轮南地区奥陶系原油特征及其控制因素

轮南地区油气相态分布非常复杂,奥陶系油气藏平面上具有西油东气的特点。西部轮古西油田、塔河油田和轮南1井区油族成熟度略低且有生物降解痕迹,主要以重油形式分布;东部地区油族成熟度略高,主要以轻质油、凝析油形式存在;中间地段桑塔木断垒带、中部平台区和轮南断垒带发生混合作用形成了中一高蜡油。各地区油气在垂向上变化很大,东部地区奥陶系和石炭系为凝析油气,三叠系又为正常油分布区;西部地区奥陶系为稠油,三叠系为正常油。轮南地区奥陶系在纵向上可能受控于岩溶和储层的发育程度,横向上受控于断裂作用。轮南地区油气成藏时间较早,不同物性的原油都是古油藏多期供油的结果。     

轮南低凸起油气输导体系格架及输导样式

多源多灶的生烃背景导致轮南地区的油气成藏过程高度复杂化.基于油气成藏动力学理论,综合运用钻井、地震以及地球化学等资料对轮南低凸起关键时期油气输导体系格架及典型油气藏输导样式的研究表明,由于志留系沥青砂盆地级的分布特征有力地证实了加里东晚期奥陶系岩溶缝洞体尚未形成,因此志留系砂体是加里东晚期源自寒武系烃源岩的烃类向轮南低凸起横向输导的主要通道;其次,海西早期的强烈抬升及长时间的暴露剥蚀导致表生岩溶作用深度改善了轮南地区碳酸盐岩层系的储集效能,而潜山风化壳之下的奥陶系岩溶缝洞储集体是这一时期源自满加尔坳陷内奥陶系烃源岩烃类的横向运载层;喜山期油气成藏的实质为海西晚期奥陶系整装油气藏形成后的调整改造过程,包括过量干气的气洗改造以及不同尺度断裂的垂向调整.轮南油田、桑塔木油田以及解放渠东油田三叠系油气藏的形成均受控于深大断裂的垂向输导.同时,上覆盖层的强制性封闭将喜山期干气的横向输导路径束缚于奥陶系内部,奥陶系油藏经气洗相分馏改造转变为次生的饱和凝析气藏.而由于桑塔木断垒带地区连接奥陶系与石炭系的层间断裂以及轮古东地区奥陶系层内断裂活动所诱发的泄压相分馏改造,不仅在石炭系圈闭形成了纯气相的不饱和凝析气藏,还直接控制了轮古东油田凝析气藏及其流体性质的分布.      

生排烃过程中正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成的变化特征及其研究意义

通过对生排烃模拟实验产物 (残留油和排出油 )中正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成的测定,揭示出生排烃过程中正构烷烃碳同位素组成的变化特征。研究表明,生烃初期,液态正构烷烃主要来自干酪根的初次裂解,它们的碳同位素组成不论是在排出油中还是在残留油中,随温度的变化都不明显,呈现较相似的分布特征;在生烃高峰期,早期形成的沥青质和非烃等组分的二次裂解以及高碳数正构烷烃可能存在的裂解,使得正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成明显富集13 C,尤其在高碳数部分呈现出较大的差异。另外,实验结果显示排烃作用对液态正烷烃单体碳同位素组成的影响不太显著。     

