西藏甲玛铜多金属矿元素分布规律及地质意义

甲玛铜多金属矿床已经成为冈底斯成矿带内为数不多的铜品位高、规模大、矿体连续性好的超大型斑岩-矽卡岩-角岩型铜多金属矿床。文章根据167个钻孔的成矿元素化学分析结果,对各元素平面分带、（Pb+Zn）/Cu、Au/Cu、Mo/Cu、Pb/Ag、Zn/Pb、Zn/Cu比值分带以及剖面上元素的分带等进行了系统分析,认为甲玛铜多金属矿具有典型的与岩浆成矿作用有关的元素分带特征,矿体由深部向浅部具有Mo→Mo（Cu）→Cu+Mo→Cu（Pb+Zn+Mo）→Cu（Pb+Zn）→Pb+Zn的成矿元素分带现象,具有高温→中低温成矿演化的特点。研究提出,成矿流体的运移方向是由北东至南西,流体源位于矿区北东部的则古朗地区。这种典型的热液分带特征同海底喷流沉积矿床近管道相Pb/Ag比值高、远离喷口Zn/Pb、Zn/Cu比值高的元素分带特征有着本质的区别。矿区北部则古朗地区高Mo/Cu比值以及钼元素矿化强度随标高降低愈强的分布特点,均预示了该地区是深部隐伏含矿斑岩体之所在。     

西藏冈底斯东段构造演化及铜金多金属成矿潜力分析

地质、物探、化探、遥感的综合研究表明，西藏冈底斯东段蕴含着巨大的找矿潜力，矿化类型齐全，以斑岩型及喷流型为主。与构造演化相关形成四大成矿系列：与新特提斯洋壳俯冲作用（125－96Ma）有关的岩浆型（Cr，Pt，Cu，Ni）矿床系列及喷流型（Cu，Pb，Zn，Ag）矿床系列；与弧－陆碰撞造山作用（85－50Ma）有关的浅成低温热液型（Au，Ag，Pb，Zn，Sb）、构造蚀变岩型（Au）及矽卡岩型（Cu）矿床系列；与造山期后伸展走滑作用（22－12Ma）有关的斑岩型（Cu，Mo）、隐爆角砾岩型（Cu，Au，Pb，Zn）、剪切带型（Au，Ag，Sb）及矽卡岩型（Cu，Fe）矿床系列。由俯冲杂岩带向北，具有由结晶分异型（熔离型）－剪切带型（蚀变岩型）－矽卡岩型、浅成低温热液型－斑岩型－斑岩型十喷流型－喷流型－热液充填交代型的分带趋势，成矿总体显示出同源多位、同位多期、深源浅成、多因复成的特点。     

扬子西缘乡城-丽江结合带燕山期斑岩Mo多金属矿床成矿系统

位于扬子陆块西缘与西南三江造山带结合部位的乡城-丽江地区,北起四川乡城经云南格咱南至丽江地区,在印支期斑岩铜矿带上新发现叠加了燕山期斑岩Mo多金属成矿作用,形成乡城-丽江斑岩Mo矿带。受印支期古特提斯洋盆闭合后地壳缩短与加厚的影响,燕山晚期下地壳发生拆沉作用,导致后碰撞型花岗质岩浆侵位,发育了Mo多金属成矿作用,并构成斑岩成矿系统。岩石地球化学特征表明,燕山晚期含矿斑岩具高硅(SiO_2=66.29%~79.36%)、高碱(K_2O+Na_2O=5.07%~9.24%)、富钾(K_2O/Na_2O=0.71~2.13)的特点,属于高钾钙碱性岩石系列。岩石富集轻稀土元素(LREE),具有负δEu异常;微量元素具富集大离子亲石元素K、U、Th、Rb,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti的特征;大离子亲石元素的富集和Nb、Ta等高场强元素的亏损,表明形成这些岩体的岩浆主要来自地壳,具有造山带花岗岩的地球化学特征。区内代表性含矿斑岩相似的地球化学组成及分布特征表明,乡城-丽江结合带燕山晚期的成矿斑岩是由同源岩浆分异演化而来。成矿系统的分析表明,燕山晚期主要含矿斑岩成矿物质以壳源为主,但具有少量地幔物质的加入,成岩成矿物质来源具有相似或一致的源区特征。在成矿元素的组合上,由成矿斑岩体向外带表现出W、Mo→W、Mo、Cu→Pb、Zn、Ag的演化趋势。研究表明,本区燕山晚期花岗岩浆的侵入及Mo多金属成矿作用并不是独立或个别的成矿事件,而是纵跨义敦岛弧、甘孜-理塘结合带及扬子西缘的带状成矿活动,属于区内与燕山晚期岩浆侵入作用相关的统一斑岩成矿系统。     

