Slow,dense replenishments of a basic magma chamber: the layered series of the Newark Island layered intrusion,Nain, Labrador

The Newark Island layered intrusion is a composite layered intrusion within the Nain anorthosite complex, Labrador. The intrusion comprises a lower layered series (LS) dominated by troctolites, olivine gabbros and oxide-rich cumulates and an upper hybrid series (HS) characterized by a wide range of mafic, granitic and hybrid cumulates and discontinuous layers of chilled mafic rocks (Wiebe 1988). The HS crystallized from a series of replenishments of both silicic and basic magmas. The LS crystallized from periodically replenished basic magmas. The LS has a lower zone that consists mainly of olivine-plagioclase cumulates and contains minor cryptic reversals in mineral compositions that resulted from replenishments of relatively primitive magma. An upper zone is dominated by olivine-plagioclaseaugite-ilmenite cumulates. Cumulus titanomagnetite and pyrrhotite occur within some oxide-rich cumulates, and the stratigraphically highest layers contain cumulus apatite. At intermediate levels in the sequence, cumulus inverted pigeonite occurs in place of olivine. Several prominent regressions in the stratigraphy of the upper zone are marked by fine-grained troctolitic layers with much higher Mg no. [100 MgO/(MgO+FeO)] and anorthite than underlying cumulates. These layers coarsen upward and grade back to oxide-bearing olivine gabbros within thicknesses ranging from 10 cm to 15 m. Dikes that cut the LS have major- and trace-element compositions that strongly suggest that they are feeders for the replenishments. In the lower zone when olivine and plagioclase were the only cumulus phases, replenishments were less dense than the resident magma and rose as plumes and mixed with it. Precipitation of cumulus oxides in the upper zone lowered the density of resident magma so that subsequent replenishments were more dense than resident magma. Replenishments that occurred after oxides began to precipitate had small injection velocities. These post-oxide injections flowed along the interface between resident magma and the cumulate pile and precipitated flow-banded, fine-grained troctolites.     

Major Addition of Magma at the Pyroxenite Marker in the Western Bushveld Complex, South Africa

A major, but gradual, reversal in the cryptic variation patternof the plagioclase and pyroxenes, of 13 mol% anorthite and 10mol% Mg/ (Mg + Fe) respectively, is documented in the Main Zoneof the western Bush veld Complex. These changes are accompaniedby a decrease in initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio from > 0.708 to< 0.707. The Pyroxenite Marker, a distinctive orthopyroxenitelayer, occurs close to the top of this reversed differentiationsequence. This is attributed to addition of less differentiatedmagma. On the basis of a mass balance calculation of the initial⁸⁷Sr/ ⁸⁶Sr ratios, it is estimated that the volume of magmaadded was comparable to that of the resident magma. Increases in the Fe₂O₃, TiO₂, Al₂O₃, and Na₂O contents of thepyroxenes above the level of magma addition indicate that thenew magma had a lower silica activity and higher fO₂ than theresident magma. Quantification of the trace element and REEcontent of the two magmas is hampered by the very low proportionof trapped intercumulus component in these adcumulate rocks.However, semi-quantitative modelling indicates that the traceand REE signatures of the two magmas were similar, with moderateLREE enrichment and flat HREE profiles. The new magma had aslightly higher La/ Sm ratio than the resident magma, consistentwith its more alkaline nature. The new magma was probably added gradually, while 100–150m of cumulates formed. It probably intruded at an intermediatelevel within an existing stratified magma chamber, where itcooled and crystallized, and composite packets of liquid pluscrystals plunged to the base of the chamber. The cores of plagioclasegrains formed during this mixing interval show a wider rangeof compositions than in other sections, and plagioclase primocrystsfrom both magmas may be preserved within single samples. Therefore,although intimate physical mixing of packets of unknown sizeof the two magmas occurred, re-equilibration of the major oxidecomposition of the plagioclase primocrysts was not achieved.However, the data and calculations based on diffusion ratesindicate that partial Sr isotopic resetting of plagioclase mayhave occurred.     

Origin of composite dikes in the Gouldsboro granite, coastal Maine

Composite dikes, consisting of aphyric basaltic margins and phenocryst-rich rhyolitic interiors, cut the Gouldsboro granite of coastal Maine at many localities. Limited hybridization (exchange of crystals, commingling, and mixing) occurs in most of the dikes and indicates that the two magmas were contemporaneous with emplacement of rhyolitic magma following closely in time the initial emplacement of the basaltic dike. Petrographic characteristics and geochemistry indicate that the source of the rhyolite was resident magma in the Gouldsboro granite magma chamber. The composite dikes formed when basaltic dikes ruptured the Gouldsboro magma chamber, permitting partly crystallized magma from the margin of the chamber to flow outward into the center of the basaltic dikes. Field relations of similar composite dikes in other areas (e.g., Iceland, Scotland) are consistent with this model. A second type of composite dike (silicic margins with chilled basaltic pillows) commonly cuts mafic intrusions along the Maine coast and probably formed when a granitic dike ruptured an established chamber of mafic magma, permitting resident mafic magma to collapse downward into the still Liquid granitic dike. Most composite dikes have probably formed when a magma chamber was disrupted by a dike of contrasting magma rather than by tapping a stratified magma chamber.     

