Origin of sulfur rich oils and H2S in Tertiary lacustrine sections of the Jinxian Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China

Very high S oils (up to 14.7%) with H₂S contents of up to 92% in the associated gas have been found in the Tertiary in the Jinxian Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, PR China. Several oil samples were analyzed for C and S stable isotopes and biomarkers to try to understand the origin of these unusual oil samples.The high S oils occur in relatively shallow reservoirs in the northern part of the Jinxian Sag in anhydrite-rich reservoirs, and are characteristic of oils derived from S-rich source rocks deposited in an enclosed and productive stratified hypersaline water body. In contrast, low S oils (as low as 0.03%) in the southern part of the Jinxian Sag occur in Tertiary lacustrine reservoirs with minimal anhydrite. These southern oils were probably derived from less S-rich source rocks deposited under a relatively open and freshwater to brackish lake environment that had larger amounts of higher plant inputs.The extremely high S oil samples (>10%) underwent biodegradation of normal alkanes resulting in a degree of concentration of S in the residual petroleum, although isoprenoid alkanes remain showing that biodegradation was not extreme. Interestingly, the high S oils occur in H₂S-rich reservoirs (H₂S up to 92% by volume) where the H₂S was derived from bacterial SO₄ reduction, most likely in the source rock prior to migration. Three oils in the Jinxian Sag have δ³⁴S values from +0.3‰ to +16.2‰ and the oil with the highest S content shows the lightest δ³⁴S value. This δ³⁴S value for that oil is close to the δ³⁴S value for H₂S (∼0‰). It is possible that H₂S was incorporated into functionalized compounds within the residual petroleum during biodegradation at depth in the reservoir thus accounting for the very high concentrations of S in petroleum.     

The effect of minor to moderate biodegradation on C5 to C9 hydrocarbons in crude oils

A suite of 18 oils from the Barrow Island oilfield, Australia, and a non-biodegraded reference oil have been analysed compositionally in order to detail the effect of minor to moderate biodegradation on C₅ to C₉ hydrocarbons. Carbon isotopic data for individual low molecular weight hydrocarbons were also obtained for six of the oils. The Barrow Island oils came from different production wells, reservoir horizons, and compartments, but have a common source (the Upper Jurassic Dingo Claystone Formation), with some organo-facies differences. Hydrocarbon ratios based on hopanes, steranes, alkylnaphthalenes and alkylphenanthrenes indicate thermal maturities of about 0.8% R_c for most of the oils. The co-occurrence in all the oils of relatively high amounts of 25-norhopanes with C₅ to C₉ hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and cyclic alkanes implies that the oils are the result of multiple charging, with a heavily biodegraded charge being overprinted by fresher and more pristine oil. The later oil charge was itself variably biodegraded, leading to significant compositional variations across the oilfield, which help delineate compartmentalisation. Biodegradation resulted in strong depletion of n-alkanes (>95%) from most of the oils. Benzene and toluene were partially or completely removed from the Barrow Island oils by water washing. However, hydrocarbons with lower water solubility were either not affected by water washing, or water washing had only a minor effect. There are three main controls on the susceptibility to biodegradation of cyclic, branched and aromatic low molecular weight hydrocarbons: carbon skeleton, degree of alkylation, and position of alkylation. Firstly, ring preference ratios at C₆ and C₇ show that isoalkanes are retained preferentially relative to alkylcyclohexanes, and to some extent alkylcyclopentanes. Dimethylpentanes are substantially more resistant to biodegradation than most dimethylcyclopentanes, but methylhexanes are depleted faster than methylpentanes and dimethylcyclopentanes. For C₈ and C₉ hydrocarbons, alkylcyclohexanes are more resistant to biodegradation than linear alkanes. Secondly, there is a trend of lower susceptibility to biodegradation with greater alkyl substitution for isoalkanes, alkylcyclohexanes, alkylcyclopentanes and alkylbenzenes. Thirdly, the position of alkylation has a strong control, with adjacent methyl groups reducing the susceptibility of an isomer to biodegradation. 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene is the most resistant of the C₃ alkylbenzene isomers during moderate biodegradation. 2-Methylalkanes are the most susceptible branched alkanes to biodegradation, 3-methylalkanes are the most resistant and 4-methylalkanes have intermediate resistance. Therefore, terminal methyl groups are more prone to bacterial attack compared to mid-chain isomers, and C₃ carbon chains are more readily utilised than C₂ carbon chains. 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane and 1,1-dimethylcyclohexane are the most resistant of the alkylcyclohexanes and alkylcyclopentanes to biodegradation. The straight-chained and branched C₅–C₉ alkanes are isotopically light (depleted in ¹³C) relative to cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. The effects of biodegradation consistently lead to enrichment in ¹³C for each remaining hydrocarbon, due to preferential removal of ¹²C. Differences in the rates of biodegradation of low molecular weight hydrocarbons shown by compositional data are also reflected in the level of enrichment in ¹³C. The carbon isotopic effects of biodegradation show a decreasing level of isotopic enrichments in ¹³C with increasing molecular weight. This suggests that the kinetic isotope effect associated with biodegradation is site-specific and often related to a terminal carbon, where its impact on the isotopic composition becomes progressively ‘diluted’ with increasing carbon number.     

