Non-planar pseudodynamic testing

The pseudodynamic test method provides a means of inexpensive seismic performance testing for laboratories that do not have a shaking table. However, most pseudodynamic tests to date have used planar portions of structures subjected to a single lateral component of base excitation, mimicking the type of testing that would occur on a shaking table. There has been little work on the extension of the pseudodynamic test method to three-dimensional testing of structures under multiple components of base excitation. In this paper a three-dimensional specimen is tested under a multicomponent fixed base excitation and the response is compared to shaking table tests. The paper presents an overview of the pseudodynamic test method, including non-planar extensions, and highlights many physical problems that occurred during the testing process. Many of these problems apply to any pseudodynamic test, not just non-planar tests, but the results show that very accurate non-planar tests can be achieved with careful error control.     

三维土-结构动力相互作用体系分析的两步时域显式波动有限元过程

为减少直接分析三维大尺度复杂土-结构动力相互作用问题的计算量,提高计算效率,本文直接从波动方程出发,提出了较常规子结构法更简单的两步简化计算过程,即第一步简化上部复杂结构体系为集中质量杆系模型,并求基础处等效输入,第二步通过等效输入求上部结构各位置的动力反应.其中第一步计算主要采用集中质量显式有限单元法结合局部透射人工...     

Shake table testing of an elevator system in a full‐scale five‐story building

This paper investigates the seismic performance of a functional traction elevator as part of a full‐scale five‐story building shake table test program. The test building was subjected to a suite of earthquake input motions of increasing intensity, first while the building was isolated at its base and subsequently while it was fixed to the shake table platen. In addition, low‐amplitude white noise base excitation tests were conducted while the elevator system was placed in three different configurations, namely, by varying the vertical location of its cabin and counterweight, to study the acceleration amplifications of the elevator components due to dynamic excitations. During the earthquake tests, detailed observation of the physical damage and operability of the elevator as well as its measured response are reported. Although the cabin and counterweight sustained large accelerations because of impact during these tests, the use of well‐restrained guide shoes demonstrated its effectiveness in preventing the cabin and counterweight from derailment during high‐intensity earthquake shaking. However, differential displacements induced by the building imposed undesirable distortion of the elevator components and their surrounding support structure, which caused damage and inoperability of the elevator doors. It is recommended that these aspects be explicitly considered in elevator seismic design. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A MICROCOMPUTER PACKAGE FOR DETERMINING OPTIMAL WELL DISCHARGE

Abstract. A fully interactive microcomputer package consisting of two BASIC programs, OPTP and PTEST, is presented for determining the optimal well discharge. Program PTEST computes the coefficients and exponent of the nonlinear drawdown equation using three-step data from a step-drawdown pumping test. Program OPTP computes the optimal discharge using a single-variable constrained nonlinear programming algorithm. The package, originally written for an IBM-PC, can be adapted to any microcomputer with minor modifications.     

黏滞阻尼器用于层间位移角超限的既有建筑的优化研究

在水平地震作用下,结构产生较大的层间变形或者结构底部地震剪力较大导致了很多建筑发生破坏.对于既有建筑,可采用安装黏滞阻尼器的加固方法减小其层间位移角,而结构层间位移角和基底剪力等均受阻尼器的位置与参数影响.因此,阻尼器的位置及参数优化的研究有重要意义.对于层间位移角超过现行规范限值的既有建筑结构,文中综合考虑结构变形与...     

A model with non-reflecting boundaries for use in explicit soil—structure interaction analyses

The purpose of this paper is to present an accurate and efficient model for use in explicit soil-structure interaction analyses for seismic excitation. The main body of the paper is concerned with the implementation of non-reflecting boundaries at the base and vertical faces of a two-dimensional finite element or finite difference soil mesh. The paper proposes a scheme for implementing viscous dashpots as energy absorbers at the base of the model where the seismic excitation is applied. To achieve this, the form of the seismic input is modified from the conventional accelerogram to a force time history that can be obtained from a standard deconvolution program with very minor modifications. The proposed scheme is also applicable to frequency-domain solutions. For the lateral boundaries, a superposition non-reflecting boundary formulation is recommended. The paper shows how easily the standard formulation can be modified to accommodate a seismic excitation that is assumed to be vertically propagating from the base of the model. An example is presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed model.     

