蒸发量较大,湖泊收缩,湖水逐渐变浅,含盐度增加,气候偏暖干。③约18100-11800aBP,气候冷湿、湖水较深,水温偏低,水质较淡,但是其间有多次气候波动,随着气候的波动,湖泊水体深度和水化学性质发生变化,显示湖区气候较冷湿与凉偏湿频繁交替,晚期凉偏干。④约11800-10000aBP,气候偏暖湿（11800-11000aBP）转冷干（11000-10000aBP）,湖泊生态环境恶化,介形类数量急剧减少,应是对全球仙女木事件的响应。⑤10000aBP进入全新世后,气候偏暖湿（10000-8700aBP,7000-4800aBP）间偏冷湿（8700-7000aBP）;4800-3000aBP转为偏暖干（4800-4600aBP,4400-4300aBP,3800-3000aBP）与偏冷湿（4600-4400aBP,4300-3800aBP）交替;3000-2100aBP以冷干气候为主,湖泊趋于干涸。Micropaleontology,environmentalandclimaticchangesoftheNyêrCopaleolakeinwesternTibetbetween20000-2000aBP     

Late Cainozoic stratigraphy,palaeomagnetic chronology and vegetational history from Lake George,N.S.W.

The sedimentary record from Lake George provides the longest relatively continuous Quaternary continental sequence yet available from Australia, and may record one of the longest Upper Cainozoic lacustrine records in the world.

Palaeomagnetic analysis of a 36 m core from the lake floor identifies a sequence of deposition extending through the Brunhes and Matuyama, to the Gauss magnetic Chron. A longer core from the same site, but with incomplete recovery, extends to 72 m in lacustrine sediment; the age of the base of this core estimated by extrapolation is between 4.2 and 7 Ma. As there are still older and deeper sediments in the basin, extending to an estimated depth of 134 m, the age of the tectonic formation of the Lake George basin must be reckoned as Middle Miocene or older.

The pattern of facies organisation through time demonstrates a phase of deep water deposition extending from the base of the cored sequence (72 m) up to 51.5 m, at which time a major change took place. A disconformity developed at this level, associated with a period of deep weathering and a prolonged phase of slope mantle deposition (from 51.5 to 30.8 m). A gradual return to lacustrine environments, with diminishing proportion of slope wash detritus, resulted in increased rates of deposition coincident with the Jaramillo Subchron at 21.5 m. Thereafter, throughout the Brunhes magnetic Chron, lacustrine conditions dominated, varying from deep to lake dry conditions in a rhythmic fashion, and reflecting the major climatic oscillations of the past 700 000 years, becoming more regular in the past 400 000 years.

The pollen analytical record of the upper 8.6 m, covering the last 350 000 years, provides the main framework for the reconstruction of climatic history. The pollen and algal records indicate a sequence of vegetation and lake level changes, in which four major glacial/interglacial cycles are correlated with stages 1 to 10 of the ¹⁸0 marine record. This provides by far the longest continuous biostratigraphic framework for the Quaternary period in Australia.

Comparison between the palaeoclimatic record and the lake level evidence shows that there is no simple correlation between the lake level fluctuations and the glacial/ interglacial oscillations. In fact, major falls in the lake level occured both at the peak of cold glacials and during the warm interglacials. Though the falls in the lake levels during a warm period (interglacial) can be explained by high rates of evaporation, drying during maximum cold can be explained best in terms of a fall in precipitation. Permanent to deep‐lake conditions generally occurred during intermediate cool periods following warm intervals, when perhaps the seas were still warm and low rates of evaporation on land prevailed. On the other hand, short periods of shallow to deep lake levels also occurred during warm (interglacial) periods, showing that these were associated with reasonably high rates of precipitation.     

Trend of Salt Lake Changes in the Background of Global Warming and Tactics for Adaptation to the Changes

Salt lakes are a mirror of climatic changes and provide holographic records of environmental changes of lakes. According to a study of geological hazards in typical salt lake areas in China and other regions, the authors explain how geological hazards in salt lake areas are caused by natural agents and how humans can seek benefits, avoid hazards and reduce losses on the premise that they have monitored and mastered the trend of salt lake changes in advance and even can store flood and recharge water in lakes and extract saline resources. The climate     

青藏高原东北部泥炭沉积粒度与元素记录的全新世千年尺度的气候变化

通过对青藏高原东北部共和盆地泥炭沉积的粒度与地球化学元素分析, 重建了区域全新世千年尺度的气候变化过程. 结果显示: 10.0~8.6 cal ka BP区域暖湿程度逐渐增加, 但在8.6~7.1 cal ka BP气候相对寒冷干燥, 7.1~3.8 cal ka BP 暖湿程度总体上为全新世最佳, 但也出现明显的气候波动, 3.8~0.5 cal ka BP气候向冷干方向发展, 0.5 cal ka BP以来气候又逐渐转向暖湿. 这一特征与中国东部季风区的气候变化有很好的一致性. 此外, 区域全新世气候变化过程中存在10次千年尺度的寒冷事件, 并与高原冰芯、 湖泊、 泥炭和风成沉积记录的古气候变化, 甚至与北半球高低纬度的气候变化都具有良好的可比性. 因此, 认为区域全新世气候变化具有"季风模式"与"千年尺度震荡"的双重特点.     