渤海湾盆地晋县凹陷高村—高邑地区沙河街组四段综合地质研究及目标优选

渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷晋县凹陷高村—高邑地区各层系石油勘探开发程度不均衡,其中沙河街组四段(E2s4)剩余油气资源量较大,具有较好的生产潜力。通过对赵76断块油藏进行精细剖析,结合精细地层对比、层位标定、精细构造解释、砂体展布及沉积相研究等,明确了沙河街组四段(E2s4)油气成藏的主要控制因素为岩性和构造。综合研究认为,岩性-构造油藏及岩性油藏为该区下一步主要的挖潜方向,优选了赵76断块下降盘构造-岩性叠合区和赵94井区砂体优势分布区作为下一步油藏评价目标区。     

渤海湾盆地东营凹陷始新统红层沉积再认识

渤海湾盆地东营凹陷孔一段—沙四下亚段(孔店组一段和沙河街组四段下部)陆相红层表现为“红—灰组合、以红为主”的地层面貌,有别于过去认为的“全红”,其沉积过程和沉积模式的深入解剖对于了解中国东部始新世早期区域构造古地理特征和古气候演变过程、指导济阳坳陷深层油气资源的勘探和开发具有重要的意义。综合地震、测井、岩心、录井和分析测试资料,对该地层的沉积特征和沉积演化过程进行了深入研究,提出了陆相红层洪水漫湖—时令湖沉积模式。研究表明目的层沉积相类型多样,除了冲积扇、辫状河、洪水漫湖和干盐湖,还包括湖泊、近岸水下扇和风暴相。干旱期发育了冲积扇—洪水漫湖—干盐湖沉积组合,其中在凹陷边缘为冲积扇沉积,向内部过渡为洪水漫湖沉积,在凹陷的北部洼陷带演变为干盐湖。间歇性湿润期主要发育了湖泊沉积,在斜坡带为灰绿色滨浅湖滩坝砂、坝间泥,北部的利津—民丰洼陷演变为半深湖—深湖沉积,凹陷北部陡坡带冲沟部位则发育了近岸水下扇体。推测区域构造古地理、原型盆地特征、古纬度、古物源和古水流方位及周期性变化的古气候条件共同控制了上述地层的发育。     