ASPECTS OF THE EVOLUTION OF MAGMATIC MELTS IN THE CRYSTALLIZATION OF HYBRID MAGMAS,AS ILLUSTRATED BY TERTIARY GRANITIC ROCKS OF KAMCHATKA

Melting of basic to intermediate composition effusives enclosed in granitic magma forms a hybrid magma which subsequently can crystallize into granodiorite, quartz-diorite, and diorite. Crystallization of this hybrid magmatic melt proceeds along lines different from a normal differentiation of granitic magmas. Plagioclase in hybrid rocks is strongly zoned and dominantly andesine approaching, in places, the composition of labradorite. Outer zones of these crystals are andesine and oligoclase. In granitic rocks plagioclase is acid andesine to oligoclase. Outer zones get up to albite in composition. Pyriboles and biotite also show diagnostic optical features for crystallization of hybrid vs primary granitic magmas. Plagioclase composition that is coprecipitating with the crystallization of ferromagnesians, potassic feldspar, and quartz is of critical importance. Granitic and alaskitic magmas, in contrast to hybrid magmas, undergo anchieutectic crystallization. Changes in the alkali regimen of each of the two magma types affects the composition and crystallization order of the rock-forming minerals. Assimilation phenomena associated with the formation of hybrid rocks is aided by diffusion flow and infiltration flow of particles. --R. M. Hutchinson.     

Interaction between mafic and felsic magmas in subvolcanic environment (Tastau igneous complex,eastern Kazakhstan)

The paper reports the results of integrated geological, petrological, geochemical, and geochronological studies of the Tastau igneous ring complex in the Zaisan orogen of eastern Kazakhstan. Interaction between felsic and mafic magmas has been studied. Hybrid rocks are represented by gabbros and diorites injected into a granitic magma chamber. They occur as dikes and pillow-like and globular mafic bodies variously disintegrated and mixed with host granitoids. The age of synplutonic rocks is 242 ± 20 Ma (U/Pb zircon dating), which is, with regard to analytical error, substantially younger than it was presumed.Mechanisms of interaction between felsic and mafic magmas have been studied. They include mechanical (mingling) and chemical (mixing) interaction, which produce composite mixtures and hybrid rocks. The ratios of mafic to felsic components involved in the formation of intermediate rocks were calculated from major elements by regression analysis and tested with regard to rare and trace elements. The model for mingling includes rapid quenching of the mafic melt when it is injected into the granitic magma chamber, decomposition of crystalline fragments, dispersion of fragments and crystals in the magma chamber under conditions of rapid turbulent flow, and enrichment of felsic magma with femic components to produce monzonitic magmas.     

新疆尾亚矿区3期岩浆混合作用的初步研究

新疆东天山的尾亚钒钛磁铁矿矿区，发育3期岩浆混合作用。第一期为辉长质与花岗质岩浆混合．并生成闪长质岩石；第二期为闪长质与花岗质岩浆的混合，生成了石英二长质岩浆；第三期为石英二长岩浆与闪长质岩浆的混合。在各类岩石氧化物对SiO2的哈克图解上，尾亚3期岩浆混合岩石的投影点分别呈相关的线性关系。在稀土和微量元素方面，3期岩浆混合作用形成的岩石分别表现出相近的地球化学特征。配分曲线形态各自相似．形成的过渡岩石——岩浆混合岩类与各自的端元岩石具有继承关系。3期岩浆混合作用之间具有明显的继承性：第一期形成的岩浆混合岩，成分相当于闪长岩，与第二期岩浆混合的基性端元属同类岩石．且与第二期各类岩石具有相似的地球化学特征；第二期形成的石英二长闪长岩，与第三期的端元岩石石英二长斑岩体完全可以对比。尾亚地区的3期岩浆混合作用表明，混合作用可以是多阶段、多期次的，本区火成岩类最初的母岩浆是酸性的陆壳硅铝质和基性的幔源铁镁质岩浆。岩浆混合作用反映了本区壳幔相互作用的本质。     

Fractional crystallization and magma mixing in the Tigalak layered intrusion,the Nain anorthosite complex,Labrador