小兴安岭东南鹿鸣-兴安-前进地区早中生代含矿花岗岩成岩成矿特征

小兴安岭东南鹿鸣-兴安-前进地区,与早中生代二长-正长花岗岩有关多金属成岩成矿过程可划分为三期:第一期为似斑状二长花岗岩有关的Mo(Au)成矿期,第二期为二长花岗斑岩有关的Mo成矿期,第三期为正长花岗岩有关的Pb、Zn、Mo成矿期,总体显示不同成矿元素与不同时期岩体存在一定程度的耦合性。从早期至晚期成矿元素由Mo(Au)→Mo→Pb、Zn、Mo依次演化,其中Mo成矿作用延续时间较长,成矿作用也由强变弱,成岩成矿时代为225.0～191.4Ma。在野外岩相学、岩石主微量元素特征上,成岩成矿显示出时间上的相近性和同源岩浆分异演化的特征,其中含矿岩体以高硅富碱和过铝为特征,含矿二长花岗斑岩、正长花岗岩分别属低Sr低Yb类、低Sr高Yb类花岗岩,而不含矿似斑状二长花岗岩、正长花岗岩多为低Sr较高Yb类花岗岩。上述成岩成矿特征上的差异,以及岩体是富集Mo还是Pb、Zn,可能与源区物源、岩浆成因(壳幔混源程度、混合比例等)和岩浆结晶分异、岩浆侵位深度,以及与成矿构造背景等有关。     

西藏谢通门县雄村斑岩型铜金矿床成因讨论——来自元素的空间分布特征的证据

西藏谢通门县雄村铜金矿的成矿与含眼球状石英斑晶的角闪石英闪长玢岩有关,并至少受3个玢岩岩枝控制。主成矿元素为Cu,伴生元素为Au、Ag、Zn、Pb,其他微量元素Mo、As、Ba、Bi、Cd、Co、Mn、Ni、Sb含量较高。元素在垂向上具有分带特征,即从矿体中心向外可依次划分为Cu、Au、Ag、As、Sb、(Bi)→Co、Ni→Mo→Mn→Ba→Pb、Zn、Cd、Bi、(Sb),上述元素的异常和组合是寻找和评价该类矿床的重要地球化学标志。矿床的形成经历了早期Cu—Au—Ag成矿和晚期Zn—Pb—Cu—Au—Ag成矿两个阶段:早期成矿阶段形成了Cu—Au—Ag主矿体,晚期叠加Zn—Pb—Cu—Au—Ag矿化。Cu与Au、Ag呈显著的正相关,Cu主要呈独立矿物黄铜矿产出,Au、Ag主要赋存于黄铜矿中。矿石的K/Na值为6.9、Rb/Sr值为0.8,显示出矿床矿富K、Sr和贫Na、Rb的成矿环境;而Au(平均品位0.6×10-6)0.4×10-6、Au(0.6×10-6)/Cu(0.4%)1和n(Cu)/n(Au)(为20678)40000以及Mo(19.7×10-6),说明该矿床富金而贫钼。矿床所处的大地构造位置,成矿与偏中性的斑岩有关,元素组合特征,异常元素在垂向上的分带特征,主成矿阶段的Cu—Au—Ag矿化和晚期叠加的Zn—Pb—Cu—Au—Ag矿化,富Cu、Au、Ag和贫Mo的成矿元素组合及富K、Sr和贫Na、Rb的成矿环境,均表明矿床具有产于岛弧或类似岛弧环境的斑岩型铜金矿床的特征且叠加斑岩成矿系统晚期呈脉状产出的浅成低温热液型Zn—Pb—Cu—Au—Ag矿化。     

