青藏高原东北缘柴达木盆地红沟剖面物源分析及其构造意义

青藏高原东北缘柴达木盆地红沟剖面发育巨厚的新生代沉积地层,通过分析其沉积物质来源,可以揭示柴达木盆地潜在物源区隆升、剥蚀历史,为高原东北缘新生代构造变形过程提供证据。本文以红沟剖面磁性地层年代框架为约束,对剖面晚渐新世-上新世的碎屑砂岩样品进行了碎屑锆石物源示踪分析。研究结果表明,23.7～12.5 Ma样品的锆石U-Pb年龄主要分布在220～290 Ma,锆石ε_(Hf)(t)集中在—13.53～9.27,Hf同位素t_(DM)范围524～1456Ma;大于300Ma的锆石,ε_(Hf)(t)介于—31.77～13.44,其中76.3%为负值,Hf同位素t_(DM)介于484～3727 Ma。采集自12.5～7.6 Ma样品的锆石U-Pb年龄主要集中在400～500 Ma(峰值～440 Ma),ε_(Hf)(t)值(—27.75～10.75)的90%为负值,Hf同位素t_(DM)介于615～2115 Ma之间。6.8～5.5 Ma样品的锆石U-Pb年龄主要分布在400～500 Ma,ε_(Hf)(t)值(—26.8～8.97),t_(DM(Hf)))介于668～2093 Ma,但220～290 Ma的锆石显著增加,其ε_(Hf)(t)值(—11.86～9.42),Hf一阶段模式年龄范围549～1399Ma。碎屑锆石Hf同位素组成对比分析显示红沟剖面220～290 Ma的锆石与东昆仑山锆石Hf同位素特征相似,而400～500 Ma的锆石则与南祁连山锆石Hf同位素组成相似,揭示东昆仑山在24 Ma开始抬升成为柴达木盆地的源区,～12 Ma南祁连山开始隆升,为柴达盆地提供碎屑物质,成为青藏高原东北缘的构造与地貌边界。     

兰州盆地44～15Ma地层的有机碳同位素记录

沉积物中有机碳同位素组成是重建古环境变化的有效指标,但陆地长序列的有机碳同位素记录目前较为罕见.本文选取兰州盆地已具古地磁测年的永登剖面(厚度为330～1310m部分,年代介于44～ 15Ma)进行了有机碳同位素分析,结果表明44Ma开始其值先逐渐偏重后变轻(平均-24.6‰),至33.2Ma突然变重后维持相对稳定的高值(平均-23.7‰),再至25.5Ma后又变轻(-24.4‰),与全球氧同位素从长期演化趋势以及事件上均呈现出较一致的对应关系,即与温度之间存在负相关.这表明兰州盆地中始新世-中中新世期间有机碳同位素变化可能受控于全球温度变化,温度的改变可能影响了陆源C3植物与湖泊内生沉水和挺水植物对有机质的相对贡献比例,确切的机制理解有待其他指标的辅助研究.     

内蒙古商都地区白云鄂博群尖山组碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素研究:对华北克拉通西部陆块北缘前寒武纪地壳演化的制约

华北克拉通前寒武纪地壳生长过程是地质学的研究热点。本文对华北克拉通西部陆块北缘的白云鄂博群尖山组进行了碎屑锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素分析,并在此基础上对尖山组的沉积时限、物源及西部陆块北缘的前寒武纪地壳生长过程进行了探讨。样品TM33中碎屑锆石年龄主要集中在1872～2100Ma (n=64),并有～1960Ma的主年龄峰值和～2000Ma的次年龄峰值,Hf同位素分析结果显示锆石的εHf(t)值在-2.6～7.9之间(除1个测点为-17.6),Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)变化范围在2240～4386Ma之间。样品Z1724中碎屑锆石年龄分布于1784～2200Ma(n=44),并有～1965Ma的主年龄峰值和～2080Ma次年龄峰值。谐和线上最年轻一组锆石的加权平均年龄为1794±73Ma(n=2),εHf(t)在-5.4～3.2之间,Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)变化范围在2584～3203Ma之间。基于以上数据,结合侵入白云鄂博群底部1670Ma的辉长岩以及白云鄂博群底部全岩207Pb-206Pb等时线年龄为1649Ma的沉积碳酸盐岩,尖山组的沉积时间被限定在1800～1650Ma。尖山组的物源主要来自固阳、西乌兰不浪地区新太古代基底以及大青山和卓资地区古元古代晚期孔兹岩带。综合前人对研究区及邻区中新元古代沉积地层中碎屑锆石的Hf同位素研究结果,认为华北克拉通西部陆块北缘可能存在2600～2750Ma、～2500Ma和2000～2100Ma三期主要的地壳生长事件,且最后一次规模可能小于前两次。     

青藏高原东南缘晚新生代幕式抬升作用的Ar-Ar热年代学证据

位于青藏高原东南缘的鲜水河断裂带是一条大型的活动左旋走滑断裂带,对该断裂带进行同位素年代学研究,可以为青藏高原东南部物质迁移和构造隆升历史研究提供时代依据.Ar-Ar热年代学研究表明,鲜水河断裂带在晚新生代持续的左行走滑活动过程中,沿断裂带不同区段发生了显著的差异隆升.以黑云母的Ar同位素体系封闭温度作参照点,鲜水河断裂带北西段、中段、南东段抬升冷却穿过350℃温度点的时间分别为10.39～10.13Ma、5.70～4.42Ma和3.60～3.46Ma.这一研究结果证明青藏高原东南缘在晚新生代以来发生了幕式抬升作用,幕式抬升作用发生的时代分别为～10.1 Ma、5.7～4.4Ma和～3.6Ma.     