The Tigalak intrusion is a dominantly dioritic layered body, about 80 km² in area, which ranges in composition from norite to granodiorite. Local areas of the layered rocks display upward fractionation from norite to ferrodiorite. Periodic reversals of mineral composition trends record the emplacement of less fractionated dioritic magma. Heterogeneous mixtures of dioritic and granodioritic rocks occur widely in mappable lenses and layers that alternate up section and along the strike with more uniformly layered rocks. In these mixtures, chilled dioritic pillows occur abundantly in a hybrid cumulate matrix of granodiorite to diorite composition. Cross-cutting granodioritic dikes grade upward into stratigraphically-bound lensoid masses of the hybrid cumulates. It appears that the hybrid rocks formed as a result of the emplacement of the granodioritic magma through lower cumulates into the dioritic magma chamber and that the dioritic pillows represent chilled bodies of Ferich dioritic magma that commingled with cooler granodioritic magma and settled to the floor of the Tigalak magma chamber. The restricted distribution of these mixtures of hybrid cumulates and chilled pillows indicates that mixing between granodioritic and dioritic liquids was limited in time and lateral extent. Periodic injections of granodioritic liquids may have collected as a separate layer below the roof of the magma chamber and above dioritic magma.     

Intrusion of basaltic magma into a crystallizing granitic magma chamber: The Cordillera del Paine pluton in southern Chile

The Cordillera del Paine pluton in the southernmost Andes of Chile represents a deeply dissected magma chamber where mafic magma intruded into crystallizing granitic magma. Throughout much of the 10x15 km pluton, there is a sharp and continuous boundary at a remarkably constant elevation of 1,100 m that separates granitic rocks (Cordillera del Paine or CP granite: 69–77% SiO₂) which make up the upper levels of the pluton from mafic and comingled rocks (Paine Mafic Complex or PMC: 45–60% SiO₂) which dominate the lower exposures of the pluton. Chilled, crenulate, disrupted contacts of mafic rock against granite demonstrate that partly crystallized granite was intruded by mafic magma which solidified prior to complete crystallization of the granitic magma. The boundary at 1,100 m was a large and stable density contrast between the denser, hotter mafic magma and cooler granitic magma. The granitic magma was more solidified near the margins of the chamber when mafic intrusion occurred, and the PMC is less disrupted by granites there. Near the pluton margins, the PMC grades upward irregularly from cumulate gabbros to monzodiorites. Mafic magma differentiated largely by fractional crystallization as indicated by the presence of cumulate rocks and by the low levels of compatible elements in most PMC rocks. The compositional gap between the PMC and CP granite indicates that mixing (blending) of granitic magma into the mafic magma was less important, although it is apparent from mineral assemblages in mafic rocks. Granitic magma may have incorporated small amounts of mafic liquid that had evolved to >60% SiO₂ by crystallization. Mixing was inhibited by the extent of crystallization of the granite, and by the thermal contrast and the stable density contrast between the magmas. PMC gabbros display disequilibrium mineral assemblages including early formed zoned olivine (with orthopyroxene coronas), clinopyroxene, calcic plagioclase and paragasite and later-formed amphibole, sodic plagioclase, mica and quartz. The early formed gabbroic minerals (and their coronas) are very similar to phenocrysts in late basaltic dikes that cut the upper levels of the CP granite. The inferred parental magmas of both dikes and gabbros were very similar to subalkaline basalts of the Patagonian Plateau that erupted at about the same time, 35 km to the east. Mafic and silicic magmas at Cordillera del Paine are consanguineous, as demonstrated by alkalinity and trace-element ratios. However, the contemporaneity of mafic and silicic magmas precludes a parent-daughter relationship. The granitic magma most likely was derived by differentiation of mafic magmas that were similar to those that later intruded it. Or, the granitic magma may have been contaminated by mafic magmas similar to the PMC magmas before its shallow emplacement. Mixing would be favored at deeper levels when the cooling rate was lower and the granitic magma was less solidified.     

Magmatic evolution of the Løkken SSZ Ophiolite,Norwegian Caledonides: Relationships between anomalous lavas and high-level intrusions

The Lower Ordovician Løkken ophiolite fragment shows a tripartite subdivision of its thick volcanic sequence into: (1) an Upper Volcanic Member (UVM) of transitional MORB/IAT character, comprising basalts or, in a related, thrust-bounded sequence, a bimodal basalt-rhyolite assemblage; (2) a Middle Volcanic Member (MVM) derived from widely variable, generally MORB-related magmas; and (3) a Lower Volcanic Member (LVM) of N-type MORB basalts which locally passes into an underlying sheeted dyke complex. The UVM and LVM were fed from relatively deep-seated magma chambers, and lavas were erupted at moderate flow rates to form predominantly pillow lavas. The whole sequence is interpreted as having formed in a marginal basin setting. The MVM is characterized by abundant voluminous sheet basalts thought to have been erupted at high flow rates. The volcanites had their source, through extensive dyke swarms, in high-level magmas which intruded the sheeted dyke complex and parts of the LVM, possibly in a near-axial seamount setting. The magmas differentiated to form plagiogranitic melts, with a wide range of conjunctive, mafic to intermediate cumulates. This plutonic assemblage, possibly in crystal mush form, was subsequently intruded by new, mafic magma, leading partly to large-scale remelting or assimilation of cumulus phases. These processes are reflected in the MVM by common hybrid flows, as well as local intermediate lavas having the geochemical characteristics of cumulates, erupted during a period of intense faulting. Major tapping of the primary, mafic magma occurred toward the end of the period of MVM volcanism. A predominance of voluminous, apparently fluid, massive flows in the MVM is mainly ascribed to the shallow depth of magma reservoirs.     

