GPS和Galileo系统下RAIM算法可用性分析

介绍了RAIM算法中故障检测及其完好性保证的原理,采用STK仿真得到GPS和Galileo系统的卫星坐标及中国区域内的格网点坐标,结合航空用户对完好性需求,比较了GPS和Galileo系统下、不同类型导航性能需求的RAIM算法的可用性结果,分析了截止高度角、可视卫星数对故障检测可用性的影响.结果表明:当截止高度角越低、可视卫星数越多,故障检测的可用性越高;相同截止高度角条件时,Galileo系统下的RAIM可用性要高于GPS系统;单一的GPS导航系统难以满足垂直引导进近和精密进近等高等级的航空需求.     

接收机自主完好性监测的算法分析

RAIM技术在接收机端实现卫星完好性监测,因此,监测算法的原理、正确性和灵敏度值得分析与研究。文中给出了RAIM故障检测和识别的数学模型,同时给出了两者的完好性保证算法。对告警门限值、误警率、漏检率之间的关系进行了较为全面的分析,分析了故障检测和故障识别功能与误警率、漏检率之间的关系。分析结果表明:可视卫星数相同时,误警概率越低,FD和FI的精度越低;误警概率相同时,可视卫星数越多,FD的灵敏度越高,FI的灵敏度越低;RAIM可用性一定时,同时满足低漏检率和低误警率是不可能的。     

不同高度截止角下BDS/GPS定位分析

研究了BDS/GPS联合RTK定位的理论和算法,主要包含了BDS/GPS组合系统在不同高度截止角下的可视卫星数与PDOP值的比较;BDS与GPS观测量精度的初步评估;双频联合RTK定位的模糊度解算和定位性能的分析等。得出如下结论:BDS/GPS组合系统的可视卫星数相对单系统明显增多,PDOP值减小,在大高度截止角下,其空间几何强度依然很高;随着高度截止角的增大,BDS与GPS受多路径影响明显减弱,其中GEO卫星受多路径影响最大;BDS观测量精度与GPS相当。BDS/GPS双频联合定位的定位精度相对于GPS或BDS虽没有明显提高,但在大高度截止角下,依然可以成功固定模糊度并实现高精度定位。这将显著改善GPS或BDS单系统双频RTK定位在受遮挡环境下的可用性和可靠性。     

三种典型低轨增强星座与北斗系统联合应用的RAIM性能分析

接收机自主完好性监测(receiver autonomous integrity monitoring,RAIM)是终端用户高可靠导航定位的保障,低轨卫星的发展为完好性监测带来新的机遇,然而不同低轨星座增强下的终端RAIM性能可能会存在显著差异。基于高轨道倾角(80颗)、中轨道倾角(120颗)和混合轨道倾角(168颗)3种典型的低轨星座,系统评估了低轨卫星增强下的北斗卫星导航系统（BeiDou navigation satellite system,BDS）RAIM可用性及故障检测效果。仿真计算结果表明：对于高纬区域,高轨道倾角增强下的RAIM可用性效果最好,而在中、低纬区域,中轨道倾角星座增强下的RAIM可用性效果最优;在全球范围内,高轨道倾角、中轨道倾角和混合轨道倾角星座增强下非精密进近阶段的RAIM可用性较BDS分别提升30.5%、29.0%和41.0%。由此可知,由不同轨道倾角组成的混合星座可较好地弥补可视卫星在空间覆盖上的缺陷,其全球RAIM可用性增强效果最优,增强下的RAIM可检测到的最小伪距偏差较之前平均减小33.3 m。     

GPS和GLONASS系统下RAIM空洞预报

接收机自主完好性监测（RAIM）是卫星导航系统完好性监测的方法之一。一定时空条件下的RAIM可用性,可以通过RAIM空洞直观的反映出来,可以为飞行提供预警;利用不同期GPS、GLONASS实际星座,仿真分析了单星座以及GPS／GLONASS组合星座RAIM可用性,绘制了RAIM空洞图,具有一定的参考价值。     

