Effects of ultrafiltration on salt migration and isotopic composition of pore water in groundwater depression area in Hengshui,NCP

Clay aquitards are semipermeable membranes that allow groundwater flow while retarding solute migration has been researched extensively but also subjected to much debate. At present, there is no evidence of whether the physical and chemical properties of clay soil and the isotopic composition of pore water affect the semipermeable membrane effect. In this study, we collected clay samples from drilling cores (30–90 m) in the Hengshui area located in the North China Plain (NCP), then extracted pore water using a high-pressure squeezing device. Vertical hydrochemical and isotopic profile variation trends for the pore water were revealed using hydrochemical (Cl⁻, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, and SO₄²⁻) and stable isotopic measurements of H, O and Cl. The results showed that the hydrochemical clay interlayer pore water of the saline aquifer is Cl/SO₄-Na/Mg type and the average total dissolved solids (TDS) are 10.17 g/L. However, the hydrochemical clay aquitard pore water is of the Cl/SO₄-Na/Ca type with an average TDS of 1.90 g/L. The hydrochemical clay interlayer pore water of aquifer II is of Cl-Na/Ca type with an average TDS of 1.10 g/L. Our results showed that the water quality of the aquifer II is not affected by the upper part of the saline aquifer, thus the clay aquitard acts as a significant barrier to salt movement. A polarization layer concentrated in ions was formed between the upper part of the saline aquifer and the clay aquitard. The concentration polarization layer increases the salt-inhibition effect. H, O and Cl isotopic composition results showed significant fractionation. The pore water of aquifer II lacked heavy isotopes (²H, ¹⁸O, ³⁷Cl), but had significant heavy isotope enrichment in the concentrated polarized layer (the δ²H value was −76‰, the δ¹⁸O value was −8.4‰, and the δ³⁷Cl value was 1.59‰). Hyperfiltration thus played a significant role in isotope fractionation.     

The evolution of clay rock/cement interfaces in a cementitious repository for low- and intermediate level radioactive waste

In Switzerland, deep geological storage in clay rich host rocks is the preferred option for low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste. For these waste types cementitious materials are used for tunnel support and backfill, waste containers and waste matrixes. The different geochemical characteristics of clay and cementitious materials may induce mineralogical and pore water changes which might affect the barrier functionality of host rocks and concretes.We present numerical reactive transport calculations that systematically compare the geochemical evolution at cement/clay interfaces for the proposed host rocks in Switzerland for different transport scenarios. We developed a consistent set of thermodynamic data, simultaneously valid for cementitious (concrete) and clay materials. With our setup we successfully reproduced mineralogies, water contents and pore water compositions of the proposed host rocks and of a reference concrete.Our calculations show that the effects of geochemical gradients between concrete and clay materials are very similar for all investigated host rocks. The mineralogical changes at material interfaces are restricted to narrow zones for all host rocks. The extent of strong pH increase in the host rocks is limited, although a slight increase of pH over greater distances seems possible in advective transport scenarios. Our diffusive and partially also the advective calculations show massive porosity changes due to precipitation/dissolution of mineral phases near the interface, in line with many other reported transport calculations on cement/clay interactions. For all investigated transport scenarios the degradation of concrete materials in emplacement caverns due to diffusive and advective transport of clay pore water into the caverns is limited to narrow zones.A specific effort has been made to improve the geochemical setup and the extensive use of solid solution phases demonstrated the successful application of a thermodynamically consistent union of very different materials like hydrated cement and clay phases. A reactive system utilizing a novel solid-solution approach is used, where cation exchange is an intrinsic property of the mineral phase definition. Although such features were not the primary aim of the study, they offer a large potential for studies where ion exchange and changing sorption properties are of interest.     

