大海马游泳行为及游泳能力测定与分析

利用自制的鱼类游泳能力测定装置,观察了大海马垂直和水平方向的最大临界游速,描述了大海马的游泳行为,并评估其游泳能力。结果表明:水温25.5℃±1.0℃条件下,体长6 cm个体水平方向的临界游速达到峰值为4.23 cm/s±0.23 cm/s;随体长的增加和减少,临界游速都有所下降,体长至约10 cm时临界游速为2.86 cm/s±0.02 cm/s。该物种在水平游泳时,游泳速度与尾部的倾斜角度有关,倾角越大,速度越大,当倾角达到55°时,速度达到最大值,而大于该角度,身体就失去平衡不能进行逆水流游动。大海马体长在6 cm时达到垂直方向的临界游速峰值,为0.372 cm/s±0.014 cm/s,此时的绝对临界速度为0.085 BL/s±0.010 BL/s。至体长增长到13 cm时,基本趋于稳定,与水平方向游速变化趋势相似。     

鱼类游泳运动的研究——Ⅰ、三种海洋鱼类游泳的运动学特性

作者提出鲭鱼(Scomber scombrus L.)、绿青鳕(Pollachius virens(L))和鲱鱼(Clupea harengus L.)的游泳运动学特性。实验表明,这三种鱼类的游泳速度与摆尾频率成线性关系。当泳速大于三倍体长/秒(BL/S)时,单位游距几乎不随游速变化,其平均值分别为:鲭鱼0.90体长(BL)、绿青鳕0.88BL、鲱鱼0.70BL。其摆尾幅度都不随游速变化,平均值在0.21～0.23BL之间,各种鱼之间无显著差别。作者认为,鱼类游泳的单位游距与鱼类的体型、肌肉及游泳推进性能有关,而单位游距的差异是身体—尾鳍式游泳的鱼类之间最大游速差异的主要原因。     

盐度胁迫对许氏平(鱼由)鳃、头肾、脾脏超微结构的影响

对慢性盐度胁迫对许氏平(鱼由)(Sebastes schlegeli)鳃、头肾、脾脏超微结构的影响进行了研究.研究表明:经盐度为5的低盐胁迫30d后,鳃氯细胞顶端小窝较浅,胞质内微细小管系统较松散,线粒体数量少且不发达,而经盐度为40的高盐胁迫后,鳃氯细胞的顶端小窝较深,胞质内微细小管系统发达且分布密集,线粒体数量明显增加,表明细胞的泌氯功能和细胞代谢水平明显提高.水体盐度变化使实验鱼头肾中细胞排列的紧密程度、粒细胞结构发生了明显变化,而淋巴细胞、单核细胞未观察到明显变化.同时水体盐度变化对许氏平(鱼由)脾脏中粒细胞的形态、结构影响也较显著.     

两种花鲈(Lateolabrax sp.)耳石形态的地理变异

以耳石宽/耳石长（W/H）、主叶斜长/耳石长（L/H）、侧叶斜长/耳石长（l/H）、核宽/耳石宽（ow/W）、主叶宽/耳石宽（w/W）、主叶长/耳石长（h/H）、侧叶宽/主叶宽（w＇/w）、主叶宽/主叶长（w/h）、核宽/核长（ow/oh）、核长/第一年年轮直径（oh/D）为具体形态学分析参数,比较了鲈鱼、花鲈的舟山、福州、厦门和广西近海群体耳石的形态学特征.结果表明,鲈鱼与花鲈耳石形态、耳石重-耳石长的关系差异显著;聚类分析显示鲈鱼与花鲈舟山、福州、厦门、广西群体间的欧氏距离分别为4.538、5.656、5.396、4.670,花鲈各群体间欧氏距离在2.108-4.566之间.认为中国近海不同海域的花鲈群体耳石形态具有显著的地理变异,谨慎提出前述中国近海的花鲈分为三个不同的地理种群,即舟山种群、福州-厦门种群和广西种群的可能性.     