华南诸广山一带桂东岩体加里东期花岗岩的成岩时代研究及其地质意义

桂东岩体位于诸广山—万洋山花岗质岩浆岩带的中部, 沿NE向呈不规则条带状分布于湘赣交界处, 该岩体作为诸广山—万洋山加里东期花岗质岩浆岩带的核心部分, 记录着该岩浆岩带的形成时间、岩浆物质来源、壳幔相互作用等典型特征。在详细地质调查基础上, 本文对桂东岩体主要岩石类型进行了岩相学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素组成的分析研究。结果表明, 桂东岩体是一个复式岩体, 岩浆活动持续>60 Ma(474—411 Ma), 经历了4个脉动阶段: 474—464 Ma、452—442 Ma、435—425 Ma、 415—411 Ma, 其中, 474—464 Ma、452—425 Ma、415—411 Ma期间的岩浆活动与华南加里东造山运动三个构造幕密切吻合。4个阶段岩浆活动对应岩石类型分别为黑云母花岗岩-花岗闪长岩、黑云母花岗岩-二云母花岗岩、黑云母花岗岩-二长花岗岩及角闪黑云花岗岩-黑云母花岗岩。原位锆石Hf同位素特征表明, 大部分样品εHf(t)值位于球粒陨石演化线下方, 主体集中于–2.20～–9.84之间, Hf同位素两阶段模式年龄TDM2为1969～1577 Ma。其岩浆物质主要由华南造山带下地壳物质的一次或多次重熔而成, 且幔源物质参与程度经历了由弱—强—弱, 并与研究区太古宙—古元古代发生的重要地壳增生事件时间相呼应。     

华北克拉通东部古太平洋板块俯冲与回撤作用:来自辽西兴城地区晚中生代花岗质岩石的记录与启示

目前对于华北克拉通东部晚中生代花岗质岩石的成因仍存在地幔柱、加厚/拆沉下地壳部分熔融、俯冲板片脱水导致地壳熔融等不同认识。辽西兴城地区晚中生代花岗质岩石主要由二长花岗岩、石英闪长岩、花岗斑岩和石英正长岩组成,岩浆成因锆石U-Pb同位素定年结果显示岩浆活动主要发生于晚侏罗世(156Ma)、早白垩世早期(139Ma)、早白垩世中期(130～125Ma)。岩石地球化学测试分析结果显示岩石属于高钾钙碱性系列且具有富集K、Pb等大离子亲石元素而相对亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素等活动陆缘岩浆岩特点,表明辽西地区晚中生代岩浆活动的发生与俯冲作用有关。晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期(156～139Ma)花岗质岩石地球化学特征与I型花岗岩类似,同时具有富集的Hf同位素组成(εHf(t)=-22.70～-18.66)和古老的Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄(tDM2=2387～2767Ma),其初始岩浆可能来源于古老中上地壳的部分熔融;形成于130Ma的花岗质岩石同样具有与I型花岗岩相类似的岩石地球化学特征,但其Hf同位素组成突变为亏损(εHf(t)=+3.64～+6.22、tDM1=537～969Ma),其初始岩浆起源于新元古代新生地壳物质的部分熔融并混入少量亏损地幔物质组分;形成于125Ma的花岗质岩石为碱性A型花岗岩,岩石地球化学特征与其他岩石有所不同,具有负的εHf(t)值(-17.30～-11.56)和相对古老的Hf同位素二阶段年龄(tDM2=1917～2278Ma),初始岩浆可能起源于较为古老的中下地壳部分熔融并有幔源物质的参与。华北克拉通东部形成于160～139Ma的花岗质岩石具有I型、高钾钙碱性、与埃达克质岩石类似的高Sr/Y、低Y含量特征和富集的Hf同位素组成,而形成于130～120Ma的花岗质岩石具有A型、碱性、与典型岛弧岩浆岩类似的岩石地球化学特征和相对亏损的Hf同位素组成,同时晚中生代岩浆活动具有向洋年轻化的特点,表明华北克拉通东部156～139Ma期间可能受到古太平洋板块的持续俯冲作用,而139～130Ma古太平洋俯冲板片开始回撤,130～125Ma进入古太平洋俯冲板片持续回撤导致的强烈区域伸展作用阶段。古太平洋俯冲板片脱水交代岩石圈地幔并形成幔源岩浆,幔源岩浆不断底侵作用于古老/新生地壳使其发生部分熔融为花岗质岩石提供岩浆来源。     