黏粒和砂粒混合土体的动态液化性能研究

现场和实验室观测表明,一定黏粒含量的砂土在一定条件下易发生动力液化的现象,且黏粒含量对砂土抗液化性能的影响较为复杂。通过CKC全数字闭环控制气动式三轴仪试验系统,对黏粒含量为0%、5%和10%的砂土进行动力三轴试验。结果表明,黏粒含量为5%时砂土的抗液化性能最差,并且黏粒含量对于孔压的发展具有较大影响。根据实验数据的分析,对砂土-黏土的混合土的液化和抗液化性能进行机理分析。     

含砾黏土压实及强度特性的实验研究

采用室内重型击实实验对含砾黏土的压实特性进行分析,结合CT断层扫描研究材料整体干密度、最优含水率及黏土的压实程度与掺砾量、含水率等因素之间的关系。根据无侧限抗压强度实验结果,比较不同掺砾量和不同含水率下的无侧限抗压强度大小。结果表明:掺砾量较低时砾粒与黏土之间就已出现粒间空隙;含水率较高时,这些空隙及黏土孔隙中的水在击实过程中难以排出,同时水还阻碍了封闭气泡的逸出,造成黏土的压实效果明显降低;随着含砾量的增加砾粒逐渐起到骨架作用,减小了作用在黏土上的击实能量,也造成黏土的压实程度差于纯黏土。含砾黏土的无侧限抗压强度主要由黏土成分的密实程度控制,因而受到砾粒含量和含水率的影响,整体上随着含砾量的增加而降低,含水率较高时的下降幅度更明显。     

Longitudinal velocities in a clay during plastic compression

Summary During uniaxial compression of clay cylinders it was observed that the longitudinal velocity decreased as each load increment was applied and then increased under constant stress. It is suggested that the load increment induces an increase in pore water pressure thereby reducing the effective stress. The velocity is dependent upon the effective stress and it decreases accordingly. The velocity then increases due to the dissipation of the pore pressure.     

Experimental studies on gas and water permeability of fault rocks from the rupture of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,China

The permeabilities of fault rocks from the rupture of Wenchuan earthquake were measured by using nitrogen gas and distilled water as pore fluids under the confining pressure ranging from 20 to 180 MPa at room temperature. Experimental results indicate that both gas and water permeabilities decrease with increasing confining pressure, described by power law relationship, i.e., b = 0.2×10–3kl–0.557. The water permeability is about one order less than gas permeability and also half order smaller than the permeability corrected by the Klinkenberg effect, so-called intrinsic permeability. The differences in the permeabilies imply that the reduction of effective pore size caused by the adhesion of water molecules to clay particle surface and water-swelling of expandable clay minerals contributes to lessening the water permeability besides the Klinkenberg effect. Hence, the liquid permeability of fault rocks cannot be deduced by gas permeability by the Klinkenberg correction reliably and accurately, and it is necessary to use liquid as pore media to measure their transport property directly.     

颗粒组成对粉土动强度的影响分析

以天津汉沽地区某挡土墙地基粉土为研究对象,首先对不同颗粒组成的粉土做固结不排水动三轴剪切试验,采用各向等压固结,周围压力等于100kPa。固结完成后在不排水条件下施加轴向激振力,试验波形为正弦波,振动频率1.0Hz,试验中以试样在周期剪切时轴向周期应变达到5%作为破坏标准,得出粉土的动强度受颗粒组成的影响。细颗粒含量越大,其动强度越小,黏粒含量为7.2%的粉土循环剪应力比CSR约为20.3%黏粒含量粉土的2倍。粉土的动强度可以用循环剪应力比和破坏振次建立的幂函数关系式较好地拟合。在剪切过程中,粉土的孔隙水压力一直没有达到所施加的围压数值,最终稳定在75%~85%围压之间。同时,试验还得出孔隙水压力的增长模式不能用统一的Seed模型拟合,孔压增长规律的影响因素较多。     