青岛近海许氏平鲉年龄与生长特性的研究

2004年3月—2005年1月逐月在青岛近海采集许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)样本共计147尾,以矢耳石为年龄鉴定材料对其年龄和生长特性进行了研究。耳石边缘增长率分析表明,许氏平鲉耳石年轮形成的周期为1年,6~7月是年轮形成高峰期。协方差分析和残差平方和分析表明,许氏平鲉的体长与体重、年龄与生长关系在雌雄性别间无显著性差异(P0.05),其体长(L)与体重(W)的关系式为W=1.750×10-5×L3.084(r2=0.990,P0.05);使用年龄和体长的实测值拟合其生长,Von-Bertalanffy体长生长方程为Lt=367.211×(1-e-0.576×(t-0.399))(r2=0.943,P0.05)。分析表明,在耳石形态与重量各测量参数中,耳石重量(Wotolith)与年龄(t)的线性相关性最密切(r2=0.942),其关系式为Wotolith=-0.023+0.035 t。平均百分比误差指数(IAPE)结果显示,耳石重量可以作为青岛近海许氏平鲉年龄鉴定的有力手段(IAPE=8.3%)。与1980年代相比,青岛近海许氏平鲉生长加快,显示出资源进一步衰退的迹象。     

海洋鱼类仔鱼在早期发育和饥饿期的巡游速度

本文运用红外光源和录象系统首次对大西洋鲱(Clupea harengus L.)的两个地理种群:苏格兰西海岸和波罗的海鲱、大西洋鳕(Gadus morhua L.)和欧洲江鲽(Platichthyslesus L.)由人工授精来源的卵黄囊期仔鱼以及苏格兰西海岸鲱的较大仔鱼(36和60日龄)在早期发育和饥饿期的巡游速度作了测定。仔鱼巡游模式的发育和完善符合种的发育和生长过程。卵黄囊期仔鱼在卵黄囊耗尽前后仍不能建立外源性摄食,或较大仔鱼在停食后,其巡游速度都有增快的倾向,一般均在抵达“不可逆点”(PNR,即the point-of-no-return)前两天左右达到高峰值。所记录到的平均[一次游泳过程或1000毫秒(ms)间期]和最大(20 ms间期)巡游速度的高峰值分别为1.1—1.2和2.3—3.4BL/s(体长/秒,鲱),1.7和5.7BL/s(鳕)以及1.6和4.1BL/s(江鲽)。此外,本文还对饥饿仔鱼的巡游速度和摄食生态的相互关系作了初步探讨。     

许氏平鲉微卫星标记与体长、体质量、体高的相关性分析

为了解许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)微卫星标记与生长性状的相关性,选取26个微卫星标记在海捕许氏平鲉群体中进行微卫星筛选,每个微卫星位点的等位基因数(Na)在3~21,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.1815~15.5676;观测杂合度(Ho)范围为0.0417~0.9999;期望杂合度(He)范围为0.1581~0.9456;多态信息含量(PIC)范围为0.1509~0.9320。利用单标记分析法分析了多态性较高(PIC0.5)的22个标记与体长、体质量、体高的相关性,结果显示3个标记与生长性状显著相关,其中HJ2-32与体长、体质量和体高显著相关(P0.05),并推断等位基因D与C对于体质量、体长、体高分别具有重要的正向与负向影响;HJ7-2与体质量显著相关;HJ7-22与体长显著相关,并推测等位基因F对体长具有正向影响,等位基因B对体长有负面影响。这些标记可为许氏平鲉分子标记辅助育种提供基础。     