Field evidence,mineral chemical and geochemical constraints on mafic-felsic magma interactions in a vertically zoned magma chamber from the Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex of Eastern India

The Nimchak granite pluton (NGP) of Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex (CGGC), Eastern India, provides ample evidence of magma interaction in a plutonic regime for the first time in this part of the Indian shield. A number of outcrop level magmatic structures reported from many mafic-felsic mixing and mingling zones worldwide, such as synplutonic dykes, mafic magmatic enclaves and hybrid rocks extensively occur in our study domain. From field observations it appears that the Nimchak pluton was a vertically zoned magma chamber that was intruded by a number of mafic dykes during the whole crystallization history of the magma chamber leading to magma mixing and mingling scenario. The lower part of the pluton is occupied by coarse-grained granodiorite (64.84–66.61?wt.% SiO₂), while the upper part is occupied by fine-grained granite (69.80–70.57?wt.% SiO₂). Field relationships along with textural and geochemical signatures of the pluton suggest that it is a well-exposed felsic magma chamber that was zoned due to fractional crystallization. The intruding mafic magma interacted differently with the upper and lower granitoids. The lower granodiorite is characterized by mafic feeder dykes and larger mafic magmatic enclaves, whereas the enclaves occurring in the upper granite are comparatively smaller and the feeder dykes could not be traced here, except two late-stage mafic dykes. The mafic enclaves occurring in the upper granite show higher degrees of hybridization with respect to those occurring in the lower granite. Furthermore, enclaves are widely distributed in the upper granite, whereas enclaves in the lower granite occur adjacent to the main feeder dykes.Geochemical signatures confirm that the intermediate rocks occurring in the Nimchak pluton are mixing products formed due to the mixing of mafic and felsic magmas. A number of important physical properties of magmas like temperature, viscosity, glass transition temperature and fragility have been used in magma mixing models to evaluate the process of magma mixing. A geodynamic model of pluton construction and evolution is presented that shows episodic replenishments of mafic magma into the crystallizing felsic magma chamber from below. Data are consistent with a model whereby mafic magma ponded at the crust-mantle boundary and melted the overlying crust to form felsic (granitic) magma. The mafic magma episodically rose, injected and interacted with an overlying felsic magma chamber that was undergoing fractional crystallization forming hybrid intermediate rocks. The intrusion of mafic magma continued after complete solidification of the magma chamber as indicated by the presence of two late-stage mafic dykes.     

Fractionation,hybridisation and magma-mixing in the Kialineq centre East Greenland

The igneous rocks of the Kialineq centre on the coast of East Greenland at 67°N include a number of quartz syenite and granite plutons intruded 35my BP. These are subvolcanic bodies emplaced by cauldron subsidence and with ring-dike and bell-jar form. Associated with the major intrusions is an extensive acid-basic mixed magma complex. Two-liquid structures, chilling of basic against acid magma, pillows of basic in acid, and net-veining of basic by acid magma, are superbly displayed. The basic magma was of a transitional or alkaline type and underwent varying degrees of fractionation in a regime of repeated intrusions and diverse chambers. Heterogeneous hybrid rocks intermediate between basalt and quartz syenite are strongly developed and were formed by repeated mechanical mixing of contrasting magmas. The energy for this mixing probably came in the main from cauldron-block subsidence. The quartz syenite magma, which itself fractionated towards granite, has initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios the same as the basic magma and is itself believed to be a fractionation product of alkali basalt magma.     