渤海湾盆地饶阳凹陷大王庄地区古近系沙三上亚段混积模式研究

利用岩芯、薄片、测录井以及测试分析等资料,结合区域地质,研究了渤海湾盆地饶阳凹陷大王庄地区古近系沙三上亚段（Es₃上）I油组发育的混积岩特征,分析了其沉积环境,探讨了其沉积模式。研究结果表明:大王庄地区古近系沙三上亚段I油组混积岩分为（含）陆源碎屑质—碳酸盐岩和（含）碳酸盐质—陆源碎屑岩两大类,以灰（云）质砂岩、砂质泥晶云岩为主,（含）陆源碎屑质—碳酸盐岩主要分布于工区中部和北部,（含）碳酸盐质—陆源碎屑岩分布于西部和南部;混积成因类型以原地混合和相源混合为主,相源混合出现于Es₃上I油组早中期,原地混合出现于Es₃上I油组早期;少量母源混合出现于Es₃上I油组晚期。饶阳凹陷大王庄地区古近系沙三上亚段I油组沉积环境主要位于滨浅湖,可划分为砂质混积滩坝沉积、碳酸盐岩混积滩坝沉积以及滨浅湖泥混积3种沉积微相类型。综合分析湖平面变化、构造演化、古地貌等对混合沉积的控制作用,建立了湖平面先稳定上升后下降的混积岩沉积模式:随着湖平面的缓慢上升,混合沉积呈增多趋势,以相源混合和原地混合为主;当湖平面到达一定高度时,纯碳酸盐岩增多,混合沉积减少,以相源混合为主;后期,湖平面下降,可能形成母源混合沉积。     

渤海湾盆地黄河口凹陷沙河街组白云岩成因机理

为了研究渤海湾盆地黄河口凹陷沙河街组白云岩成因机理,通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、阴极发光、X衍射、扫描电镜、背散射、碳氧同位素等方法,分析白云石岩石学、形貌学和同位素地球化学特征.结果表明,白云岩呈黄棕色,发育大量溶蚀孔和高岭石、燧石等矿物,δ13C值为-0.50‰~4.58‰,δ18O值为-14.58‰~-2.19‰,总体具有δ13C低正值,δ18O负值的特点.泥晶白云石,由微米级球状白云石和白云石化蓝细菌组成,亚微米级孔隙发育,见薄片状细菌丝和草莓状黄铁矿;纤维状白云石环边胶结物充填在溶蚀孔洞或围绕颗粒表面生长;菱形白云石,漂浮状分散在孔隙中.准同生期,硫酸盐还原菌的催化作用形成球形白云石;随后,受大气淡水淋滤,在湖底成岩环境微生物影响下形成纤维状白云石环边胶结物;浅埋藏期,由于埋藏白云岩化形成菱形白云石.这为古老湖相白云岩微生物成因提供具体实例,且对该地区勘探提供参考.      

渤海湾盆地第三系火成岩的分布规律

渤海湾盆地第三系火成岩的分布在平面上具有东多西少、北多南少的特点,时代分布上,具孔店组、沙三段、沙一段、馆陶组4个相对富集时期和层位。全面、系统的分析研究认为,莫霍面隆起幅度和以郯庐断裂带为主的具走滑性质的深大断裂带控制了全区火成岩的分布概貌;坳陷内部与走滑断裂带相伴生的大断裂控制着火成岩的分布型式;凹陷内局部古应力场和古地貌决定着各期火成岩直接分布样式。     

渤海海域莱州湾凹陷盐构造成因探讨

通过分析莱州湾凹陷盐构造特征,盐构造形成动力条件,探讨莱州湾凹陷盐构造成因,讨论了走滑背景下盐岩活动特点。分析表明,莱州湾凹陷盐层构造发育刺穿性盐株和枕状底辟,欠压实、超压破裂、潜伏走滑断层和楔形体的重力扩张促使了莱州湾凹陷盐岩早期流动;渐新世右行走滑阶段,走滑压扭作用下形成刺穿盐株;盐构造活动可分为沙三末期-沙一段沉积期盐流动阶段、中晚渐新世东营沉积时期盐刺穿阶段、中新世-第四纪盐构造再次活化三个阶段。走滑断裂作用下盐岩以流动为主,发育典型的刺穿型盐底辟。     