塔里木盆地北部奥陶系油气相态及其成因分析

塔里木盆地北部地区奥陶系是最重要的勘探层系,油气资源丰富;同时油气相态复杂多样,既有凝析气藏、正常油藏,也有稠油油藏、沥青等。通过对油气藏形成演化与保存过程的系统分析,结合油气地球化学和流体包裹体等分析数据,发现油气相态的多样性与油气多期次充注与次生蚀变作用有关。提出塔北隆起的东部奥陶系存在三期油气充注过程,分别发生在加里东运动晚期-海西早期、海西运动晚期、喜马拉雅运动晚期,原油主要来源于中、上奥陶统烃源岩,天然气主要来自与寒武系烃源岩有关的液态烃的裂解;塔北隆起的中西部奥陶系的油气充注主要发生在海西运动晚期。塔北奥陶系油藏形成以后,经历了三期明显的调整改造过程:海西早期构造抬升导致志留-泥盆系遭受剥蚀,东部源自寒武系油气的古油藏遭受破坏,形成沥青;三叠系沉积前的晚海西运动,使得奥陶系生源的油藏大范围遭受降解稠化;晚喜山期,来自于满加尔坳陷的天然气自东向西充注,致使隆起东部早期形成的油藏发生强烈的气侵改造,形成次生凝析气藏。而中西部奥陶系油藏在三叠系沉积前遭受降解稠化后,一直处于沉降深埋过程,油藏得到有效保存;由于成藏时间较早,轻质组分散失较多,气油比极低,油质较稠。研究认为,油气相态的多样性主要受晚海西期构造运动的抬升造成的生物降解作用和喜马拉雅晚期构造运动造成的天然气自东向西大规模充注对油藏进行气洗改造两大过程的控制。     

川东北地区酸性气体中CO2成因与TSR作用影响

通过对川东北地区52个天然气样品化学组分和稳定碳同位素分析,天然气以烃类气体为主,且甲烷占绝对高含量,重烃气体甚微,干燥系数C1/C1+为0.989～1.0。非烃气体H2S和CO2含量变化较大,当二者含量大于5.0％时,具有较好的正相关性。川东北地区天然气中CO2主要包括碳酸盐岩热分解和TSR作用,其中碳酸盐岩热分解生成的CO2含量一般小于5.0％,13CCO2值小于-2‰,且CO2含量与13CCO2值具有正相关性;而TSR作用生成的CO2含量大于5.0％,13CCO2值多大于-2‰,且CO2含量与13CCO2值具有较弱的负相关性。CH4/CO2比值和（H2S+CO2）/（H2S+CO2+∑C1-3）比值能够较好地反映TSR作用程度;当CH4/CO2比值和（H2S+CO2）/（H2S+CO2+∑C1-3）比值分别小于10和大于0.1时,随着TSR作用增强,CH4/CO2比值减少,而（H2S+CO2）/（H2S+CO2+∑C1-3）比值呈指数增加。同时,遭受TSR作用改造的天然气具有较高CO2含量和重的13CCO2,造成13CCO2值与实验结果不一致性的可能原因是在TSR反应过程中部分CO2与硫酸盐中Mg2+、Fe2+和Ca2+等金属离子以碳酸盐的形式沉淀且残余的重碳同位素组成的CO2与酸性气体腐蚀碳酸盐储层形成的CO2相混合。     

英吉苏凹陷英南2气藏天然气成因判识

依据英南2井天然气组分特征、碳同位素特征及成藏时间等方面的研究,对英南2气藏成因进行了探讨,认为英南2气藏为一经后期调整的次生气藏.天然气为奥陶纪晚期一志留纪早期生成并保存在志留系和奥陶系上部储层中的凝析气、原油伴生气和加里东末期生成的干气的混合气,也可能有一些原油裂解气的混入.石油伴生气和凝析气是英南2井天然气高氮、...     

川东北飞仙关组储层固体沥青地球化学特征及其气源指示意义

运用有机岩石学、有机地球化学、催化加氢热解、GC—IRMS等方法和技术,深入研究了川东北飞仙关组储层固体沥青及可能烃源岩的地球化学特征。研究认为,飞仙关组储层固体沥青反射率高,双反射明显,为非均质结构储层焦沥青;在碳酸盐岩储层的各种孔隙中,呈脉状、球粒状、角片状或块状等他形充填,具有中间相结构和镶嵌状结构特征,反映其高温热变质成因;元素组成有S/C高、H/C低的特点,其固体碳同位素组成与长兴组烃源岩干酪根相似。储层固体沥青的可能烃源岩发育于还原—弱氧化咸水沉积环境,有机质来源于水生藻类;氯仿沥青“A”饱和烃甾萜类生物标志物对比表明,上二叠长兴组烃源岩是主要来源,飞仙关组、下志留统烃源岩亦有贡献;催化加氢产物饱和烃及其正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成显示,坡2井飞仙关组储层固体沥青与罐5井飞仙关组烃源岩具有明显的亲缘关系,这也可作为飞仙关组海槽相烃源岩对飞仙关组气藏有贡献的佐证。     