BDS/Galileo对多系统精密单点定位贡献分析

使用10个MGEX测站的数据对4种解算模式GPS、GPS/BDS、GPS/Galileo及GPS/BDS/Galileo在定位可用性、定位精度和定位稳定性及收敛时间3个方面的PPP性能进行了对比分析。实验结果表明:GPS/BDS和GPS/Galileo双系统组合PPP在各方面的性能相当。相比GPS单系统PPP,双系统PPP能增加可用卫星数,改善卫星空间几何构型,定位精度提升20%～35%,定位稳定性提高25%～40%,收敛时间缩短35%～45%。BDS在较高截止高度角下的可用性、天向定位精度、水平方向定位稳定性、天向收敛速度方面的贡献略优于Galileo。GPS/BDS/Galileo三系统组合的PPP性能进一步提升。     

LPV-200下中国区域内 ARAIM 可用性评估

随着GNSS星座的增多以及多频技术的发展,基于解分离的高级接收机自主完好性监测算法被广泛研究。本文介绍了该算法的基本原理,并结合多星座特点,对中国区域内ARAIM算法能力进行评估,利用仿真数据分析了用户测距精度对算法可用性的影响;探讨了不同星座数据在中国区域的完好性性能。仿真结果表明：双频条件下,系统完好性性能很大程度上取决于用户测距精度,在中国区域内,仅GPS单星座不足以满足LPV-200进近对完好性的要求,GPS与Galileo双星座下,ARAIM 算法覆盖率可达100％。     

GALILEO系统在中国区域内的完好性分析

完善的完好性是伽利略卫星导航系统(Galileo)的重要特征之一,主要分析了Galileo系统在中国地区的完好性性能。简要介绍了Galileo系统,在此基础上利用仿真数据,分别从不同高度截止角、不同伪距误差和不同测站点等三个方面对Galileo系统在中国地区的完好性的影响进行了比较和分析,并得出有益的结论。     

GPS/BDS ARAIM算法性能测试

针对高级接收机自主完好性监视(ARAIM)算法的适航性,基于实测数据,对GPS／BDS ARAIM算法故障检测与排除的性能和可用性预测的性能进行了测试. 结果表明:GPS／BDS组合系统下ARAIM算法故障检测与排除的性能良好,对大于100 m的阶跃型故障,正确检测与排除的效率达到99.9％;GPS／BDS组合系统下ARAIM的单点可用性良好,完全满足LPV-200的完好性性能要求,中国范围内的可用性覆盖率达到99％,世界范围内的可用性覆盖率达到90％以上. 由此可知,GPS/BDS ARAIM算法性能良好.      

不同截止高度角下BDS/GPS/GLONASS/Galileo多模组合SPP性能分析

针对单系统在遮挡环境下可见卫星数较少、历元利用率低、定位稳定性、定位可靠性和定位精度较差的问题,首先,利用间接平差法对BDS/GPS/GLONASS/Galileo组合观测方程进行求解;然后,运用最小二乘法原理求解待估参数,最终解算出测站点坐标。采用MGEX站部分测站的数据对不同截止高度角下(7°、15°、20°、30°、40°、45°)不同模式GPS、GPS+Galileo、GPS+GLONASS、BDS+GLONASS+Galileo、GPS+BDS、GPS+GLONASS+BDS、GPS+GLONASS+BDS+Galileo的单点定位(single point positioning,SPP)进行解算和数据处理。结果表明,在截止高度角为45°时,点位离散程度变差,但相比其他模式特别是GPS单系统,GPS+GLONASS+BDS+Galileo组合稳定性和可靠性都较好;GPS单系统历元利用率较低,全天不足1/3,然而GPS+BDS、GPS+GLONASS+BDS、GPS+GLONASS+BDS+Galileo组合历元仍然全天可用,GPS部分历元精度优于GPS+GLONASS+BDS和GPS+GLONASS+BDS+Galileo组合,但整体定位性能较差。GRCE组合在全天历元可用和实现单点定位前提下,整体定位性能优于其他模式。     