大兴安岭博乌勒山一带早白垩世侵入岩地质特征

大兴安岭博乌勒山地区早白垩世侵入岩发育,可分为两个岩石系列:闪长岩类,有石英闪长岩、石英二长闪长岩;花岗岩系列,有花岗闪长岩、正长花岗岩、花岗斑岩。岩石学、岩石化学、岩石地球化学特征表明,岩石类型由中性向酸性演化,以成份演化为特征;属碱钙性-钙碱性系列,成因类型为同熔型(I型),并具有同源岩浆演化特点。成矿专属性,闪长岩类对Au、Ag、Pb、Zn金属成矿有利,花岗岩类对Cu、Pb、W、Mo金属成矿有利。     

从云母微量元素特征探讨华南花岗岩的成因和演化

云母中微量元素可分为浅源指示元素和深源指示元素。浅源指示元素Nb、Ta、Sn、Li、Rb在南岭系列云母中的含量高于长江系列,而深源指示元素Co、Ni的含量长江系列大于南岭系列。云母中Nb、Ta、Sn、Li、Rb变化特征是自身成矿演化的直接示踪剂,而Co、Ni变化特征是Fe、Cu、Au、Mo(W)、Pb、Zn成矿演化的重要示踪剂。云母中Cu、Zn、W、Mo、U、Th等元素呈波动性变化,不能灵敏指示花岗岩的成因与演化。微量元素在云母中的选择分布主要受岩浆物源化学背景的制约,同时也受岩浆侵位和分异演化程度高低以及结晶的物理化学条件变化等因素的影响。     

黑鳞云母花岗质岩浆的结晶分异及钠长花岗质岩浆的形成

以含F、过铝质、K_2O>Na_2O为特征的浅色黑鳞云母花岗岩为初始物,在P=150MPa,T=850～650℃和H_2O不饱和条件下进行熔化-结晶分异实验,结果表明:首先晶出的是石英和富钾碱性长石;随结晶温度下降和结晶相含量的增加,残余熔体中挥发份F及Na_2O、Al_2O_3含量逐渐增加,SiO_2、K_2O、CaO含量减少,显示含F浅色花岗质熔体具有向贫硅富钠的富氟钠长花岗质熔体组成演化的趋势;700℃开始,残余熔体具有天然富氟钠长花岗岩的组成特征:富Na_2O(Na_2O>K_2O)、Al_2O_3(>16％)和F(>1.5％)。上述残余熔体组成的演化特征与自然界从含氟黑鳞云母花岗岩到富氟钠长花岗岩的组成变化规律是一致的,充分证明了在本文的实验条件下,含氟黑鳞云母花岗岩能够经结晶分异演化出富氟钠长花岗岩熔体。     

河南铁炉坪银矿床地球化学特征研究

铁炉坪银矿床成矿溶液具有一低温，低盐度特征，可能来自于岩浆期的热液。成矿作用受太古界太华群，燕山期岩浆活动和构造活动三要素控制，太华群和燕山期岩浆岩可能提供了矿源。矿床原生地球化学异常具Ag,Pb,Cu,Zn,Au,Sb,As和Hg多元素组合特征，异常分带序列自下而上为Bi,Mo,Cu,Au→Ag，Pb,Zn→Hg,As,Sb。     

西天山阿希金矿床围岩蚀变

阿希金矿是西天山地区典型的低硫型浅成低温热液型金矿床,发育了以矿体为中心,向外依次为硅化、黄铁绢英岩化和青磐岩化的蚀变分带。对矿区火山岩和蚀变岩型矿石的主量、微量元素进行了测试,并借助Isocon法对黄铁绢英岩化、硅化和石英-碳酸盐化进行了元素质量迁移定量计算。结果表明:黄铁绢英岩化岩石富集SiO_2、K_2O、Ag、As、Mo、Bi和Pb,亏损CaO、Na_2O、Sr、Cs和Ba;硅化过程中富集SiO_2、Bi、Pb、Ag和As,而MgO、CaO、Na_2O、Ba和U出现亏损;石英-碳酸盐化过程中元素迁移量较大,主要富集SiO_2、MgO、CaO、Li、Ba和As,亏损K_2O、Na_2O、P_2O_5、Pb和Zn等元素。结合蚀变岩石显微特征,认为热液蚀变过程中的元素迁移与矿物的蚀变或生成直接相关,而且含Au络合物在Au成矿中扮演重要角色。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861