渤海湾盆地渤中19-6气田凝析油特征及油气关系

2018年中国东部最大整装凝析气田——渤中19-6气田的发现,一举打开了渤海湾盆地深层天然气勘探的新领域,展现了油型盆地天然气勘探的巨大潜力.渤中凹陷发育多套不同成熟度的烃源岩,位于渤中凹陷西南部的渤中19-6气田凝析油与天然气并存,近年来于该地区的天然气成因及形成条件多有研究,但是对于凝析油的形成则少有研究.本文以渤...     

塔里木盆地哈拉哈塘凹陷天然气地球化学特征

哈拉哈塘凹陷位于塔里木盆地塔北隆起中部,具有良好的石油地质条件,是近期油气勘探的重点区带。天然气地球化学特征研究表明,该区天然气干燥系数较低,表现出典型湿气的特征,普遍含有微量的H2S;烷烃气δ13C1和δ13C2值分别为-50.5‰~-42.6‰和-40.2‰~-35.5‰,δD1值介于-262‰~-156‰之间,碳氢同位素系列表现出典型正序特征; C7轻烃组成具有正庚烷优势分布, C5~7轻烃组成以正构和异构烷烃为主。哈拉哈塘凹陷及周缘奥陶系天然气均为海相油型气,既有干酪根裂解气,也有原油裂解气,其中哈拉哈塘天然气中混入了相当比例的原油裂解初期形成的湿气,主要来自于南部阿满过渡带地区的中上奥陶统烃源岩,天然气中具有高δ13C值特征的CO2主要来自碳酸盐岩储层在酸性地层水作用下发生的溶蚀, H2S主要源自含硫化合物的热裂解。其中天然气发生的同位素部分倒转主要源自原油伴生气与原油裂解气的混合。     

柴达木盆地英雄岭构造带油气藏地质特征

为总结柴英雄岭构造带油气藏地质特征和主控因素,以该区深层和浅层油气藏为研究对象,对油气藏的构造、储层、油气源和成藏演化模式等方面进行了对比研究。结果表明:(1)英雄岭构造带构造样式自西向东变化显著,英西—英中纵向上表现为“双层结构”,而英东构造样式相对简单;(2)英西—英中碳酸盐岩储层主要储集空间为白云岩晶间孔,局部发育溶蚀孔和裂缝集中区,英东碎屑岩储层,主要发育粒间孔、少量粒间溶孔和裂缝;(3)油源对比表明,下干柴沟组上段为区内主力烃源岩;(4)天然气组分及同位素指标表明英西和英中的CH₄主要来源于原油伴生气,而英东为凝析油伴生气;(5)由于岩盐层封盖作用,英西—英中深层形成自生自储的异常高压油气藏,而英东虽缺乏盐岩盖层,由深至浅地表现为幕式充注成藏。     

渤海湾盆地渤中19- 6凝析气田凝析油成熟度判定及成因意义

关于渤海湾盆地渤中19- 6凝析气田凝析油成熟度存在成熟与高成熟两种截然不同观点,尚未达到统一定论。本文综合利用轻烃、饱和烃和芳烃成熟度参数对凝析油成熟度进行了综合判定,并深入分析了凝析油和天然气的成因关系及凝析气藏形成机制。结果表明：异庚烷值与庚烷值、Ts/（Ts+Tm）与C29Ts/（C29Ts+C29H）、甲基单金刚烷指数与甲基双金刚烷指数、甲基菲指数、二苯并噻吩类成熟度参数和TNR2显示渤中19- 6凝析气田凝析油处于成熟阶段。结合天然气成熟度和储层流体包裹体特征,可知渤中19- 6凝析气田的原油成藏期早于天然气,随着晚期大量天然气的充注,油气会发生相控混溶作用形成含液态烃的气流体,当温度和压力达到混溶后烃类体系的露点以上,则形成凝析气藏。     

