On climatic analogs in paleoclimatic reconstruction

Many of the problems that have been discussed with regard to the analog approach to paleoclimatic reconstruction may be illustrated by consideration of basic principles and definitions, and the logical consquences thereof. Specific attention is directed toward the definition of the regional macroclimate as the modal microclimate and to a series of axioms: (1) There are various microclimates which depart more or less from the macroclimate in each terrestrial region. (2) Environment and climate change on time scales from near instantaneous to millions of years. (3) Climate is multidimensional (a vector), not a single scalar datum. (4) Biotic assemblage changes in response to environmental (including climatic) changes are expressed primarily in terms of reproductive success. One may conclude from the corollaries to these axioms that perfect analogs cannot be found for any Holocene climate, but that “partial analogs” (“transfer equations”) may still be used if allowance is made for shared variance.     

不同气候带银杏叶角质层微观特征变化及其古气候意义

以广西桂林、安徽合肥及辽宁沈阳等三地的银杏材料为基础,通过对叶片及叶柄微观形态特征的对比研究,探讨银杏对不同气候带气候条件的响应。结果显示部分微观特征随气候带的变化而发生较为明显的变化。其中,气孔器长度和保卫细胞长宽比随纬度增加而减小,垂周壁宽度、普通表皮细胞长宽比及保卫细胞宽度随纬度增加有不同程度的增大。这些特征与其所生长环境中的湿度和降水因素可能有较大关系,并为地史时期银杏化石的相关古气候研究提供参考资料。     

Middle Wisconsin stratigraphy and climatic reconstruction,southern Vancouver Island,British Columbia

Interbedded, organic-rich terrestrial and marine sediments exposed along the eastern coastal lowland of Vancouver Island contain an almost continuous record of middle Wisconsin vegetation and climate. The record has been interpreted largely from palynostratigraphic studies at three sites and supported by a study of modern pollen spectra from the three major biogeoclimatic zones of the extant vegetation. Radiocarbon dates from a variety of organic materials in the middle Wisconsin beds reveal that the fossil pollen spectra span an interval ranging from approximately 21,000 yr B.P. to more than 51,000 yr B.P. The spectra are divided into eight major pollen zones encompassing the Olympia Interglaciation and early Fraser Glaciation geologicclimate units of the Pacific Northwest. The Olympia Interglaciation extended from before 51,000 yr B.P. to ca. 29,000 yr B.P. and was characterized by a climate similar to present. During the early Fraser Glaciation, from 29,000 years ago to approximately 21,000 yr B.P., climate deteriorated until tundra like conditions prevailed. These pollen sequences are correlative with those of coastal British Columbia and partly with those from Olympic Peninsula, but apparently are not comparable with events in the Puget Lowland.     

Lateglacial varve chronology and biostratigraphy of lakes Holzmaar and Meerfelder Maar, Germany

In this paper we briefly compare previously published data on four lateglacial sediment profiles from lakes Holzmaar and Meerfelder Maar in the Eifel region. Two of these profiles (one from each lake) are varvedated, whereas the other two pollen profiles are on depth scales. In general, the palynological signal in all profiles compares well, proving the regional validity of the individual data sets. There are some discrepancies between Holzmaar and Meerfelder Maar, however, mainly concerning varve dating of major lateglacial features, and these are explained after detailed correlation using a combination of varve dating and palynological signals. The result is a consistent varve-dated biostratigraphy for the Lateglacial in the Eifel region. Moreover, it is demonstrated that a combination of varve chronology and high resolution palynostratigraphy in several lake profiles enables even gaps of a few decades up to a few centuries to be detected, thus providing a valuable tool for precise regional palaeoenvironmental study. This multi-core study on two lakes from the same region demonstrates the likelihood of undetected errors in single-core studies on non-varved sediments.     

Study of radon in soil gas,trace elements and climatic parameters around South Kordofan state,Sudan

This study was conducted primarily to measure and map radon activity concentration in soil gas and to understand the effect of geology and lithology and meteorology on radon concentration. Portable radon meter has been used for the measurement of soil gas radon at 30 different locations around Uro and Korn area in eastern Nuba Mountain South Kordofan State. The results indicate that the activity concentrations of ²²²Rn in soil gas fall within the range of 20–1,359 Bq/m³ with geometric mean of 102.80 Bq/cm³. The obtained data show that samples around Uro have anomaly of ²²²Rn concentrations than the sample around Korn. The reason could be attributed to differences in the geological structure, lithology and climate parameters. GIS predicative map has shown that the elevated levels of radon concentration were measured in North study area. Upon comparing the results with global data, it was found that the obtained values are far below the reported range of India, Slovenia, Portugal and Syria. However, the range of ²²²Rn concentrations in the soil observed in this study is significantly high relative to similar data reported from Libya. The regression analysis has shown that no correlation was noted between radon concentrations, climatic parameters and trace element.     