The Munni Munni Complex, Western Australia: Stratigraphy, Structure and Petrogenesis

The late Archaean Munni Munni Complex is a layered mafic-ultramaficintrusion emplaced into granitic rocks of the west Pilbara Block.It consists of a lower Ultramafic Zone with a maximum thicknessof 1850 m and an overlying Gabbroic Zone at least 3600 m thick.There are strong geometrical and stratigraphic similaritiesto the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe. The Ultramafic Zone comprises multiple macrorhythmic cyclesof olivine-clinopyroxene adcumulates and mesocumulates. Layeringdips towards the centre of the intrusion and trends laterallyinto a narrow and variably contaminated chilled margin. Higherlayers extend progressively further up the sloping floor ofthe intrusion. Cryptic layering is defined by rapid fluctuationsin Cr content of cumulus clinopyroxene, accompanied by relativelysmall variation in Fe/Mg ratio. The base of the Gabbroic Zone is marked by the first appearanceof cumulus plagioclase and the simultaneous appearance of pigeoniteas a persistent cumulus phase. Magnetite appears as a cumulusphase 400–600 m above this. Gabbroic Zone cumulates showa gradual linear upward increase in Fe/Mg and an absence ofcyclic layering, suggesting crystallization in a closed chamber. Chilled margin samples show evidence of in situ contamination,but indicate that the parent magma to the ultramafic portionof the intrusion was a high-Mg, low-Ti basalt with similaritiesto typical Archaean siliceous high-Mg basalts. Partial meltingof granitic wall rocks occurred along steep side walls but wasless extensive along the shallow-dipping floor. A pyroxenitedyke, the Cadgerina Dyke, intersects the floor of the intrusionat a level close to the top of the Ultramafic Zone, and appearsto have acted as a feeder conduit to the Gabbroic Zone and theuppermost layers of the Ultramafic Zone. The contact zone between the Ultramafic Zone and the GabbroicZone is a distinctive 30–50 m thick pyroxenite layer,the Porphyritic Websterite Layer, which also exlends laterallyup the side walls of the intrusion to form a 200 m thick marginalborder zone separating Gabbroic Zone cumulates from countryrock granites. A distinctive suite of bronzite-rich xenoliths,some containing Al-rich, Cr-poor spinel seams, occurs withinand just above the Porphyritic Websterite Layer in the centralpart of the intrusion. There is a steep gradient of decreasing Cr and increasing Fe/Mgin cumulus clinopyroxenes across the upper 100 m of the UltramaficZone. A sharp downward step in Cr occurs a few metres belowthe base of the Gabbroic Zone, immediately beneath a stronglyorthocumulate layer of augite cumulate containing disseminatedplatinum-group element (PGE)-rich sulphides. Lateral pyroxenecomposition trends within the Porphyritic Websterite Layer canbe accounted for by an increase in cumulus porosity as thislayer approaches the floor of the intrusion. Quantitative modelling of pyroxene composition trends indicatesthat Ultramafic Zone cumulates crystallized from relativelysmall volumes of magma, an order of magnitude less than thesize of the magma body inferred from trends in the GabbroicZone. This conclusion, together with the geometry of the PorphyriticWebsterite Layer, implies that the Porphyritic Websterite Layermarks a level at which the chamber expanded as a result of amajor new influx of magma. Pyroxene composition trends indicatethat this influx was of a distinetly different and more fractionatedcomposition than that parental to the Ultramafic Zone. Injection of fractionated tholeiitic magma into more primitivehigh-Mg basalt resident magma formed a turbulent fountain, whichentrained the resident magma and formed a cool, dense basalhybrid layer. Crystallization of the Porphyritic WebsteriteLayer occurred where the top of this hybrid layer impinged onthe sloping floor. Continuing injection of tholeiitic magmaexpanded the thickness of the hybrid layer, causing the PorphyriticWebsterite Layer to accrete progressively up the sloping floorand the walls. After the conclusion of the influx phase, thehybrid layer became homogenized to a final tholeiite-rich composition,which eventually crystallized to form the Gabbroic Zone. Thexenolithic rocks within and above the Porphyritic WebsteriteLayer were probably derived initially by crystallization ofa contaminated silica-enriched melt layer at the roof of theintrusion, followed by detachment and sinking or slumping tothe floor. Orthopyroxene phenocrysts within the PorphyriticWebsterite Layer may also have originated within this roof zone.     

The ultramafic cumulate series,Gardiner complex,East Greenland

The ultramafic cumulate series of the ultramafic, alkaline and carbonatite bearing Gardiner complex in East Greenland is divided in: 1) Contact zone of plagio-clase-bearing alkaline rocks chilled to the surrounding gneisses and alkaline lavas; 2) a banded sequence of dunites to mt-pyroxenites; 3) a zoned dunite — cpx-dunite ring and 4) in the centre of the complex ol-pyroxenites and mt-pyroxenites.The zones and bands are superimposed with gradational contacts and are increasingly younger towards the centre of the complex. Primocrysts and intercumulus phases, which are equivalent to phenocryst phases in magmatic liquids show that these rocks accumulated from nephelinitic to nepheline-hawaiitic magmas and the contact rocks from less alkaline basanitic magma types similar to the regional alkaline magmas.The cumulates apparently formed in a magma chamber of a nephelinitic volcano, resting on the regional basalts of the Kangerdlugssuaq area.     