Sampled-data H2 optimal output feedback control for civil structures

An optimal control method involving sampled data is considered for use in earthquake and wind engineering applications. The structure is modelled as a continuous system attached to a discrete-time controller using zero-order sample-and-hold devices. Examples of two buildings with active base isolators and a 163 m tall planar frame with an active mass damper are considered. The buildings with the base isolators are subjected to excitation input using the 1940 El Centro earthquake (NS component) as an example, while the planar frame is subjected to assumed sinusoidal gusts with a period close to that of the frame. The controlled responses (with and without time delays) are studied. To further analyze the features of the control designs, the building examples with base isolators are subjected to five other different earthquake excitation records. Trends in control performance and effectiveness are presented and discussed. The results suggest that such systems are potentially suited for implementation in the vibration control of civil infrastructures; such potentiality becomes more realistic with the current trends in software development and the increased use of digital computers. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种基于有限动态源的烈度估计方法

首先,基于地震烈度与震级和震中距或震源距的经验关系,考虑实际地震断层的有限性以及几何学和运动学特性,提出了一种基于有限动态源模型的烈度预估方法.然后,利用数值实验讨论了体现几何学和运动学特性的参数的作用以及断层的倾角和破裂速度的影响;最后,将这种方法应用于近年来发生的两次破坏性地震,讨论了这种方法的实用性与不足之处.在实时获取破裂过程图像成为可能的今天,用这种方法预估烈度对于震后救援十分重要.     

RESPONSE OF IMPACT DAMPERS WITH GRANULAR MATERIALS UNDER RANDOM EXCITATION

This paper presents the results of an experimental and analytical study of the performance of granular material dampers with tungsten powder, as an impacting mass, under wide-band random excitation. The influence of some of the major system parameters such as the total auxiliary mass ratio, container dimensions and intensity of the excitation are investigated using a small building model under base excitation. An approximate analytical solution based on the concept of an equivalent single-unit impact damper is presented. Comparison between the experimental and analytical results shows that, with the proper use of the equivalent single-particle impact damper approach, reasonably accurate estimates of the rms response of a primary system under stationary random excitation can be obtained.     

Estimating kinematic interaction of raft foundations from earthquake records and its effects on structural response

A practical method for estimating kinematic interaction from earthquake records is presented. The kinematic interaction is characterized by a two-parameter model and these parameters can be estimated by using a frequency-domain systems identification method. The simple model can be used to model both wave passage effects and the effects of incoherent wave fields. Numerical simulation tests show that kinematic interaction parameters can be estimated to their best accuracy by using building base responses and the free-field excitation and can also be estimated by using building responses, base responses and the free-field excitation. The method was applied to two buildings with raft foundations and it was found that kinematic interaction was significant during earthquakes. Published theoretical models (wave passage effect) for vertically incident SH waves can be used to estimate the transfer functions up to 4–5 Hz and the models for horizontally propagating waves under-predict the estimated transfer functions by a significant amount at frequencies beyond about 1–2 Hz. Theoretical models for a massless rigid foundation under the excitation of an incoherent wave field predict the general trend of the estimated transfer function reasonably well over a large frequency range. The results of numerical examples show that the recorded response spectral attenuation of basement records at high frequencies with respect to the free-field is mainly caused by kinematic interaction, while the changes in storey shear and overturning moment in a structure due to soil flexibility are mainly the results of inertial interaction.     