Comparison between radiocarbon and varve dating in Lake Lampellonjärvi, south Finland

The annual nature of organic laminations in the sediment from a small lake, Lampellonjärvi (61°04'N; 25°04'E), was determined. The core was obtained using an in situ freezing method and the laminations were checked by a detailed microscopical analysis of adhesive tape preparations. A series of six radiocarbon dates were obtained for levels in the core which had previously been dated by means of varve counts to ages between A.D. 182 and AD. 1513. The radiocarbon dates were between 547 and 1525 years older. Two additional ¹⁴C dates from the lower part of the same profile (ca. 1880 B.C. and ca. 3100 B.C.), however, gave expected results. Erosion of old organic terrestrial material due to agricultural activity in the surroundings of the lake was assumed to have been the cause of abnormally old radiocarbon ages. Dates from the pre-agricultural period had a deviation from varve years similar to the difference between tree rings, historical documents and radiocarbon dating recorded in other studies.     

A reconstruction of Holocene climatic changes from peat bogs in north-west Scotland

Continuous palaeoenvironmental sequences from three peat bogs located in north-west Scotland are presented which reveal palaeoclimatic changes during the Holocene, Peat cores were analysed lor humification. pollen and a range of other physical and palaeoecological data, and chronologies were constructed by radiocarbon dating. Reconstruction of past changes in bog hydrology formed the basis for palaeoclimatic interpretation. Four regional shifts to wetter bog conditions and two regional shifts to drier conditions are inferred. Best estimated aye ranges for the wet shifts span c . 5120 to 5070, 4020 to 3630, 3340 to 3270 and 940 to 800 cal BP, arid dry shifts are estimated at c . 4330 to 4120 and 1480 to 1340 cal BP. The most distinctive feature of the record is the oscillation from wetter to drier conditions around 4300 cal BP, followed by a return to wetter conditions after 4000 cal BP. This oscillation was probably caused by climatic changes which also had an inHuence on the dynamics of Scots pine within the region prior to, and during, its mid-Holocene phase of decline. Later shifts probably also reflect climatic changes, although evidence for human land-use complicates interpretation at c . 3300 cal BP. Potential causes are considered, including changes in the circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean during the mid-Holocene.     

Correlation of the Late Cenozoic endogenic events and climatic variations in Central Asia

Trend of climatic changes in geological history of the Earth was determined by gradual decrease in the global surface temperature. Substantial deviations from this trend depended on the prevalent type of volcanism: predominantly explosive volcanism at convergent boundaries between lithospheric plates led to cooling and onset of glacial epochs, while intense intraplate volcanism strengthened greenhouse effect and resulted in global warming. During cold epochs, orogenic processes played an important role in climatic variations. The most frequent and regular climatic variations are controlled by the Earth position in solar orbit (Milankovitch cycles). The Late Cenozoic variations of cold climate were interrelated with orogenic processes caused by collision between the Indian and North Asian lithospheric plates. The first event of considerable cooling in the Northern Hemisphere (2.8–2.5 Ma ago) coincided with a rapid growth of mountains throughout the collision belt. The Tibetan Plateau formed in South Asia. In Central Asia, the large (> 1.5 × 10⁶ km²) Khangai-Altai-Sayan mountain system appeared 3 Ma ago. Total area subjected to orogenic processes in Central and South Asia exceeded 9 × 10⁶ km². The intense intraplate volcanism suggests that sublithospheric mantle was involved into orogenic processes. Alternation of glacial and interglacial climatic epochs during the last 1.8 m.y. is recorded in Central Asia. These climatic variations are compatible with the Milankovitch cycles. As is established, climatic events recognizable in the Baikal sedimentary record are correlative with interglacial and glacial epochs detectable in volcanic lavas of the East Sayan Mountains. There are indications of lava eruptions into ice during the cold periods. It is assumed therefore that all the cooling epochs detectable in the Baikal sedimentary record after 1.8 Ma were associated with development of mountain glaciation that formed glacial sheet up to 3 km thick and 100 000 km² in size. During the Brunhes Chron, there were eight glaciations at least. The endogenic (volcanism and orogeny) and exogenic (glaciation) processes during the last 3 m.y. are shown to be correlative. The intermittent development and degradation of thick ice sheets was responsible for oscillation of lithospheric load on the asthenosphere, and this caused periodical magma generation in marginal parts of volcanic provinces.     

Correlation dependences of electromagnetic and deformation parameters

In-situ monitoring observations are carried out, and correlation analysis aimed at estimating the dependences between the electromagnetic parameters (variations of apparent resistivity, the impedance phase, components of the impedance tensor, and deformations of the daylight surface on the territory of the Bishkek geodynamic polygon) is performed. A new approach to the explanation of the physical mechanism forming variations in electrical conductivity of the medium is proposed on this basis.     