不同循环荷载作用下软黏土动力特性对比试验研究

研究交通循环荷载作用下路基软黏土的长期沉降和动力力学性质对路基设计具有重要意义。本文通过GDS动三轴实验,研究(不排水条件下)振动波形、排水条件以及动应力比三因素对于软黏土动应变和动孔压的影响。试验结果显示:排水条件对饱和软黏土的动应变和动孔压影响最大,在部分排水条件下动孔压逐渐消散,动应变迅速发展。振动波形对软黏土动应变和动孔压影响较大,单向纯压半正弦波作用下软黏土的动应变和动孔压较容易达到最大值。在较少的振次内动应力比对孔压影响较大,但在归一化的孔压模型中,动应力比对孔压影响较小。通过以上分析,本文建立包含循环振次和纯压因素的孔压增长模型。     

Stress distribution from railway track over geogrid reinforced ballast underlain by clay

Railway ballast forms a major component of a conventional rail track and is used to distribute the load to the subgrade, providing a smooth running surface for trains. It plays a significant role in providing support for the rail track base and distributing the load to the weaker layer underneath. Ballast also helps with drainage, which is an important factor for any type of transportation structure, including railroads. Over time, ballast progressively deforms and degrades under dynamic loading and loses its strength. In this study, extensive laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the effect of load amplitude, geogrid position, and number of geogrid layers, thickness of ballast layer and clay stiffness on the behavior of the reinforced ballast layer and induced strains in a geogrid. A half full-scale railway was constructed for carrying out the tests, which consisted of two rails 800 mm in length with three wooden sleepers(900 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm). Three ballast thicknesses of 200, 300 and 400 mm were used in the tests. The ballast was overlying 500 mm thickness clay in two states, soft and stiff. The tests were carried out with and without geogrid reinforcement; the tests were performed in a well-tied steel box of 1.5 m length ×1 m width ×1 m height. Laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the response of the ballast and the clay layers where the ballast was reinforced by a geogrid. Settlement in ballast and clay, soil pressure and pore water pressure induced in the clay were measured in reinforced and unreinforced ballast cases. It was concluded that the amount of settlement increased as the simulated train load amplitude increased, and there was a sharp increase in settlement up to cycle 500. After that, there was a gradual increase that leveled out between, 2500 to 4500 cycles depending on the frequency used. There was a slight increase in the induced settlement when the load amplitude increased from 0.5 to 1 ton but it was higher when the load amplitude increased to 2 tons. The increased amount in settlement depended on the existence of the geogrid and other parameters studied. The transmitted average vertical stress for ballast thicknesses of 30 cm and 40 cm increased as the load amplitude increased, regardless of the ballast reinforcement for both soft and stiff clay. The position of the geogrid had no significant effect on the transmitted stresses. The value of the soil pressure and pore water pressure on ballast thicknesses of 20 cm was higher than for 30 cm and 40 cm thicknesses. This meant that the ballast attenuated the induced waves. The soil pressure and pore water pressure for reinforced and unreinforced ballast was higher in stiff clay than in soft clay.     

Lithological controls on biological activity and groundwater chemistry in Quaternary sediments

Depth profiles of solute chemistry and sulfate isotopic compositions are presented for groundwater and pore water in a sequence of Quaternary glacial outwash sediments. Sand units show evidence for hydraulic connection to the surface and thus modern sources of solutes. Finer‐grained sediments show a general pattern of increasing solute concentrations with depth, with sulfate derived from ancient rainwater and pyrite oxidation in the soil/drift. In these sediments sulfate has undergone bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) to produce biogenic sulfide. In clay sediments, with d₁₀ ≤ 1·6 µm, high concentrations of sulfate and acetate now co‐exist, implying that BSR is inhibited. The correlation with smaller sediment grain size indicates that this is due to pore size exclusion of the sulfate reducing bacteria. Mechanical restriction of microbial function thus provides a fundamental limitation on microbial respiration in buried clay‐rich sediments, which acts as a control on the chemical evolution of their pore waters. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄河三角洲粉土液化的试验研究