地震下结构振动的最优控制算法模型比较与改进

模拟地震激励输入结构的过程,将控制目标函数化解到每个时间步长上。用激励所产生的脉冲响应重新构造控制目标函数,直接从泛函变分出发,推导出了一种改进的最优控制算法,并用状态转移的数值方法加以实现。从概念上讲,本算法是一种更为合理的结构最优控制算法。算例表明,在相同控制能量下,本算法能更有效地削减响应峰值,且稳定性良好。     

Optimal design of friction pendulum system properties for isolated structures considering different soil conditions

This study aims at evaluating the optimal properties of friction pendulum bearings to be employed for the seismic protection of elastic isolated structural systems under earthquake excitations with different characteristics in terms of frequency content. A two-degree-of-freedom model is considered to describe the isolated system behavior while accounting for the superstructure flexibility and a non-dimensional formulation of the governing equations of motion is employed to relate the characteristic parameters describing the isolator and structure properties to the response parameters of interest for the performance assessment. Seismic excitations are modeled as time-modulated filtered Gaussian white noise random processes of different intensity within the power spectral density method. The filter parameters control the frequency content of the random excitations and are calibrated to describe stiff, medium and soft soil conditions, respectively. Finally, multi-variate regression expressions are obtained for the optimum values of the friction coefficient that minimize the superstructure displacements relative to the base mass as a function of the structural system properties, of the seismic input intensity and of the soil condition.     

Research on performance-based seismic design criteria

IntroductionAt present, the proper design and construction of buildings for earthquake-resistance is the most effective measure to mitigate the earthquake damage. In a broad sense, the earthquake resistance design should include the following seven contents:1) Determining the seismic design criteria Determining the seismic design goals3) Determining the seismic design parameters (intensity or ground motion) and their numerical values4) Determining the category of importance for buildings and …     

Response of rigid body assemblies to dynamic excitation

Shaking table tests were conducted to investigate the response of rectangular wooden blocks and block assemblies of various sizes and slenderness to harmonic and earthquake base excitation. The shaking tests were followed by an analytical and a numerical study of response of single blocks and block assemblies. The analytical study was aimed at establishing criteria for the initiation of rocking and of overturning in response to harmonic base motion and consisted of solving numerically the differential equations of motion of a rigid block on a rigid foundation. The numerical study, in the course of which the response of both single blocks and block assemblies was examined, was implemented by means of the Distinct Element Method (DEM). Prior to the DE simulation of actual shaking tests, preliminary analyses were conducted to confirm numerical stability and to evaluate material and damping parameters. Comparing the recorded time histories with those given by the analytical study and the DE simulation, good agreement was found. The distinct element model in use appeared to follow the highly non-linear motion of rigid body assemblies faithfully to reality. On the basis of the results, provided that the necessary parameters are carefully estimated, the employed DE model can be regarded as an appropriate tool to simulate response of rigid body assemblies to dynamic base excitation.     

Real‐time hybrid testing of a smart base isolation system

Real‐time hybrid testing is a very effective technique for evaluating the dynamic responses of rate‐dependent structural systems subjected to earthquake excitation. A smart base isolation system has been proposed by others using conventional low‐damping isolators and controllable damping devices such as magnetorheological (MR) dampers to achieve specified control target performance. In this paper, real‐time hybrid tests of a smart base isolation system are conducted. The simulation is for a base‐isolated two‐degrees‐of‐freedom building model where the superstructure and the low‐damping base isolator are numerically simulated, and the MR damper is physically tested. The target displacement obtained from the step‐by‐step integration of the numerical substructure is imposed on the MR damper, which is driven by three different control algorithms in real‐time. To compensate the actuator delay and improve the accuracy of the test, an adaptive phase‐lead compensator is implemented. The accuracy of each test is investigated by using the root mean square error and the tracking indicator. Experimental results demonstrate that the hybrid testing procedure using the proposed actuator compensation techniques is effective for investigating the control performance of the MR damper in a smart base isolation system. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A simple displacement model for response analysis of EPS geofoam seismic buffers

A simple displacement-type block model is proposed to compute the compression–load–time response of an idealized seismic buffer placed against a rigid wall and used to attenuate earthquake-induced dynamic loads. The seismic buffer is modelled as a linear elastic material and the soil wedge shear surface by a stress-dependent linear spring. The model is shown to capture the trends observed in four physical reduced-scale model shaking table tests carried out with similar boundary conditions up to a base excitation level of about 0.7g. In most cases, quantitative predictions are in reasonable agreement with physical test results. The model is simple and provides a possible framework for the development of advanced models that can accommodate more complex constitutive laws for the component materials and a wider range of problem geometry.     