基于MODIS时序数据的贵州气候指标与EVI相关性研究

文章利用2008至2011年中分辨率成像光谱辐射计(MODIS)250 m空间分辨率的增强型植被指数(EVI)作为检测植被覆盖程度的指标参数,分析了岩溶石漠化地区与非石漠化地区植被对于气候因子的响应。结果表明:(1)无论是石漠化地区还是非石漠化地区,EVI在干旱时期和非干旱时期,与气候因子——气温(T)的相关系数rEVI-T均大于0.5(rF=0.235,α=0.05),二者表现为显著相关;(2)在非石漠化地区,EVI在干旱时期和非干旱时期与气候因子——降水量(P)的相关系数rEVI-P为0.234、0.212,两者表现出不显著相关,但在石漠化地区则表现为相反的情况;(3)在干旱发生之后的一年时间,EVI在石漠化和非石漠化地区都与降水量有显著相关性,其相关系数rEVI-P分别为0.516和0.489。     

Holocene glacier history of Bjørnbreen and climatic reconstruction in central Jotunheimen,Norway, based on proximal glaciofluvial stream-bank mires

Holocene variations of Bjørnbreen, Smørstabbtinden massif, west-central Jotunheimen are reconstructed from the lithostratigraphy of two alpine stream-bank mires flooded episodically by meltwater. The approach uses multiple sedimentological indicators (weight loss-on-ignition, mean grain size, grain-size fractions, bulk density, moisture content and magnetic susceptibility), an a priori model of overbank deposition of suspended glaciofluvial sediments, a detailed chronology based on 56 radiocarbon dates, and a Little Ice Age sedimentological analogue. Rapid, late-Preboreal deglaciation was indicated by immigration of Betula pubescens by 9700 cal. BP. An interval of at least 3000 years in the early Holocene when glaciers were absent was interrupted by two abrupt episodes of glacier expansion around the time of the Finse Event, the first at ca 8270–7900 cal. BP (Bjørnbreen I Event) and the second at ca 7770–7540 cal. BP (Bjørnbreen II Event). Neoglaciation began shortly before ca 5730 cal. BP with gradual build-up to the maximum of the Bjørnbreen III Event at ca 4420 cal. BP. Later maxima occurred at ca 2750 cal. BP (Bjørnbreen IV Event) and at 1300, 1260, 1060 and 790 cal. BP (all within the Bjørnbreen V Event). Glaciers were smaller than today and possibly melted away on several occasions in the late Holocene (ca 3950, 1410 and 750 cal. BP). Minor maxima also occurred at ca 660 and 540 cal. BP, within the late Mediaeval Warm Period and the early Little Ice Age, respectively. The Little Ice Age maximum was dated to 213±25 BP (ca 205 cal. BP). The relative magnitudes of the main glacier maxima were determined: Erdalen Event>Little Ice Age Event (Bjørnbreen VI)>Bjørnbreen I (Finse Event) ≈ Bjørnbreen II>Bjørnbreen V⩾Bjørnbreen IV>Bjørnbreen III. These episodic events of varying magnitude and abruptness were used in conjunction with an independent summer-temperature proxy to reconstruct variations in equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) and a Holocene record of winter precipitation. Since the Preboreal, ELA varied within a range of about 390 m, and winter precipitation ranged between 40 and 160% of modern values. Winter precipitation variations appear to have been the main cause of these century- to millennial-scale Holocene glacier variations.     

Correlation between optical, chemical and micro-structural parameters of high-rank coals and graphite

In order to identify the parameters that best characterize the chemical and structural evolution of organic matter during coalification, the relationships between optical, chemical and micro-structural parameters in high-rank coals and natural graphite were studied. The samples include anthracites from Peñarroya–Belmez–Espiel Basin (Spain), Douro Basin (Portugal), and Alto Chicama Basin (Peru); and natural graphite from Canada, Mozambique, and Austria.Correlations between the following optical parameters were assessed: vitrinite random reflectance (R_r), Reflectance Indicating Surfaces (RIS) axis (R_MAX, R_INT and R_MIN), and RIS parameters (R_am, R_ev and R_st), as well as B_w and AI anisotropy parameters. Furthermore, the chemical parameters used were chosen according to their significant variation in coals, namely volatile matter, carbon, and hydrogen contents calculated in dry ash free basis (VM_daf, C_daf, H_daf), as well as the H/C atomic ratio. Structural organization was characterized by micro-Raman spectroscopy and XRD. Raman parameters used were the full width at half maximum (FWHM) and position of G and D1 bands on the first-order Raman spectrum, and the ID1/IG intensity area ratio. The selected XRD parameters were interlayer spacing d₀₀₂, and crystallite sizes L_a and L_c.Results show that: (i) R_MAX RIS axis seems to correlate best with chemical and micro-structural parameters; (ii) for the majority of studied samples, H_daf and H/C atomic ratio are the only chemical parameters with significant correlations with R_MAX; (iii) the FWHM of the G band of Raman spectrum shows good linear correlation with the XRD parameter d₀₀₂; and, (iv) structural organization of carbon materials, as measured by trends in their optical and crystalline parameters, is influenced by their hydrogen content (daf basis) and therefore by the H/C atomic ratio.     