基于浮标观测的长江口外海流特征分析

为了揭示长江口外海域海流的特征及其季节和垂向变化规律,于2006年8月1日-2007年7月31日在长江口外海域（平均水深约46.0m）利用大型浮标进行了1年的分层海流流速流向观测。结果表明：（1）该海域海流为顺时针方向的旋转流,在垂向上流向较一致,季节变化不显著。（2）长江口外海域水平流速总体较大,夏季表层最大流速为128.5cm/s,冬季最大表层流速为105.5cm/s;垂线平均流速相近（差异<8.0 cm/s）,夏季流速最大为47.0cm/s,冬季为40.8cm/s。小潮的平均流速为26.5cm/s,大潮平均流速为小潮的2倍。（3）剖面各层流速垂向差异明显,最大流速出现在表层（春季和冬季）或次表层（夏季和秋季）,最小流速均出现在底层;各层的最大平均流速为57.9cm/s,出现在夏季的18m层。（4）垂线平均余流为7.5~11.3 cm/s,春季最强冬季最弱;春季和冬季各层余流均为东向,夏季和秋季基本为东北向或北向。（5）观测海域海流受长江冲淡水、台湾暖流、季风、潮汐等动力作用的共同制约。     

饲料添加多维对花鲈生长、非特异性免疫指标及消化酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中不同水平的多维含量对花鲈（Lateolabrax japonicus）生长性能、非特异性免疫指标及消化酶活性的影响。以初始体质量为（38.54±0.05） g的花鲈为试验对象,随机分为6组（每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼）,基础饲料中分别添加不同水平（0.5%、1%、2%、3%、4%、5%）的多维,在室内循环养殖系统中饲喂28 d。结果表明:多维添加量对花鲈的体成分、存活率、肝指数、饲料系数和肥满度均没有显著影响（P>0.05）;当多维添加量为2%时,花鲈的增重率（WGR）和特定生长率（SGR）均最大,与多维添加量为2%相比较,随着多维添加量继续增多,花鲈的WGR和SGR显著降低（P<0.05）;当多维添加量为5%时,花鲈的肠蛋白酶活性较0.5%和1%添加量组显著提高（P<0.05）,而多维添加量为0.5%时,花鲈的肠淀粉酶活性显著高于其余任意一组（P<0.05）,各组之间肠脂肪酶活性无显著差异（P>0.05）;与多维添加量为0.5%相比,多维添加量为5%时,能够显著提高花鲈血清中超氧化物歧化酶、碱性磷酸酶活性以及血清中总蛋白含量（P<0.05）,而血清溶菌酶活性没有显著变化（P>0.05）。结果表明:饲料中添加多维含量为5%时,能够明显提高花鲈的非特异性免疫指标及肠道蛋白酶活性,而在含量为2%时,能够明显提高花鲈的生长性能。     

投喂频率对花鲈幼鱼胃排空、生长性能和体组分的影响

为研究花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)幼鱼胃排空特征和投喂频率对花鲈幼鱼摄食、生长和体组分的影响。本文采用了胃排空实验和养殖实验相结合的方法开展研究。养殖实验设5个不同的日投喂频率组,分别为:F1组(1次/2d)、F2组(1次/d)、F3组(2次/d)、F4组(3次/d)和F5组(4次/d)。胃排空实验:测定各时间点花鲈幼鱼胃含物的湿重,然后用数学模型拟合所得实验数据。研究表明,对于体长(5.44±0.32)cm左右的花鲈幼鱼,最适合描述其胃排空特征的数学模型为平方根模型,由平方根模型计算得出,花鲈幼鱼饱食后约17h达到完全胃排空,80%胃排空时间为9.38h,即9.38h后食欲恢复。投喂频率对花鲈幼鱼生长性能影响显著,F3、F4、F5组的特定生长率显著高于F1和F2组(P0.05);F3组的饲料转化率最高,显著高于其他组(P0.05)。F1组花鲈幼鱼水分和灰分含量显著高于F3、F4、F5组(P0.05);F4组脂肪含量最高,显著高于F1、F2和F3组(P0.05)。肝体指数和内脏指数随投喂频率的增加呈上升趋势,均在F5组达到最大,略大于F4组,显著大于其他组(P0.05)。结合胃排空和养殖实验得出,花鲈幼鱼的最佳投喂频率为2次/d。     

Swimming abilities of wild-caught,late-stage larvae of Diplodus capensis and Sarpa salpa (Pisces: Sparidae) from temperate South Africa