在野外自然地理和地质调查的基础上，以黄河地区可液化场地粉土为研究对象，利用室内动三轴和振动柱试验进行测定，分析了动荷载作用下粉土的动应力应变关系并模拟了地震荷载作用下粉土的孔压响应及抗液化强度，得出了液化破坏标准，提出了原状粉土的振动孔压上升模型。对试验结果进行分析发现，随着粘粒含量的增加，粉砂、粉土、粉质粘土、粘土达到相同剪应变所需的动剪应力也依次增加；粉土孔压比0．68、粉砂土孔压比0．87作为液化破坏开始的标志；粉土发生液化所需的循环应力比大于砂土。这些研究为以后建立适合本地区的饱和地基土地震破坏判别方法提供了参数和依据。     

Specification of Matrix Cleanup Goals in Fractured Porous Media

Semianalytical transient solutions have been developed to evaluate what level of fractured porous media (e.g., bedrock or clay) matrix cleanup must be achieved in order to achieve compliance of fracture pore water concentrations within a specified time at specified locations of interest. The developed mathematical solutions account for forward and backward diffusion in a fractured porous medium where the initial condition comprises a spatially uniform, nonzero matrix concentration throughout the domain. Illustrative simulations incorporating the properties of mudstone fractured bedrock demonstrate that the time required to reach a desired fracture pore water concentration is a function of the distance between the point of compliance and the upgradient face of the domain where clean groundwater is inflowing. Shorter distances correspond to reduced times required to reach compliance, implying that shorter treatment zones will respond more favorably to remediation than longer treatment zones in which back‐diffusion dominates the fracture pore water response. For a specified matrix cleanup goal, compliance of fracture pore water concentrations will be reached sooner for decreased fracture spacing, increased fracture aperture, higher matrix fraction organic carbon, lower matrix porosity, shorter aqueous phase decay half‐life, and a higher hydraulic gradient. The parameters dominating the response of the system can be measured using standard field and laboratory techniques.     

ANDRA underground research laboratory: interpretation of the mineralogical and geochemical data acquired in the Callovian–Oxfordian formation by investigative drilling

Under the ANDRA Meuse/Haute Marne underground research laboratory scientific programme, two boreholes (EST204 and EST205) were drilled to a depth of 510 m for the purposes of scientific characterisation. Twenty-nine core samples were taken in borehole EST205 every 3 m between 422 and 504 m depth. Physical property measurements (water content, porosity, density, specific surface), geochemical analyses (major and trace elements, cation exchange capacity [CEC] and surface cation occupancy, leaching anions, redox state, organic matter concentration), and a semi-quantitative mineralogical study were conducted on the samples.As the rocks are in a reduced state, the core samples were stored under nitrogen immediately after drilling. All the steps of the sampling and of the characterisation are done with a research of limitation of the oxidation to obtain representative samples of the in situ conditions.The top of the formation is more carbonate-rich, with interbedded clayey layers and carbonate rock. The formation is more homogeneous in its central section with a clay mineral concentration of 45–50%, which corresponds to a maximum of flooding within the area. In the upper part of this section, micas and mixed-layer illite/smectite R0 dominate, whereas in the lower part of the section we find an abrupt transition to mixed-layer illite/smectite R1 associated with kaolinite.A statistical analysis, including the data of major and trace elements with the semi-quantitative mineralogy, enabled the identification of some mineralogical traps for trace elements. The values of cation occupancy at the surface of the clay minerals provided a good image of the pore water chemistry; pore water is in equilibrium with the clay surfaces. Leaching experiments revealed the pore water salinity and provided profiles of Cl and Br concentrations. Cl/Br values in the centre of the formation are close to the present-day seawater ratio, which could indicate a seawater origin of the pore water. Some measurements of total reduced capacity, provide quantified results of the reduced state of the rock.Processing the data on water content, helium and petroleum pycnometry enabled calculation of total rock porosity and gave an uncertainty range for this value. Finally, the high BET(N₂) specific surfaces are consistent with the clayey nature of the rock.     