Gas accumulation from oil cracking in the eastern Tarim Basin: A case study of the YN2 gas field

Oil and gas exploration in eastern Tarim Basin, NW China has been successful in recent years, with several commercial gas accumulations being discovered in a thermally mature to over-mature region. The Yingnan2 (YN2) gas field, situated in the Yingnan structure of the Yingjisu Depression, produces gases that are relatively enriched in nitrogen and C₂₊ alkanes. The δ¹³C₁ (−38.6‰ to −36.2‰) and δ¹³C₂ values (−30.9‰ to −34.7‰) of these gases are characteristic of marine sourced gases with relatively high maturity levels. The distributions of biomarkers in the associated condensates suggest close affinities with the Cambrian–Lower Ordovician source rocks which, in the Yingjisu Sag, are currently over-mature (with 3–4%Ro). Burial and thermal maturity modeling results indicate that paleo-temperatures of the Cambrian–Lower Ordovician source rocks had increased from 90 to 210 °C during the late Caledonian orogeny (458–438 Ma), due to rapid subsidence and sediment loading. By the end of Ordovician, hydrocarbon potential in these source rocks had been largely exhausted. The homogenization temperatures of hydrocarbon fluid inclusions identified from the Jurassic reservoirs of the YN2 gas field suggest a hydrocarbon emplacement time as recent as about 10 Ma, when the maturity levels of Middle–Lower Jurassic source rocks in the study area were too low (<0.7%Ro) to form a large quantity of oil and gas. The presence of abundant diamondoid hydrocarbons in the associated condensates and the relatively heavy isotopic values of the oils indicate that the gases were derived from thermal cracking of early-formed oils. Estimation from the stable carbon isotope ratios of gaseous alkanes suggests that the gases may have been formed at temperatures well above 190 °C. Thus, the oil and gas accumulation history in the study area can be reconstructed as follows: (1) during the late Caledonian orogeny, the Cambrian–Lower Ordovician marine source rocks had gone through the peak oil, wet gas and dry gas generation stages, with the generated oil and gas migrating upwards along faults and fractures to form early oil and gas accumulations in the Middle–Upper Ordovician and Silurian sandstone reservoirs; (2) since the late Yanshanian orogeny, the early oil accumulations have been buried deeper and oil has undergone thermal cracking to form gas; (3) during the late Himalayan orogeny, the seals for the deep reservoirs were breached; and the gas and condensates migrated upward and eventually accumulating in the relatively shallow Jurassic reservoirs.     

Re-Examination of the Oil and Gas Origins in the Kekeya Gas Condensate Field, Northwest China–A Case Study of Hydrocarbon-Source Correlation Using Sophisticated Geochemical Methods

This work discussed the origins, alteration and accumulation processes of the oil and gas in the Kekeya gas condensate field based on molecular compositions, stable carbon isotopes, light hydrocarbons, diamondoid hydrocarbons and biomarker fingerprints. A comparison study is also made between the geochemical characteristics of the Kekeya hydrocarbons and typical marine and terrigenous hydrocarbons of the Tarim Basin. Natural gas from the Kekeya gas condensate field is derived from Middle–Lower Jurassic coal measures while the condensates are derived from Carboniferous–Permian marine source rocks with a higher maturity. In the study area, both natural gas and condensates have experienced severe water washing. A large amount of methane was dissolved into the water, resulting in a decrease in the dryness coefficient. Water washing also makes the carbon isotopic compositions of the natural gas more negative and partially reverse. Considering that the gas maturities are higher than once expected, gas generation intensity in the study area should be much stronger and the gas related to the Jurassic coal measures could promise a greater prospecting potential. As a result of evaporative fractionation, the Kekeya condensates are enriched in saturates and lack aromatics. Evaporative fractionation disguises the original terrigenous characteristics of the light hydrocarbons associated with the natural gas, making it appear marinesourced. Thus, alteration processes should be fully taken into consideration when gas–source correlations are carried out based on light hydrocarbons. With the condensates discovered in the study area all being "migration phase", the pre-salt Cretaceous and Jurassic reservoirs may promise great exploration potential for the "residual phase" hydrocarbons. This research not only is of significance for oil and gas exploration in the southwest Tarim Basin, but also sheds light on the oil/gas-source correlations in general.     