太白山高山带2000多年以来气候变化与林线的响应

本文通过太白山东佛爷池高山湖泊沉积物粒度、总有机碳(TOC)、磁化率、孢粉和植物残体分析结果,结合现代高山林线的植被格局分析,探讨了太白山2300年来的气候变化过程以及高山林线对气候变化的响应机制,结果表明:太白山2000多年以来的气候变化过程划分为以下几个时期:2250～1800aB.P.,1370～650aB.P.以及200aB.P.以后的暖湿期;1800～1530aB.P.的冷湿期;1530～1370aB.P.的暖干期以及650～200aB.P.的冷干期.温度变化过程与历史文献资料得出的平原地区的变化过程基本一致.     

16ka以来青海湖湖相自生碳酸盐沉积记录的古气候

研究了青海湖沉积物碳酸盐的组成、来源及其同湖水物理化学性质的关系,建立了文石饱和指数同温度和湖水Mg/Ca比值（可指示盐度）的关系,利用碳酸盐的组成探讨了青海湖16ka B.P.以来的古气候环境演化过程。结果表明,青海湖沉积碳酸盐大都是自生的,16ka B.P.以来沉积碳酸盐以文石为主。文石的高含量时段同暖湿气候相对应,低含量则同冷干气候相对应。15.2ka B.P.为末次冰期盛冰阶进入晚冰期的界限,晚冰期气候的冷暖波动频繁,幅度较小,13.4-13ka B.P.,11.6-12ka B.P.和11-10.4ka B.P.之间的冷颤动分别相当于老仙女木、中仙女木和新仙女木事件,12－13ka B.P.和11.6-11ka B.P.之间的暖期则分别对应于博令和阿勒罗得暖期。全新世初期（10.4-10ka B.P.)白云石含量的突然增高和文石的消失,可能同淡水快速补给前期盐度较高的湖水有关,反映了全新世开始时气温和降水的增加具有突变性的特点。全新世大暖期的鼎盛期,即6.7ka B.P.左右时湖水的盐度较低。6.7-4ka B.P.为气候转型过程中的冷暖和干湿的快速波动期。4ka B.P.以后碳酸盐含量急剧降低,气候逐步向冷干化方向发展。     

青藏高原西南部塔若错湖泊沉积物记录的近300年来气候环境变化

以青藏高原西南部塔若错的34cm浅湖芯为研究对象,对其沉积物样品进行总有机碳、无机碳、总氮、微量元素、正构烷烃含量及碳氮比等多项指标的分析测定。采用过剩210Pb和137Cs计年法对该湖芯进行了定年和沉积速率研究,获得了近300年的连续湖泊沉积环境序列。在明确了各指标气候环境指示意义的前提下,综合对比分析湖芯中各项气候环境指标,并结合定年结果重建了塔若错湖区近300年来的气候环境变化。结果表明：塔若错湖区气候环境变化可分为3个明显阶段：早期为1705～1778年,该地区气候环境温暖湿润,湖区植被广泛发育;中期为1778～1860年,湖区处于小冰期末次阶段,气候环境寒冷而湿润,植被发育受阻;后期为1860年至今,为小冰期结束后偏暖干化时期。其中,后期又可分为3个亚阶段：1860～1924年,湖区气候环境稍暖且干旱,植被稍有发育;1924～1969年,湖区气候环境呈现偏冷干特点,植被发育暂缓;1969年至今,湖区气候回暖,环境干旱化有所缓解,植被开始逐渐发育。在气候冷暖变化上,该湖芯记录与古里雅冰芯记录和青海湖湖泊沉积记录都有较好的可对比性,只是在起讫年代上存在一些差异。     

内蒙古伊克昭盟盐湖晚第四纪氧联同位素记录及古气候研究

根据内蒙古伊克昭盟５个盐湖中６个钻孔岩心的３４０件氧碳稳定同位素样品测试数据，分析了该区的古气候变化特征。氧碳同位素记录的研究表明，盐湖水体的δ１３Ｏ变化主要是受湖水的蒸发作用和淡化过程所控制，而δ１３Ｃ值的波动主要受湖泊水体中ＴＤＩＣ变化以及湖泊水体与大气间碳交换的制约。盐湖的水体环境在过去２３ｋａ之中经历了１７次明显的波动变化，揭示了晚更新世冷湿—早全新世暖湿—中晚全新世暖（偏冷）干的晚第四纪气俟变化规律及３个重要的气侯事件（１０．８０～１０．５０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．新仙女木事件，７．５０～５．００ｋｋＢ．Ｐ．重要降温事件和７．３７～６．３５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．大暖期高湖面事件），并预测未来全球长周期（１０００ａ以上）气候演变趋势─—渐冷。