Petrology of mafic enclaves in the 2006–2012 eruptive products of Bezymianny Volcano,Kamchatka

This paper reports the results of the first comprehensive petrological study of mafic enclaves widespread in the products of recent (2006–2012) eruptions of Bezymianny Volcano, Kamchatka. Four types of mafic enclaves were distinguished on the basis of the composition and morphology of minerals, P–T conditions of formation of mineral assemblages, and structural and textural characteristics of the rocks. Disequilibrium assemblages of mafic enclaves indicate a complex structure of the magmatic plumbing system of the volcano, including a shallow chamber with andesite–basaltic andesite magmas and a deep reservoir filled in part with plagioclase–hornblende cumulates and fed by basic magmas with mantle harzburgite xenoliths. The mafic enclaves were formed at different levels of the magmatic plumbing system of the volcano and correspond to different degrees of mixing of interacting magmas. The most abundant enclaves were formed during magma ascent from the deep reservoir (960–1040°C, 5–9 kbar) into the shallow andesitic chamber (940–980°C). Enclaves of plagioclase–hornblende cumulates from the basic magmas feeding the deep reservoir (T > 1090°C and P > 9 kbar) are much less common.     

Two magmatic series with island arc affinities within the vourinos ophiolite

Within the Vourinos ophiolite evidence of two magmatic series has been preserved in cognate cumulates and in effusive and hypabyssal rocks, which constitute the earlier Krapa sequence and the younger Asprokambo sequence. The Asprokambo dyke basic magmas which are poor in incompatible elements and relatively Ni and Cr rich, bear some resemblance to very low Ti basalts (transitional to boninites) found in subduction related arcs or interarc basins. Krapa series magmas from sills, massive and pillow lavas are best equated with low-K tholeiites of island arc suites. Compositions of Al- and Ti- poor Cpx in lavas from both series are comparable to those in island arc basalts, the Asprokambo Cpx being richer in Ca and Cr than those from Krapa.The large volume of cumulates from the Krapa sequence displays the following crystallization order: Ol±Sp, Cpx, Pl±Opx, Mt. Periodic influx of fresh magma batches into the magma chamber occurred mainly during the formation of the lower cumulates (wehrlite, Ol-clinopyroxenite and melagabbro). The upper cumulates, gabbronorite and leucogabbronorite with minor Mt-bearing gabbronorite, crystallized in the upper levels of a magma chamber which became progressively smaller with time. In the Asprokambo sequence, Ol+Sp, Opx, Cpx, PI and Amph are the successively crystallizing phases. The ortho to heteradcumulates consist of websterite, Pl-websterite, gabbronorite, amphibole bearing leuconorite, diorite and granophyre. In cumulates, especially in the lower Krapa sequence, significant subsolidus reaction was probably induced by the persistence of high geothermal gradients linked to continuous magmatism. Petrological features indicate that the evolution of the Krapa series is more compatible with an intermediate fractional/equilibrium crystallization history in an initially open system, whereas nearly perfect fractional crystallization in closed system may have occurred in the small Asprokambo magma chambers. Chemical variations in the lavas of both series can be explained in terms of crystallization of the observed cumulates. Significantly, the Asprokambo intrusives have igneous Mg-hornblende and vanadium bearing, chromian, aluminous titaniferous magnetite, crystallization of which is responsible for the calcalkaline evolutionary trend of these rocks. Major and trace element modelling necessitates a two stage model for the petrogenesis of the Vourinos parental melts, involving high-degree remelting of previously depleted mantle sources favoured by the influx of subduction derived hydrous fluids. The primary magmas parental to the Krapa and Asprokambo series could have been derived respectively by 20 and 30% equilibrium partial fusion of variably depleted lherzolitic sources, leaving residua having a harzburgitic to dunitic composition.     

Compositional Layering and Syn-eruptive Mixing of a Periodically Refilled Shallow Magma Chamber: the AD 79 Plinian Eruption of Vesuvius