Tectonic–Hydrocarbon Accumulation of Laoyemiao Region in the Nanpu Sag, Bohai Bay Basin

Abstract: This paper aims to gain insight into Laoyemiao (LYM) tectonic features and utilizes the tectonic–hydrocarbon accumulation model by integrated analysis tectonic controls on suitable reservoirs, trap styles, and hydrocarbon migration. On the basis of 3-D seismic data interpretation and the Xi’nanzhuang (XNZ) Fault geometry analysis, it has been assessed that the LYM tectonics is essentially a transverse anticline produced by flexure of the XNZ Fault surface and superimposed by Neocene north-east-trending strike-slip faults. Transverse anticline is found to exert controls both on major sediment transportation pathways and sedimentary facies distribution. Fan-delta plains that accumulated on the anticline crest near the XNZ Fault scrap and fan-delta front on the anticline front and the upper part of both limbs slumps on synclines and the Linque subsag. In combination with the reservoir properties, suitable reservoirs are predicted in the subfacies of subaqueous distributary channel and mouth bar deposited on the anticline crest. The LYM-faulted anticline accounts for the following trap groups: faulted-block and anticline-dominated trap, fault-dominated traps, and combined and stratigraphic traps. Evidence from biomarkers of crude oil and hydrocarbon-filling period simultaneous, or a little later to the strike-slip fault activity, reveal that the strike-slip faults penetrating into the deep source rock, by connecting with shallow reservoirs, provide the major hydrocarbon migration pathways.     

东营凹陷南斜坡王家岗地区第三系原油特征及其意义

对原油烃类化学组成的剖析表明,东营凹陷南部缓坡带王家岗油田第三系沙河街组原油与邻区八面河油田沙河街组特征相似,都具有较高含量的甾烷、伽马蜡烷和脱羟基维生素 E, C27、 C28、 C29ααα甾烷呈" V"字型分布, Pr/Ph < 1,甾烷异构化程度不高等咸水湖相油特征,表明两区沙河街组原油成因相同及具有共同的油源.处于牛庄洼陷与其南斜坡过渡带的王家岗油田原油成因及成熟度与八面河油田原油的相同或相近,暗示后者主要来自牛庄洼陷而非仅局限于南斜坡未熟-低熟烃源岩.王家岗地区丁家屋子孔店组原油既有沙河街组原油的某些特征 (如高含量伽马蜡烷 ),也有其不具备而第三系孔店组烃源岩可能具备的某些特征 (如明显的 C29甾烷优势、较高含量的氧芴系列等 ).孔店组原油的双重特征及其相对较高的成熟度,说明孔店组油气的深层来源及其油源的混合性.相同成因、不同成熟度原油及不同油源原油的混合可能是叠合盆地的普遍现象.王家岗-八面河地区孔店组较高成熟度油气的发现表明该区具有广泛的深源油气前景.     

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷滩海地区奥陶系原油油源分析

近年来渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷的油气勘探取得了重大突破。在滩海区奥陶系古潜山钻遇工业性高产油气流,使奥陶系古潜山成为南堡油田重要勘探目的层之一,但目前对奥陶系主要产油层中油气的来源问题仍存在着不同的认识。通过对奥陶系原油与古近系沙三段、沙一段和东三段3套烃源岩的地球化学特征进行对比研究,并结合奥陶系油气成藏特征,探讨了奥陶系原油的油源。结果表明：南堡油田奥陶系原油生物标志化合物特征和稳定碳同位素组成与沙三段烃源岩的相似,二者具有较好的亲缘关系;同时,区域性的不整合面、油源断层可以成为沟通奥陶系古潜山储层与沙三段油源的运移通道;奥陶系原油主要来源于沙三段烃源岩。     