Optimum design and application of non‐traditional tuned mass damper toward seismic response control with experimental test verification

A variant type of tuned mass damper (TMD) termed as ‘non‐traditional TMD (NTTMD)’ is recently proposed. Mainly focusing on the employment of TMD for seismic response control, especially for base‐isolated or high‐rise structures, this paper aims to derive design formulae of NTTMDs based on two methodologies with different targets. One is the fixed points theory with the performance index set as the maximum magnitude of the frequency response function of the relative displacement of the primary structure with respect to the ground acceleration, and the other is the stability maximization criterion (SMC) to make the free vibration of the primary structure decay in the minimum duration. Such optimally designed NTTMDs are compared with traditional TMDs by conducting both numerical simulations and experiments. The optimum‐designed NTTMDs are demonstrated to be more effective than the optimum‐designed traditional TMDs, with smaller stroke length required. In particular, the effectiveness of the TMDs combined with a base‐isolated structure is investigated by small‐scale model experimental tests subjected to a time scaled long period impulsive excitation, and it is demonstrated that the SMC‐based NTTMD can suppress structural free vibration responses in the minimum duration and requires much smaller accommodation space. Additionally, a small‐scale shaking table experiment on a high‐rise bending model attached with a SMC‐based NTTMD is conducted. This study indicates that NTTMD has a high potential to apply to seismic response control or retrofit of structures such as base‐isolated or central column‐integrated high‐rise structures even if only a limited space is available for accommodating TMDs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

国家体育场柱脚锚固性能试验研究

大跨结构柱脚锚固性能是抗震设计的关键之一。国家体育场柱脚为钢柱脚,该钢柱脚锚固于钢筋混凝土承台中,其受力复杂,以往国内外类似的试验很少。笔者共进行了4个钢筋混凝土承台-钢柱脚试件锚固性能的试验研究,本文介绍其中2个几何尺寸较大的钢筋混凝土承台-钢柱脚试件锚固性能的试验研究概况,1个试件为混凝土承台中配置抗拔钢筋的试件,1个为混凝土承台中未配置抗拔钢筋的试件。通过单向重复加载下的钢柱脚锚固性能试验,对试件的锚固承载力、延性、合理配筋型式等进行了研究。试验结果表明,混凝土承台中配置抗拔钢筋的试件与未配置抗拔钢筋的试件相比其锚固承载力和延性显著提高。在试验基础上,建立了柱脚锚固承载力计算的桁架模型,计算结果与实测结果符合较好。     

单轴压缩下大理岩的Q值与频率关系的研究

实验采用单轴压缩循环加载方式,在地震频段内测量了莱阳大理岩的品质因数Q值.在频率为0.1-10 Hz范围内,Q值随频率变化是非线性的,而且在5 Hz附近出现峰值.用正弦波和用三角波两种方式加载所获得的Q值与频率关系很相似,并且三角波加载所测得的Q值普遍高于用正弦波加载测得的Q值.疲劳试验结果表明,正弦波循环加载大大降低了岩石的强度,三角波则对岩石强度降低较少.     

Experimental study on the bidirectional inelastic deformation capacity of U‐shaped steel dampers for seismic isolated buildings

Hysteretic dampers are used to dissipate earthquake‐induced energy in base‐isolated structures by acquiring inelastic deformations, rendering their hysteretic behavior of vital importance. The present paper focuses on investigating the behavior of U‐shaped steel dampers under bidirectional loading; this is significantly different from their corresponding uniaxial behavior. Two main sets of loading tests on full‐scale specimens are conducted in this regard: (i) quasi‐static tests with simple histories and (ii) dynamic tests with realistic loading histories. Based on the results obtained in the quasi‐static tests, an interaction curve that accounts for the reduction of the cyclic deformation capacity is proposed. However, the fidelity of this relation must be assessed under loading conditions similar to those of a seismically isolated structure subjected to an earthquake, which represents the goal of the second set of tests. The results of the dynamic tests validate the proposed interaction curve for estimating the deformation capacity of U‐shaped steel dampers under bidirectional loading. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.