Definition and sturcture characteristics of pores in mylonitized organic-rich shales

Gas shales with a high gas content were drilled in the Lower Cambrian Lujiaping Formation in the northeastern Sichuan Basin,close to the Chengkou Fault in the Dabashan arc-like thrust fold belt.The equivalent vitrinite reflectance values of organic matters are over 4.0%Ro.The pore structures of the shales were investigated based on microscopy,field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM)observations,and low temperature N2 adsorption analysis.The study suggests that cleavages,comprising clay minerals mixed up with organic matter and other insoluble residues,were developed in the rock layers.The clay minerals are directionally arranged,displaying a mylonitized texture.Abundant nanometer-size organic matter and clay mineral particles are well mixed in the cleavage domains,which developed the mylonitized pore system that consists of nanometer-size intergranular pore spaces,aggregate pore spaces in clay mineral flakes and pore network.This mylonitized pore system has high specific surface area,high methane adsorption capacity,and high capillary pressure,which collectively contributes to the preservation of shale gas in such a complex tectonic area.The discovery of the mylonitized pore structure in organic-rich shales may reveal a new mechanism of shale gas enrichment in complex tectonic areas with over-mature organic matter in the northeastern part of Sichuan Basin.     

双组份裂缝岩石非线性有效应力模型研究

为认识黏土矿物和裂缝对岩石有效应力的影响,提出了双组份裂缝岩石椭圆模型.同时,将双组份裂缝岩石椭圆模型等效为共聚焦的椭圆岩石环与椭圆黏土环的叠加;基于复变函数和保角变换,分别得到了黏土环内椭圆长半轴和短半轴与压力间的关系式.进而结合椭圆孔渗透率计算式和岩石有效应力表达式,计算与分析了岩石孔隙度、黏土矿物含量、硬度比以及椭圆孔截面纵横比等参数对有效应力系数的影响.结果表明,当岩石中不含黏土矿物时,有效应力系数随纵横比的减小而增大,且小于1.0,这与Bernabé的观点一致.当岩石中含有易于压缩的黏土矿物,且纵横比为1.0（孔隙截面为圆形）时,有效应力系数随硬度比和黏土矿物含量的增大而增大,甚至远大于1.0,这与Al-Wardy等的研究结论一致;当纵横比小于1.0时,有效应力系数表现出了明显的非线性特征,随硬度比的增大而增大——甚至远大于1.0,而随黏土矿物含量的增大而减小,纵横比对有效应力系数的影响受黏土矿物含量大小的影响.易于压缩组分和裂缝的存在使得岩石有效应力系数变化特征更为复杂.     

不同加载频率及循环应力比条件下舟山海相软黏土动力特性试验研究

不同地域的软黏土表现出不同的动力学特性,针对舟山地区海相软黏土,采用Wille动三轴仪开展了一系列不排水三轴试验,研究了不同加载频率及循环应力比对软黏土的动应力-应变-孔压及软化指数等的影响规律。结果表明：低频荷载的应力-应变滞回曲线对应的面积较大且曲线趋势更倾向于应变轴,随着循环次数的增加土体的软化程度明显增加(软化指数减少),且在高循环应力比下产生较大的累积塑性应变和残余动孔压;在低频较大循环振次和高频荷载作用下,不仅需要关注循环应力比CSR的影响,也需要进一步分别关注围压和轴向偏应力各自数值不同所导致的土体累积塑性应变、残余动孔压的变化;降低循环应力比可以显著减少不同频率荷载对软黏土地基动力特性的影响。此外,实验所测的累积塑性应变和残余动孔压分别采用相关修正模型拟合,取得了一致的拟合结果。该研究将为舟山海相软黏土的工程应用提供参考依据。     

频率对K_0固结饱和粘土动力特性影响的试验分析

通过循环三轴试验,研究了k0固结饱和粘土在0.5 Hz、0.1 Hz与0.01 Hz循环应力作用下,循环强度与土样破坏时最终累积孔压的变化。结果表明,当循环频率从0.1 Hz减少至0.01 Hz时,若循环应力作用下三轴土样发生应力反向,k0固结饱和粘土循环强度大约降低3%左右;若没有应力反向,且当循环破坏次数从10变化至1 000时,循环强度的降低不超过1%,若循环破坏次数大于1 000时,循环频率的改变对循环强度基本没有影响。对于有应力反向情况,循环频率减小将导致最终累积孔压比增加;对于无应力反向情况,循环频率改变对最终累积孔压比的影响并不显著。循环频率对最终累积孔压比的影响与其对循环强度的影响一致。     