A detailed study of the pyroclastic deposits of the AD 79 ‘Pompei’Plinian eruption of Vesuvius has allowed: (1) reconstructionof the thermal, compositional and isotopic (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) pre-eruptivelayering of the shallow magma chamber; (2) quantitative definitionof the syn-eruptive mixing between the different magmas occupyingthe chamber, and its relationships with eruption dynamics; (3)recognition of the variability of mafic magma batches supplyingthe chamber. During the different phases of the eruption 25–30%of the magma was ejected as white K-phonolitic pumice, and 70–75%as grey K-tephri-phonolitic pumice. The white pumice resultsfrom the tapping of progressively deeper magma from a body (T= 850–900%C) consisting of two distinct layers mainlyformed by crystal fractionation. The grey pumice results fromsyn-eruptive mixing involving three main end-members: the phonolitic‘white’ magmas (salic end-member, SEM), mafic cumulates(cumulate end-member, CEM) and a crystal-poor ‘grey’phono-tephritic magma (mafic end-member, MEM), which was nevererupted without first being mixed with ‘white’ magma.Evidence is provided that mixing occurred within the chamberand was characterized by a transition with time from physicalmixing at a microscopic scale to chemical hybridization. TheMEM magma had a homogeneous composition and constant ⁸⁷Sr⁸⁶Srisotopic ratio, possibly as a result of sustained convection.No unambiguous liquidus phases were found, suggesting that theMEM magma was superheated (T = 1000–1100C); its verylow viscosity was a main cause in the establishment of a physicaldiscontinuity separating the white and the grey magmas. Thewhite-grey boundary layer possibly consisted of a multiply diffusiveinterface, periodically broken and recreated, supplying thephonolitic body through mixing of moderate amounts of fractionatedgrey melts with the overlying white magma. The presence of alarge overheated mass indicates the young, growing stage ofthe AD 79 chamber, whose main engine was the periodic arrivalof hot mafic magma batches. These were characterized by K-tephriticto K-basanitic compositions, high temperatures (>1150C),high volatile contents (20–25% H₂O +Cl+F+S), low viscosities[(1+2 10² poises)] and relatively low densities (2500–2600kg/m³). The birth of the Pompei chamber followed the repeatedarrival of these batches (on average characterized by ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr070729)into a reservoir containing a tephriticphonolitic, crystal-enriched,magma, a residue from the preceding ‘Avellino’ Plinianeruption (3400 BP).In fact, about half of magma ejected duringthe AD 79 eruption could have been inherited from pre-Avellinotimes. KEY WORDS: Vesuvius; magma chamber; magma mixing; compositional layering phonolites; magma supply; potassic magmas ^*Correponding author     

川西新元古代花岗质杂岩体的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄、元素和Nd-Sr同位素地球化学研究:岩石成因与构造意义

扬子块体西缘新元古代岩浆活动十分强烈,其成因对于研究Rodinia超大陆的演化有重要意义.目前对这些岩浆的成因和形成的构造背景存在地幔柱和岛弧两种不同的观点.本文对川西康滇裂谷中四川西昌一带出露的摩挲营花岗岩体和性质相似的周边花岗质小岩体,以及岩体中出露的基性岩墙进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄、元素和Sr-Nd同位素的研究表明:这些酸性、基性岩体形成于842～790Ma,基本为同时代的侵入岩;花岗岩基中普遍发育中性包体,为岩浆混合作用的表现;花岗岩起源于古老的下地壳,基性岩起源于亏损的软流圈地幔.本文的研究结果支持华南位于澳大利亚和Laurentia大陆之间的Rodinia超大陆重建模式.     

西秦岭三叠纪酸性侵入岩中高An值斜长石的成因及其地质意义

研究I型花岗岩中再循环晶的成分和结构特征，对揭示岩浆系统的形成和演化历史以及壳源和幔源岩浆的相互作用具有重要的意义。本文以西秦岭北西段三叠纪过马营复式岩体内的不同造岩矿物为主要研究对象，通过对具有不同结构特征的斜长石"粗晶"和黑云母展开电子探针（EMPA）、LA-ICP-MS微量元素面扫描、原位Sr同位素分析，来探讨含高An斜长石的成因，示踪不同岩浆房端员的属性，约束岩浆演化过程并建立多级岩浆房模型。过马营复式岩体的岩性分为偏铝质花岗岩类和过铝质花岗闪长岩类，两类岩性中均存在An值呈突变的筛状结构斜长石，即高An（72~85）区与低An（20~55）区在同一颗粒中并存，其对应主、微量元素也存在截然变化。与低An区相比，高An区具有高Fe、Mg，高Ba的特征。高钙区斜长石可进一步分为两类，第1类高钙区斜长石（An₈₀-₈₅），和第2类高钙区斜长石（An₇₂-₇₈）。第1类高钙区比第2类高钙斜长石区具有更高的Ca、Al、Fe、Mg、Ba含量。本研究中斜长石晶体存在核_高An-边_低An与核_低An-幔_高An-边_低An两种不同类型的环带结构，表明其各自的生长过程有所不同。高An区与低An区之间An值跳跃式的变化与对应主、微量元素Fe、Mg、Sr、Ba含量特征均指示斜长石成分差异并非晶内扩散、动力学作用以及物理条件的变化造成的，更可能形成于开放的岩浆系统。本文认为斜长石粗晶为再循环晶，其内部的高An区形成于深部富H₂O玄武质岩浆，低An区形成于浅部酸性岩浆房（偏铝质与过铝质）。两种不同高钙区斜长石及其对应的主、微量元素差异指示它们很可能结晶于两批次不同的玄武质岩浆，其中第1类高钙区斜长石的母岩浆相对更富Fe、Mg、Ba。两种玄武质岩浆携带高An斜长石沿岩浆通道向上运移，上升过程熔蚀先前结晶的高An斜长石，将其带入浅部酸性岩浆房后与内部花岗质/花岗闪长质岩浆发生混合。混合之后的岩浆沿高An斜长石残晶边部继续结晶生长，同时高温玄武质岩浆的注入导致浅部岩浆房已结晶的低An斜长石被熔蚀形成筛状结构，随后玄武质岩浆、混合后岩浆依次沿其边部继续生长。我们认为两批次的玄武质岩浆体积较小并未对浅部酸性岩浆房成分造成大的影响。     