Gas genetic type and origin of hydrogen sulfide in the Zhongba gas field of the western Sichuan Basin, China

Natural gases and associated condensate oils from the Zhongba gas field in the western Sichuan Basin, China were investigated for gas genetic types and origin of H₂S by integrating gaseous and light hydrocarbon geochemistry, formation water compositions, S isotopes (δ³⁴S) and geological data. There are two types of natural gas accumulations in the studied area. Gases from the third member of the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation (T₂l³) are reservoired in a marine carbonate sequence and are characterized by high gas dryness, high H₂S and CO₂ contents, slightly heavy C isotopic values of CH₄ and widely variable C isotopic values of wet gases. They are highly mature thermogenic gases mainly derived from the Permian type II kerogens mixed with a small proportion of the Triassic coal-type gases. Gases from the second member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation (T₃x²) are reservoired in continental sandstones and characterized by low gas dryness, free of H₂S, slightly light C isotopic values of CH₄, and heavy and less variable C isotopic values of wet gases. They are coal-type gases derived from coal in the Triassic Xujiahe Formation.The H₂S from the Leikoupo Formation is most likely formed by thermochemical SO₄ reduction (TSR) even though other possibilities cannot be fully ruled out. The proposed TSR origin of H₂S is supported by geochemical compositions and geological interpretations. The reservoir in the Leikoupo Formation is dolomite dominated carbonate that contains gypsum and anhydrite. Petroleum compounds dissolved in water react with aqueous SO₄ species, which are derived from the dissolution of anhydrite. Burial history analysis reveals that from the temperature at which TSR occurred it was in the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous and TSR ceased due to uplift and cooling thereafter. TSR alteration is incomplete and mainly occurs in wet gas components as indicated by near constant CH₄ δ¹³C values, wide range variations of ethane, propane and butane δ¹³C values, and moderately high gas dryness. The δ³⁴S values in SO₄, elemental S and H₂S fall within the fractionation scope of TSR-derived H₂S. High organo-S compound concentrations together with the occurrence of 2-thiaadamantanes in the T₂l reservoir provide supplementary evidence for TSR related alteration.     

塔里木盆地柯克亚地区天然气和凝析油的地球化学特征与成区

柯克亚气田的油气成因复杂，对原油和可能烃源岩的分子标志物特征进行了剖析，在凝析油中检测到3-甲基甾烷，不含4-甲基甾烷，富含重排藿烷和C30^-未知萜烷．表明油源主要来自于二叠系源岩。柯克亚的天然气重烃含量高，属湿气，乙烷碳同位素偏重；天然气氩同位素和成熟度特征均指示混源气特征，通过气源判识天然气主要来源于石炭系一二叠系源岩，部分来源于侏罗系源岩。天然气的乙烷δ^13C值明显重于凝析油全油δ^13C值，揭示柯克亚地区凝析油和天然气分属不同来源。     

塔里木盆地柯克亚地区天然气和凝析油的地球化学特征与成因

柯克亚气田的油气成因复杂,对原油和可能烃源岩的分子标志物特征进行了剖析,在凝析油中检测到3-甲基甾烷,不含4-甲基甾烷,富含重排藿烷和C30-未知萜烷,表明油源主要来自于二叠系源岩。柯克亚的天然气重烃含量高,属湿气,乙烷碳同位素偏重;天然气氩同位素和成熟度特征均指示混源气特征,通过气源判识天然气主要来源于石炭系—二叠系源岩,部分来源于侏罗系源岩。天然气的乙烷δ13C值明显重于凝析油全油δ13C值,揭示柯克亚地区凝析油和天然气分属不同来源。     

Low-temperature gas from marine shales: wet gas to dry gas over experimental time