GNSS receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) performance analysis

The availability of GPS signals is a major concern for many existing and potential applications. Fortunately, with the development of Galileo by the European Commission (EC) and European Space Agency (ESA) and new funding for the restoration of the Russian GLONASS announced by the Russian Federation (Revnivykh et al., in European Navigation Conference 2005, Munich, Germany, July 19–22), the future for satellite-based positioning and navigation applications is extremely promising. With the complete cooperation from all these global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), greater levels of satellite visibility and therefore integrity can be expected. In this paper, a receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) scheme along with reliability and separability measures are used to assess integrity performance levels of standalone GPS and integrated GPS/GLONASS, GPS/Galileo and GPS/GLONASS/Galileo systems where the clock offsets for each of the additional systems are estimated. It is shown, herein, that a minimum of three satellites must be visible in an additional system in order to provide a full integrity contribution when the system’s clock offset is to be estimated within the adjustment. A comparison of the integrity results obtained via system clock offsets estimated in the adjustment versus the case where the offsets are known and the measurements are corrected prior to the adjustment is also made for a high elevation mask scenario. Global simulation results for combined GPS/GLONASS/Galileo show that, theoretically, for the time of simulation and for any point on the globe, an outlier of 20 m can be detected with 80% probability at the 0.5% significance level and then separated from any other measurement with 90% probability. Corresponding values for the GPS only and combined GPS/GLONASS and GPS/Galileo systems, respectively, are approximately 435, 110 and 28 m, respectively, for the maximum MSBs and 312, 50 and 26 m, respectively, for the maximum MDBs. Temporal 24 h simulations for the GPS/GLONASS/Galileo scenario delivered agreeable results with the global snapshots for a 15° elevation mask. For the case where system clock offsets are estimated within the adjustment, it was shown that only the reliability measure was available for 100% of the time, with horizontal external reliability values of no more than about 12 m when a 30° masking angle was used. By assuming the clock offsets were determined and corrected for prior to the adjustment, the separability measure was markedly improved and was also available 100% of the time.     

遮挡环境下GPS／GLONASS／Galileo组合PPP性能分析

对于城市遮挡环境下单GPS系统精密单点定位(PPP)性能较差的问题,本文采用多系统融合来改善PPP性能,通过不同卫星高度角,将城市四周环境分为正常环境、一般遮挡、较重遮挡等三种环境.分别采用GPS、GPS／GLONASS、GPS／Galileo、GPS／GLONASS／Galileo不同的模式,对香港4个连续运行参考站进行遮挡环境下的静态PPP模拟实验,结果表明:多系统组合能够有效弥补城市四周遮挡环境下卫星的不足,并且GPS／GLONASS、GPS／Galileo、GPS／GLONASS／Galileo组合相对单GPS系统下的PPP性能有着不同程度的改善.      

An Assessment of the RAIM Performance of a Combined Galileo/GPS Navigation System Using the Marginally Detectable Errors (MDE) Algorithm

Integrity relates to the trust that can be placed in the correctness of information supplied by a navigation system. It includes the ability of the navigation system to provide timely warning to users when the system fails to meet its stated accuracy. Specifically, a navigation system is required to deliver a warning (alarm) when the error in the derived user position solution exceeds an allowable level (alarm limit). This warning must be issued to the user within a given period of time (time-to-alarm) and with a given probability (integrity risk). The two main approaches to monitoring the integrity of satellite navigation systems are Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM), and monitoring based on an independent network of integrity monitoring stations and a dedicated Ground Integrity Channel (GIC). More recently Satellite Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (SAIM) methods have also been investigated. This article presents the results of a study to assess the RAIM capability of the Galileo system when used alone and when combined with the Global Positioning System (GPS). The assessment was based on the Marginally Detectable Error (MDE) algorithm. The results show a significant improvement in the capability to perform RAIM using a combined Galileo/GPS system compared to the performance using the Galileo system alone. This study was supported by Alcatel Space and was a contribution to the Galileo definition studies carried out for the European Community under the GALA project. ? 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