Concentric zoning in the Tunk Lake pluton,coastal Maine

The Tunk Lake pluton of coastal Maine, USA is a concentrically zoned granitic body that grades from an outer hypersolvus granite into subsolvus rapakivi granite, and then into subsolvus non-rapakivi granite, with gradational contacts between these zones. The pluton is partially surrounded by a zone of basaltic and gabbroic enclaves, interpreted as quenched magmatic droplets and mushes, respectively, as well as gabbroic xenoliths, all hosted by high-silica granite. The granite is zoned in terms of mineral assemblage, mineral composition, zircon crystallization temperature, and major and trace element concentration, from the present-day rim (interpreted as being closer to the base of the chamber) to the core (interpreted as being closer to the upper portions of the chamber). The ferromagnesian mineral assemblage systematically changes from augite and hornblende with augite cores in the outermost hypersolvus granite to hornblende, to hornblende and biotite, and finally, to biotite only in the subsolvus granite core of the pluton. Sparse fine-grained basaltic enclaves that are most common in the outermost zone of the pluton suggest that basaltic magma was present in the lower portions of the magma chamber at the same time that the upper portions of the magma chamber were occupied by a granitic crystal mush. However, the slight variations in initial Nd isotopic ratio in granites from different zones of the pluton suggest that contamination of the granitic melt by basaltic melt played little role in generating the compositional gradation of the pluton. The zone of basaltic and gabbroic chilled magmatic enclaves, and gabbroic xenoliths, hosted by high-silica granite, that partially surround the pluton is interpreted as mafic layers at the base of the pluton that were disrupted by invading late-stage high-silica magma. These mafic layers are likely to have consisted of basaltic lava layers and basalt that chilled against granitic magma to produce coarse-grained gabbroic mush. Basaltic and gabbroic magmatic enclaves and gabbroic xenoliths are hornblende-bearing, suggesting that their parent melts were relatively hydrous. The water-rich nature of the underplating mafic magmas may have prevented extensive invasion of the granitic magma by these magmas, owing to the much greater viscosity of the granitic magma than the mafic magmas in the temperature range over which magma interaction could have occurred.     

Petrogenesis of Mafic to Felsic Plutonic Rock Associations: the Calc-alkaline Querigut Complex, French Pyrenees

The Quérigut mafic–felsic rock association comprisestwo main magma series. The first is felsic comprising a granodiorite–tonalite,a monzogranite and a biotite granite. The second is intermediateto ultramafic, forming small diorite and gabbro intrusions associatedwith hornblendites and olivine hornblendites. A U–Pb zirconage of 307 ± 2 Ma was obtained from the granodiorite–tonalites.Contact metamorphic minerals in the thermal aureole providea maximum emplacement pressure of between 260 and 270 MPa. Petrographiccharacteristics of the mafic and ultramafic rocks suggest crystallizationat <300 MPa, demonstrating that mantle-derived magmas ascendedto shallow levels in the Pyrenean crust during Variscan times.The ultramafic rocks are the most isotopically primitive components,with textural and geochemical features of cumulates from hydrousbasaltic magmas. None of the mafic to ultramafic rocks havedepleted mantle isotope signatures, indicating crustal contaminationor derivation from enriched mantle. Origins for the dioritesinclude accumulation from granodiorite–tonalite magma,derivatives from mafic magmas, or hybrids. The granitic rockswere formed from broadly Proterozoic meta-igneous crustal protoliths.The isotopic signatures, mineralogy and geochemistry of thegranodiorite–tonalites and monzogranites suggest crystallizationfrom different magmas with similar time-integrated Rb/Sr andSm/Nd isotope ratios, or that the granodiorite–tonalitesare cumulates from a granodioritic to monzogranitic parent.The biotite granite differs from the other felsic rocks, representinga separate magma batch. Ages for Quérigut and other Pyreneangranitoids show that post-collisional wrenching in this partof the Variscides was under way by 310 Ma. KEY WORDS: Variscan orogeny; Pyrenees; Quérigut complex; epizonal magmatism; post-thickening; mafic–felsic association