Understanding the movement of marine fish larvae in coastal habitats requires an assessment of active swimming abilities. The critical speed (U-crit) and endurance swimming of late-stage larvae of Diplodus capensis and Sarpa salpa (Family Sparidae), common inshore recreational linefish species, were measured in a laboratory swimming chamber. Postflexion and settlement-stage larvae were collected from the wild in a small bay on the warm temperate coast of South Africa. Larvae were allowed to acclimate in captivity and were tested soon after capture. For the endurance tests a speed of 18 cm s⁻¹ was selected, as this approximated the mean current speed observed in the coastal environment of the area. The mean U-crit value (maximum swimming speed) for D. capensis (19 cm s⁻¹) was similar to that of S. salpa (18 cm s⁻¹), and similarly mean endurance (km swum) for S. salpa (8 km) was similar to that of D. capensis (6 km). The increase in critical speed and endurance swimming abilities with standard length was best described by a linear relationship. At lengths between 12 and 15 mm BL, D. capensis was the better swimmer, whereas S. salpa was the better swimmer between 15 and 16 mm BL. Of all the larvae that swam at critical speed, 90% were in an inertial environment. These swimming speeds exceed the modal current velocities observed in the shallow nearshore of the study region where these larvae occur abundantly. These swimming abilities provide larvae with the potential to influence their dispersal trajectories and ultimately influence their distribution in their nearshore nursery areas.     

Effect of dietary copper exposure on accumulation, growth and hematological parameters of the juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli

Copper accumulation, and its effect on growth and hematological parameters were investigated in juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (mean length 11.83+/-0.03 cm, and mean weight 26.02+/-0.23 g), after sub-chronic dietary Cu exposure (0, 50, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) for 60 days. The profile of Cu accumulation among tissues in rockfish is dependent on the exposure periods and Cu concentration. Liver of rockfish is a more important storage tissue than other tissues, and the order of Cu accumulation in tissues was liver > intestine > kidney > gill > muscle. Cu reduced the growth rate, and there was an inverse relationship between growth and Cu concentration (> 50 mg/kg). The RNA:DNA ratios were not affected by exposure and there was no correlation between growth rate and RNA:DNA ratio in the liver and muscle. There was no significant effect of exposure on blood parameters except for magnesium. Cu exposure increased GOT and GPT serum concentrations with increasing time and dose.     

斑石鲷(Oplegnathus punctatus)游泳性能研究

流速作为深远海养殖海区选址的重要依据,也是影响鱼类游泳能力的重要因素之一,为评价深远海养殖良种斑石鲷(Oplegnathus punctatus)的游泳能力,明确最适放养规格,分别以体重50、150、250、350g的斑石鲷为研究对象,利用鱼类游泳能力及运动消耗检测装置,在24℃条件下,解析了不同规格的斑石鲷在四种流速下的续航时间、暴发游泳速度(U_burst)、临界游泳速度(U_crit)和运动耗氧率(MO₂),并计算出其单位位移耗能(COT)和最适游泳速度(U_opt)。结果表明,鱼体规格和流速均会对实验鱼续航时间产生影响显著(P<0.001,F=25.401,df=1),50g斑石鲷在60cm/s流速下续航时间显著小于其他三种规格(P<0.05),在大于60cm/s流速下,四种规格斑石鲷续航时间均小于30min;250g和350g斑石鲷暴发游泳速度显著高于50g与150g(P<0.05);斑石鲷临界游泳速度与体重成正相关(R=0.96),不同规格下临界游泳速度存在显著差异(P<0.05);各规格实验鱼间最适游泳速度无显著差别(P>0.05)。以上结果表明,不同规格斑石鲷游泳能力存在显著差异,其中250g和350g斑石鲷耐流能力显著优于50g和150g。综上所述,斑石鲷在深远海海域进行陆海接力养殖时,建议放养250g以上规格,且养殖海域流速不超过60cm/s。     

Comparison of Intestine Microbiota Between Wild and Farmed Korean Rockfish,Sebastes schlegelii

Ocean Science Journal - The Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, is most commonly farmed in sea cages along the coast of Korea; however, detailed information on intestinal microbiota regarding this...     