辽南晚更新世风成沉积序列与古气候意义

作为中国东部重要的第四纪风成堆积地层,辽南风成沉积反映的气候振荡记录对于揭示区域古气候变化、东亚季风变迁等有着不言而喻的重要性。本研究利用辽南老虎村5.44 m厚的风成沉积剖面作为研究对象,采用光释光（OSL）测年技术建立了研究区沉积地层的年代框架,通过岩石学和代用指标重建了晚更新世期间的风成沉积历史。结果表明：风成活动发生在71.7~61.7 ka,49.4~42.4 ka和约23.0 ka,分别对应深海氧同位素阶段（MIS）5a~4、3b和2,寒冷干燥的气候条件与增强的东亚冬季风促使风成活动加剧;而MIS 3a和MIS 3c的沉积中断可能受到了暖湿气候的影响。研究区的粒度数据表明在MIS5/4转变时期有一个短暂的冬季风波动,同时,中值粒径增大可能与海因里希事件（H6、H5、H2）有关,未来仍需更多的区域气候纪录来支持这一观点。

     

地震属性参数在煤层厚度预测中的应用

薄煤层厚度的变化必然引起地震波场属性参数的变化。借鉴油气勘探中提取地震属性参数技术,通过引入小波变换工具,在不同频段提取小波域属性参数,并利用BP神经网络技术进行多参数煤层厚度的综合预测,经实际资料验证,预测精度较高,误差小于10%。     

Stratigraphy,pollen analysis,and paleoclimatic interpretation of Pulbeena Swamp,northwestern Tasmania

Sedimentary, palynologic, and ¹⁴C analysis of 480 cm of freshwater marl and swamp-peat deposits, formed under the influence of fluctuating artesian springs, provides a paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic record of approximately 65,000 yr for northwestern Tasmania.The Holocene (Pollen Zone 1, 11,000-0 yr B.P.) climate was warm and moist, and forest vegetation was dominant throughout the area. During the later part of the last glacial stage (Pollen Zone 2, 35,000–11,000 yr B.P.) the climate was generally drier, and grassy open environments were widespread. The driest part of this period occurred between 25,000 to 11,000 yr B.P., when temperatures in western Tasmania were markedly reduced during the last major phase of glaciation. Prior to 35,000 yr B.P. (Pollen Zones 3–9) a long “interstadial complex” dating to the middle of the last glacial stage is recognized. During this period the climate was generally moist, and forest and scrub communities were more important than during the later part of the last glacial stage, except during Pollen Zone 5 when high Gramineae plus Compositae values suggest drier conditions. High Gramineae and Compositae values also occur in Pollen Zone 10 at the base of the diagram. They suggest that a phase of drier and cooler climatic conditions occurred during the early part of the last glacial stage.     

Clay mineralogy of archaeological soil: an approach to paleoclimatic and environmental reconstruction of the archaeological sites of the Paharpur area,Badalgacchi upazila,Naogaon district,Bangladesh

A geo-archaeological examination was carried out in and around the Paharpur area, Badalgacchi upazila of Naogaon District in the north-western part of Bangladesh. Clay mineralogy and global paleo-temperature curves were used to determine the paleoclimatic and depositional environmental conditions of the Holocene archaeological soils (Barind clay residuum) of the Paharpur archaeological spot. Clay mineralogical data show that the dominant clay mineral is illite with subordinate amounts of kaolinite and chlorite. The high illite and low kaolinite content implies a marine or estuarine deposit. The clay mineral ratio log diagram, constructed by plotting the 7–10°Å integrated intensity ratios versus depth, supports this assumption. The presence of illite, together with quartz and feldspar, suggests high detrital input under generally cool to temperate and dry climates. Chlorite is another common by-product of weathering reactions with low hydrolysis, which is typical for cool to temperate and dry climates. The results suggest the existence of a marine–estuarine influence under a generally cool to temperate and dry climates around Paharpur and the surrounding region throughout the Pala dynasty around mid-century 700 a.d. to early 1100 a.d. Furthermore, this observation is consistent with the global paleo-temperature curves.