渤海湾盆地青东凹陷古近纪烃源岩热演化史研究

以地震、测井、录井及地球化学资料为基础,本文采用Easy-R o 方法对渤海湾盆地青东凹陷进行了古地温反演,计算 了该地区的古地温梯度,并进一步利用人工取井和盆地模拟方法,确定了沙四上亚段和沙三下亚段烃源岩的成熟度和展布 特征,预测了有利生烃区带的分布。结果表明,青东地区的古地温梯度为3.8℃ /100 m;沙四上亚段烃源岩的成熟度较高, 进入成熟- 高成熟阶段;沙三下亚段的烃源岩成熟度相对较小,为成熟- 低成熟阶段;纵向上,沙四上亚段较沙三上亚段生 烃范围大、烃源岩成熟度高;横向上,主要的生烃区带集中在青东凹陷主体洼陷地区（北部断阶带、北次洼、南次洼、中 次洼）以及青南洼陷,青东凹陷西斜坡地区未进入生烃门限。     

渤海湾盆地惠民凹陷临商断层特征及其活动机制

临商断层为济阳坳陷惠民凹陷内部NE向展布的控洼断层之一,详细地分析这些断层的活动性对于深入了解古近系沙河街组沙三段开始沉积以来惠民凹陷的差异分化具有重要的意义。本文通过详细解剖临商断层的几何学特征,不同时期、位置的断层活动性,并结合新生代以来渤海湾盆地的构造演化,得出以下认识:①临商断层的雏形为一右旋走滑正断层。②断层的主枝由西往东活动速率逐渐增强,而分枝断层则表现为中间强、两侧弱。③时间上的差异性表现为古近系沙河街组沙三段沉积期—古近系沙河街组沙二段沉积期断层的活动性较强,在古近系沙河街组沙二段沉积期达到最高值,而后逐渐减弱,古近系东营组沉积期出现小规模的增强,新近系馆陶组沉积期断层活动性达到最低值,新近系明化镇组沉积期断层活动性开始增强。④空间上断层活动的差异主要是由于该断层走滑过程中形成的同向走滑断层的位置造成的,而时间上的差异性与渤海湾盆地新生代的构造演化具有较好的一致性。     

Geochemistry of C25 and C30 biogenic alkenes in sediments of the narragansett bay estuary

The distributions of a series of structurally related C₂₅ and C₃₀ biogenic alkenes in sediments of the Narragansett Bay estuary have been determined. The suite of alkenes detected differs both quantitatively and qualitatively from those previously reported in other estuanne and coastal regions. Four C₂₅ mono- and dienes and one C₃₀ diene comprise 73–91% of the total alkenes in all surface (upper 2.5–5 cm) sediments analyzed. However, significant geographic variations exist in the relative abundance of these five compounds throughout the estuary. A comparison of alkene concentrations with δ¹³C of the bulk sedimentary organic matter has shown that the geographic variations of some alkenes reflect the distribution of marine organic matter, suggesting a marine source for these compounds. The distributions of other alkenes are not similarly correlated. In particular, concentrations of the C₃₀ diene are relatively constant and exhibit no dependence on the origin of organic matter in these sediments. This distribution implies an in situ production of this alkene throughout the estuary. Analysis of several sediment cores reveals that alkene concentrations are generally highest at the surface and decrease to low, constant values within the upper 25 cm. An exception is the subsurface concentration of one C₂₅ diene, which exhibits an increase at the same depth in two separate upper bay cores.     