Effects of sodium cyanide (nacn) on the endogenous rhythm of the oxygen consumption rate in the black rockfishsebastes schlegeli

Laboratory bioassays were conducted to test the acute toxicity effects of sudden exposure to sodium cyanide (NaCN) on the endogenous rhythm of the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in the black rockfishSebastes schlegeli. The OCR of the black rockfish (n = 14, total length = 20.4 ± 1.16 cm, wet weight = 158 ± 25 g) was measured with an automatic intermittentflow-respirometer. OCR decreased significantly when experimental fish were exposed to NaCN. When exposed to 10 ppb NaCN, fish were able to recover their OCR rhythmic activities. When fish were exposed to 20 ppb, however, the metabolic activity rhythms were not recovered. These results suggest that exposure to NaCN concentrations over 20 ppb cause severe physiological damage to the endogenous rhythms of black rockfish.     

Bioenergetic modelling of the marine phase of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

A bioenergetic model of marine phase, wild Atlantic salmon was constructed to investigate the potential effects on post-smolt growth of predicted changes in oceanic conditions. Short-term estimates of growth in weight were similar to measurements in captivity and simulated growth varied with water temperature and swimming speed as expected. Longer-term estimates of growth in length were less than that achieved by wild salmon, particularly with constant swimming assumed. The model was sensitive to parameters relating to maximum daily food consumption, respiration and the relationships between body energy content, length and weight. Some of the sensitive parameters were based on substantive information on Atlantic salmon and their realistic ranges are likely to be much narrower than those tested. However, other parameter values were based on scant data, farmed Atlantic salmon or other salmonid species, and are therefore less certain and indicate where future empirical research should be focussed.     

牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)红细胞单克隆抗体与五种养殖鱼类血细胞的交叉反应

以牙鲆血细胞为抗原免疫Balb／c小鼠，选用聚乙二醇(PEG)作为细胞融合剂，将免疫的小鼠脾细胞与P3 X63 Ag8U1骨髓瘤细胞融合，筛选、克隆出3株生产抗牙鲆红细胞单克隆抗体(Mabs)的杂交瘤细胞(1C7、286、3A1)。应用免疫荧光抗体法(IFAT)研究3株单抗与5种常见养殖鱼类(大菱鲆、花鲈、真鲷、许氏平鲉、鲫鱼)红细胞的交叉反应，结果显示，3株单抗与5种鱼类红细胞有不同程度的阳性反应；应用Western blotting法分析单抗识别的蛋白分子量，结果显示，单抗1C7与大菱鲆血细胞结合的蛋白分子量为52kD、47kD、45kD、32kD、29kD、27kD，与花鲈、许氏平 结合的蛋白分子量是52kD、29kD，与真鲷结合的为29kD，与鲫鱼结合的为44kD、29kD、28kD；单抗286与大菱鲆、花鲈血细胞结合的蛋白带分子量是30kD、28kD，与真鲷结合的为30kD，与许氏平 结合的为29kD、28kD；单抗3A1没有Western blotting反应。结果表明，这6种鱼红细胞存在相同或相似的抗原决定簇，蛋白成分具有相似性。     

几种幼鱼曲线游泳能力的比较研究

于１９８９年３－５月，利用视觉运动反应方法测定了黑鲷、黄鳍鲷、鲻鱼、鲤鱼和白鲢５种幼鱼的曲线游泳能力。结果表明，幼鱼游泳速度随环形水道半径增加而加快，但加快的速率逐渐减缓。随游泳时间的延长，游泳速度线性下降，实测耐久时间，黑鲷为６６．７ｍｉｎ；黄鳍鲷为６６．８ｍｉｎ；鲻鱼为１０４．４ｍｉｎ；鲤鱼为７０．３ｍｉｎ；白鲢为５８．８ｍｉｎ。游泳能力指数，黑鲷为２９０．６；黄鳍鲷为１４７．３；鲻鱼为４８５