湘南骑田岭岩体菜岭超单元花岗岩侵位年龄和物质来源研究

湘南骑田岭岩体菜岭超单元花岗岩以角闪石黑云母二长花岗岩为主,其全岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄为159±1.2Ma,单颗粒锆石熔融法U-Pb年龄为161±2Ma,Sr同位素初始比值偏低(0.70854),Nd同位素初始比值偏高(-5.4～-5.8),Nd模式年龄偏低(0.94～1.49Ga)。在岩石化学和微量元素方面,属钙碱系列,准铝,富含K、Rb等大离子亲石元素和Th、REE、Nb等高场强元素。常见较多具有岩浆混合特征的微花岗岩类暗色包体。这些同位素、岩石学和微量元素特征,总体上反映了菜岭超单元花岗岩的成岩组成中有明显的地幔物质的参与。该花岗岩可能是在燕山早期华南地壳开始拉张减薄的构造背景下定位的,壳幔相互作用对本区大陆地壳物质的重熔和花岗岩浆的形成和演化起了重要的作用。     

胶南桃行超高压变质岩的氧同位素地球化学及其年代学制约

对苏鲁超高压变质带内诸城桃行地区榴辉岩及其花岗片麻岩围岩进行了单矿物氧同位素组成分析和锆石U-Pb定年。氧同位素组成显示出不均一亏损~(18)O的特征。石英-石榴石等高温矿物对的氧同位素温度为600～950℃,指示它们在榴辉岩相变质条件下达到并保存了氧同位素平衡。而部分石英-长石和白云母-金红石等矿物对的氧同位素温度为350～570℃,指示它们在峰期变质之后的角闪岩相退变质过程中达到并保存了同位素退化交换再平衡。锆石氧同位素组成低达-1.3‰～4.2‰,对这种低δ~(18)O值进行锆石U-Pb定年,分别得到762～834Ma的原岩年龄和202～249Ma的变质年龄。因此,桃行低δ~(18)O值锆石形成于新元古代(700～800Ma)的低δ~(18)O值岩浆。这种低δ~(18)O值岩浆是由于变质岩原岩经历新元古代高温大气降水热液蚀变后再部分熔融所形成。对于在角闪岩相退变质之后保存了封闭体系的花岗片麻岩样品(石英-长石矿物对温度为355～405℃),石榴石在榴辉岩相变质温度下达到并保存了氧同位素平衡(石英-石榴石矿物对温度为685℃),指示石榴石中Sm-Nd体系在同样的变质务件下也达到了平衡。因此,花岗片麻岩中石榴石-斜长石-全岩的Sm-Nd等时线年龄215±11Ma与锆石变质边的三叠纪年龄(202～249Ma)一样,代表了榴辉岩相峰期变质后的冷却年龄。而花岗片麻岩中石英-钾长石和石英-斜长石矿物对处于氧同位素不平衡状态,同时钾长石和斜长石相对于样品中其它矿物异常亏损~(18)O,指示在角闪岩相退变质之后体系曾经开放,岩石受到低~(18)O流体在低温和中温下(200～400℃)的热液蚀变。这种奈件下矿物氧同位素的退化交换是由表面反应机制控制,与Nd的扩散机制不同,因此氧同位素平衡无法制约Sm-Nd矿物等时线的有效性。     

黄沙坪矿区花岗岩岩石地球化学、U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素制约

湘南坪宝地区地处南岭中段,黄沙坪铅锌多金属矿床位于坪宝成矿带南部,304岩体是未来深部找矿的远景地区,岩石地球化学特征显示其具有A型花岗岩的特点,与区域上的千里山岩体相似。根据微量元素判别图解进一步划分为A1型,反映为非造山板内拉张背景;岩石稀土配分型式具有特征的四分组效应(tetrad effect),这是岩浆高度演化晚期熔体与流体相互作用的结果。采用LA-ICPMS方法对花斑岩中锆石进行了微区U-Pb同位素及Hf同位素测试,结果显示成岩年龄为179.9±1.3Ma(MSWD=1.9),属于燕山早期第一阶段岩浆侵入产物,成岩时代早于301岩体。Hf同位素显示地壳模式年龄为2220～2459Ma,平均为2353Ma,反映源区物质为新太古代至古元古代地壳物质。     

海南岛屯昌玄武质科马提岩Sm-Nd同位素年龄及其地质意义

海南岛屯昌玄武质科马提岩成岩时代一直未获解决。作者利用Sm-Nd同位素法测试了5件样品,获得岩石Sm-Nd同位素等时线年龄1687±10Ma,及与其相近的Nd模式年龄1637-1756Ma。同时获得了钕同位素初始比值I_Nd=0.510796±0.000006(2σ),ε_Nd(T)=+6.64。表明玄武质科马提岩结晶年龄为古元古代(1687Ma),反映了海南岛在古元古时期的壳-幔分异与地壳增生的重要过程。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.