BeiDou、Galileo、GLONASS、GPS多系统融合精密单点

随着中国BeiDou系统与欧盟Galileo系统的出现以及俄罗斯GLONASS系统的恢复完善,过去单一的GPS导航卫星系统时代已经逐步过渡为多系统并存且相互兼容的全球性卫星导航系统(multi-constellation global navigation satellite systems,multi-GNSS)时代,多系统GNSS融合精密定位将成为未来GNSS精密定位技术的发展趋势。本文采用GPS、GLONASS、BeiDou、Galileo 4大卫星导航定位系统融合的精密单点定位(precise point positioning,PPP)实测数据,初步研究并分析了4系统融合PPP的定位性能。试验结果表明:在单系统观测几何构型不理想的区域,多系统融合能显著提高PPP的定位精度和收敛速度。4大系统融合的PPP收敛速度相对于单GNSS可提高30%~50%,定位精度可提高10%~30%,特别是对高程方向的贡献更为明显。此外,在卫星截止高度角大于30°的观测环境下,单系统由于可见卫星数不足导致无法连续定位,而多系统融合仍然可以获得PPP定位结果,尤其是水平方向具有较高的定位精度。这对于山区、城市以及遮挡严重的区域具有非常重要的应用价值。     

多系统卫星融合定位数据的稳定性和精度比较分析

论述GNSS多系统融合定位的数学模型、分析各项误差处理策略以及参数估计方法,基于日本东京海洋大学RTKLIB软件进行GPS、GLONASS、Galileo、BDS多系统融合定位试验,并分析其动/静态定位稳定性和精度。试验结果表明:GNSS多系统融合收敛时间与GPS单系统相比缩短30%~50%,定位精度与GPS单系统相比可以提高20%~50%。此外,在卫星高度截止角大于40°和不利观测环境条件下,单系统可见卫星数不足,从而导致无法进行连续定位,但多系统融合可视卫星可获得比较好的定位精度,在建筑物密集区、山区和卫星遮挡较为严重的恶劣条件下具有实际应用价值。     

Position and velocity reliability testing in degraded GPS signal environments

Reliability testing, namely receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM), consists of statistical testing of least-squares residuals of observations, e.g., on an epoch-by-epoch basis aiming towards reliable navigation fault detection and exclusion (FDE). In this paper, classic RAIM and FDE methods are extended with testing of range-rate residuals to find inconsistent velocity solutions in order to contribute to the reliability of the system with special focus on degraded signal environments. Reliability enhancement efforts discussed include a Backward-FDE scheme based on statistical outlier detection and an iteratively reweighted robust estimation technique, a modified Danish method. In addition, measurement weighting assigned to code and Doppler observations is assessed in the paper in order to allow fitting a priori variance models to the estimation processes. The schemes discussed are also suitable in terms of computational convenience for a combined GPS/Galileo system. The objective of this paper is to assess position and velocity reliability testing and enhancement in urban and indoor conditions and to analyze the navigation accuracy conditions with high sensitivity GPS (HSGPS) tests. The results show the necessity of weighted estimation and FDE for reliability enhancement in degraded signal-environment navigation.     

BDS/GNSS融合精密单点定位性能分析

随着北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)的全球组网成功,基于BDS的应用研究正在如火如荼的进行中,尤其是包括BDS在内的多频多模融合定位正成为研究的重点.利用MGEX(Multi-GNSS Experiment)多个测站的BDS、GPS、GLONASS、Galileo观测数据,基于RTKLIB开源代码,在Visual Studi...