Marine shales exhibit unusual behavior at low temperatures under anoxic gas flow. They generate catalytic gas 300° below thermal cracking temperatures, discontinuously in aperiodic episodes, and lose these properties on exposure to trace amounts of oxygen. Here we report a surprising reversal in hydrocarbon generation. Heavy hydrocarbons are formed before light hydrocarbons resulting in wet gas at the onset of generation grading to dryer gas over time. The effect is moderate under gas flow and substantial in closed reactions. In sequential closed reactions at 100°C, gas from a Cretaceous Mowry shale progresses from predominately heavy hydrocarbons (66% C₅, 2% C₁) to predominantly light hydrocarbons (56% C₁, 8% C₅), the opposite of that expected from desorption of preexisting hydrocarbons. Differences in catalyst substrate composition explain these dynamics. Gas flow should carry heavier hydrocarbons to catalytic sites, in contrast to static conditions where catalytic sites are limited to in-place hydrocarbons. In-place hydrocarbons and their products should become lighter with conversion thus generating lighter hydrocarbon over time, consistent with our experimental results.     

Geochemistry and origin of deep-seated cracked gas on the northern slope of the Dongying Sag, Shandong Province

Deep-seated cracked gas exploration was achieved great breakthrough in Es4L of the Minfeng area on the northern slope of the Dongying Sag. Carbon isotopic and molecular compositions studies revealed the characteristics of wet gas and a normal trend of carbon isotopic composition. Empirical cutoff points of δ13C2 and δ13C3 and light hydrocarbon compositions distinguished the cracking gas as sapropelic gas. Variations in i/nC5, i/nC4 and δ13C2 fur-ther confirmed that the gas was cracked from residual kerogen. Source characteristics indicated that the gas was de-rived from mature-highly mature source rocks of Es4 with kerogen type II being dominant mixed with some oil-cracking gas. Burial history modeling indicated that there were two hydrocarbon charging periods in Es4L reser-voirs. The first period refers to the Guantao-Minghuazhen stage dominated by oil charging, while the second period refers to the Minghuazhen stage and has been dominated by cracked gas charging till now.     

雅克拉凝析气田油气地球化学特征

雅克拉凝析气田天然气组分以甲烷为主,含量79.13%￣89.30%;重烃含量较高,平均占9.67%;干燥系数(C1/C1-5)介于0.89～0.92之间,属典型的湿气。δ13C1为-40.8‰～-39.4‰,δ13C2为-32.0‰～-30.2‰,δ13C3为-30.5‰～-28.9‰,表明天然气为典型的油型气。原油及其族组分的碳同位素组成和生物标志化合物呈现出典型的海相原油特征。原油成熟度较高,与天然气的成熟度基本相同,表明油气同源、同阶,为一次油气充注的产物,而与塔河油田存在较大差异。     

塔里木盆地迪那2大型凝析气田的地质特征及其成藏机制

塔里木盆地库车坳陷迪那2凝析气田是中国目前发现的储量规模最大的凝析气田,含气层位为古近系苏维依组与库姆格列木群;储集岩以粉砂岩、细砂岩为主,属于低孔低渗储层,近似于致密砂岩气.气藏储量丰度大于15亿方/km2,气油比为8100～12948m3/m3,凝析油含量60～80g/m3;储层温度129 ～ 138℃,地温梯度为2.224℃/1OOm;地层压力为105 ～106MPa,压力梯度为0.39MPa/1OOm,压力系数为2.06～2.29,属于常温超高压凝析气藏.天然气以湿气为主,碳同位素较重,属于典型的煤成气;原油碳同位素较重,生物标志化合物体显出陆相油特征.研究认为,油气主要来自阳霞凹陷侏罗系煤系烃源岩;圈闭形成时间较晚,根据热史、埋藏史、烃源岩热演化史、流体包裹体等资料以及天然气碳同位素动力学拟合的油气充注成藏时间都表明,迪那2凝析气田的成藏时间是在2.5Ma以来,是一个典型的晚期快速充注成藏的大型凝析气田.晚期前陆逆冲挤压作用在形成超压的同时,发生了储层的致密化和烃类的充注,储层致密化过程与烃类充注同步.