古新世以来郯庐断裂的位移量及其对莱州湾凹陷的控制

高分辨三维地震可视化及方差切片分析显示,郯庐断裂渤海海域莱州湾段北北东向断裂系发育。断层在水平方差切片上的拖拽现象、断裂带内部断层的组合关系以及凹陷沉积中心的迁移等,表明古新世以来该区存在右旋走滑运动。假设在东、西两支断层的走滑拉分作用下,根据可容纳空间不变原理,设计了三角形模型、长方形模型、半地堑型模型以及地堑型模型共四种模型,计算莱州湾凹陷南北长度和凹陷深度的关系,其中半地堑模型计算得到的郯庐断裂的水平位移为7km。结合断层的平面分布和断层的切割关系,表明古新世以来郯庐断裂的走滑拉分作用难以控制莱州湾凹陷的形成,走滑拉分作用只是在走滑断裂带内部形成了局部小型洼地,其规模很小,影响非常有限。     

Petroleum accumulation conditions of the Paleogene Shahejie formation in Qingdong Sag of Bohai Bay Basin,Eastern China

Qingdong Sag is a potential area for oil and gas exploration in Bohai Bay Basin of Northern China. In order to find a direction for the subsequent exploration of Jiyang Depression, oil and gas accumulation conditions of Qingdong Sag are studied in details by using geochemistry, sequence stratigraphy, sedimentology, and petroleum geology methods, integrated with geological, seismic, and testing data. The results show that the Shahejie Formation in the Qingdong Sag was mainly deposited in deltaic and lacustrine settings. The upper part of member 4 of the Shahejie Formation formed in delta, beach bar, low stand fan, and submarine fan. Three tectonic settings (extensional, strike-slip, and extension and strike-slip compound) were recognized. Accumulation of oil and gas in Qingdong Sag is influenced by structures and reservoir and cap rock conditions. Six oil and gas accumulation systems were found, which are north fault terrace-north subdepression oil and gas accumulation system, west slope belt and gas accumulation system, middle Horst oil and gas accumulation system, south Horst oil and gas accumulation system, drape structural belt of Qingdong 2 well oil and gas accumulation system, and Qingnan area oil and gas accumulation system. Members 3 and 4 of the Shahejie Formation are the main target of hydrocarbon source rocks because the organic matter abundance is up to the standard of good hydrocarbon source rocks. The north of the Qingdong Sag and second slope-break belt should be the key objectives of exploration in the future.     

Geochemical characteristics and genetic types of crude oils from the Tertiary system in the southern part of western Qaidam Basin, Northwest China

Crude oil samples taken from the southern part of western Qaidam Basin were analyzed with GC/MS in order to understand the geochemical characteristics of crude oils. The results reveal that most crude oils are characterized by high abundance of gammacerane and C35 homohopane, which are the representative characteristics of saline lacustrine crude oils. Based on the variation of the ratios of gammacerane/C30 hopane （G/H） and C35 homoho-pane/C34 homohopane （C35/C34H）, two crude oil groups, A and B, are identified. Group-A crude oils mainly occurr in the north of the study area, with higher ratios of G/H （〉0.8） and C35/C34H （〉1.2）, whereas group-B crude oils, selected from the south of the study area, show lower ratios of G/H （〈0.8） and C35/C34H （〈1.0）. In addition, group-A crude oils are distinguished into three subgroups in accordance with their different ratios of G/H and C35/C34H and different distribution characteristics of n-alkanes, isoprenoids and steranes. These may be helpful for understanding the distribution characteristics of crude oils in the southern part of western Qaidam Basin and providing clues to the forthcoming exploration of crude oils and gas.     

Origin of the high waxy oils in Bohai Bay Basin, east China: Insight from geochemical and fluid inclusion analyses

An integrated approach of molecular sieve, molecular composition of fluid inclusion and compound specific isotope analysis was employed to investigate newly discovered oils reservoired in an Ordovician buried hill in the Dongying Depression of Bohai Bay Basin. The new discovered oils are characterized by high content of waxy alkanes (> 40%) with an extremely low concentration of cyclic biomarkers. The alkanes-removed waxy oil and the fluid inclusion oils correlate well with the source rocks of the Paleogene Kongdian Fm (Ek₂). The δ¹³C values of the compound-specific isotope of the alkanes indicate that Ek₂ is the primary source for the oils. This study demonstrates the existence of a new set of deeper source rocks with good oil-generation potential in the Dongying Depression.