Using a pore‐scale model to quantify the effect of particle re‐arrangement on pore structure and hydraulic properties

A pore‐scale model based on measured particle size distributions has been used to quantify the changes in pore space geometry of packed soil columns resulting from a dilution in electrolyte concentration from 500 to 1 mmol l^?1 NaCl during leaching. This was applied to examine the effects of particle release and re‐deposition on pore structure and hydraulic properties. Two different soils, an agricultural soil and a mining residue, were investigated with respect to the change in hydraulic properties. The mining residue was much more affected by this process with the water saturated hydraulic conductivity decreasing to 0·4% of the initial value and the air‐entry value changing from 20 to 50 cm. For agricultural soil, there was little detectable shift in the water retention curve but the saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased to 8·5% of the initial value. This was attributed to localized pore clogging (similar to a surface seal) affecting hydraulic conductivity, but not the microscopically measured pore‐size distribution or water retention. We modelled the soil structure at the pore scale to explain the different responses of the two soils to the experimental conditions. The size of the pores was determined as a function of deposited clay particles. The modal pore size of the agricultural soil as indicated by the constant water retention curve was 45 µm and was not affected by the leaching process. In the case of the mining residue, the mode changed from 75 to 45 µm. This reduction of pore size corresponds to an increase of capillary forces that is related to the measured shift of the water retention curve. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Trace metal remobilization in the interstitial waters of red clay and hemipelagic marine sediments

Interstitial water samples from the Guatemala Basin and the coast of Baja California have been analyzed for manganese, iron, copper, nickel and nitrate. The data provide a systematic look at changes in trace metal diagenesis proceeding from red clay to highly reducing nearshore sediments.In red clay sediments, the nitrate concentrations suggest that only aerobic respiration is occurring. Manganese and iron are below detection. Nickel concentrations remain the same as in bottom seawater but copper shows a pronounced maximum just at the sediment/water interface. Proceeding to hemipelagic sediments, denitrification becomes increasingly important and manganese and iron remobilization occur in the sediments.The linear manganese and nitrate profiles suggest regions of production or consumption separated by zones of diffusion. This differs from the conventional picture of a continuous series of reactions within the sediments. Manganese reduction always occurs before iron reduction. The pore water nickel correlates well with manganese in these sediments, suggesting that nickel is associated with MnO₂ in the solid phase. The pore water flux ratio of manganese and nickel agrees well with the ratio in solid phase authigenic oxides. Copper still displays a core top concentration maximum as well as a second maximum associated with the remobilized manganese. The calculated ratio of the Cu/C flux ratios support the argument for copper remobilization during organic carbon oxidation. Comparison of the upward and downward diffusive fluxes with the rate of copper buried by sedimentation shows that at least half of the copper buried must be of diagenetic origin and less than 25% of the copper reaching the sediments is buried.     

强夯法加固夹砂粘土吹填场地的现场试验研究

江苏省连云港赣榆港区陆域采用航道和港池的疏浚土方吹填形成作业港区,吹填工艺以绞吸式疏浚为主,疏浚涉及土层为粘土和砂土,由此形成了粘土和砂土的混合土地基。为了提高地基承载力和均匀性,采用了强夯法对地基进行加固,但是目前对夹砂粘土地基强夯加固的理论和实践较少。为此,以砂夹粘土构成的混合土地基为对象,测试了多种能量单点夯击时的地基土夯沉量、孔压和夯坑周围土体强度等参数,探讨了强夯法加固该类地基的加固深度和水平影响范围。结果表明：对于该类地基而言,有效加固深度修正系数取0.35~0.5为宜;强夯过程中,孔压与强度的增长范围不对应,即孔压影响范围远大于强度影响范围。