汞在地壳、岩石和疏松沉积物中的分布

20世纪80年代以来分析测试技术取得了突破性的进展,积累了汞在岩石和疏松沉积物大量可靠的分析数据,发现引用20世纪70年代前发表的有关汞的地壳丰度及岩石和沉积物中的平均含量作为衡量标准已不适宜.本文根据近20年来发表的有关汞在地壳、岩石和疏松沉积物中含量的文献,结合作者在地壳元素丰度研究中积累的大量岩石中汞含量的可靠数据以及IGCP360"全球地球化学基准"计划获得的国外沉积物中汞含量的可靠数据,综合给出了汞在地壳、出露岩石地壳的丰度分别为7 ng/g和13 ng/g,岩石、火成岩、沉积岩、变质岩的平均含量分别为12.5 ng/g、6.9 ng/g、22.6 ng/g和8.6 ng/g,大陆疏松沉积物、水系沉积物、泛滥平原沉积物、土壤和浅海沉积物的平均含量分别为60 ng/g、60 ng/g、60 ng/g、65 ng/g和25ng/g.     

金在地壳、岩石和沉积物中的丰度

金在地壳，岩石和沉只物中的丰度一直是地球化学研究和金矿勘查中非常重要的参数。随着20世纪80年代金分析测试技术的突破性进展以及目前积累的大量可靠的金的分析数据，发现引用20世纪70年代前发表的有关金的地壳丰度和金在岩石，沉积物中的平均含量作为衡量标准已不适宜。根据近15年来发表的大量有关金在地壳，岩石和沉积物中含量的文献，结合作者在地壳与岩石研究中积累的金的大量可靠数据，综合给出金的地壳丰度为1.0ng/g，出露出壳丰度为0．8ng/g，金在岩石，火成岩，沉积岩和变质岩中的平均含量分别为0．9，0．6，1．0和1．0ng/g，金在中国水纱沉积物，泛滥平均沉积物，浅海沉积物和土壤中的平均含量分别为1．4，1．6，1．2和2．0ng/g。这种对金在地壳，岩石和沉积物中丰度值的新认识，对地球化学理论研究，勘查地球化学甚至金的矿产勘查工作都有重大意义。     

岩石化学元素丰度在地球化学块体研究中的意义

以Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、Sb、Hg、W、Sn、Mo、U、Cr、Ni、Co等14种成矿元素为例,利用中国东部不同构造单元的出露地壳和不同类型岩石的元素丰度阐明其在水系沉积物地球化学块体划分与研究中的意义.利用岩石元素丰度对地球化学块体进行研究,既可查明不同地球化学景观区水系沉积物地球化学块体的成因,又可为地球化学块体的研究对比提供条件.因此,应建立不同大地构造单元或不同地球化学景观区的岩石元素丰度并加强其与水系沉积物元素含量的对应关系的研究,这将会对地球化学块体的划分与推断解释提供重要的更加合理的依据.     

用于铂族元素分析的中外地质标准物质

标准物质作为地质分析的计量标准,在分析质量监控、仪器校准、方法评价和仲裁分析中发挥着重要作用。铂族元素分析一直是地质材料分析中最棘手的任务之一,铂族元素标准物质研制困难,数量少,严重影响了对铂族元素分析方法的评价和分析数据的质量监控,成为铂族金属矿产资源勘查、评价和相关研究工作的瓶颈。收集了中国及国际上现有的34个铂族元素标准物质和52个其他地球化学标准物质中的101个铂族元素定值数据。为便于使用也收集了这些标准物质中其他元素的含量信息,给出了铂族各元素按含量大小排列的信息简表以方便选择。充分利用这些标准物质对促进铂族元素分析方法研究,保证铂族元素分析数据质量,提高中国和世界铂族金属矿产资源勘查、评价及研究水平具有重要意义。     

铂族元素地球化学标准物质的研制

ＧＰｔ＿１～７系列标准物质由土壤、水系沉积物、富镁超基性岩、富铁超基性岩、含铜镍贫铂矿石及铬铁矿等不同类型７个样品组成。铂族元素的含量范围从土壤和岩石的背景含量到矿石达４～５个数量级。经方差检验样品均匀度良好。标准物质的定值分析采用了不同类型的试金和湿化学法分离富集,以原子吸收、催化比色、催化极谱、等离子体质谱、发射光谱和中子活化等方法进行测定。定值的元素为Ｐｔ、Ｐｄ、Ｏｓ、Ｒｕ、Ｉｒ、Ｒｈ６个铂族元素及Ａｕ。该系列标准物质主要适于作铂族元素地球化学勘查和铂矿勘查中铂族元素分析的量值标准与测试的质量监控。     

新疆北部39种元素岩石、岩屑、水系沉积物背景丰度值

新疆北部３９种元素岩石、岩屑、水系沉积物背景丰度值杜佩轩（西安地质学院，西安７１００５４）国家３０５项目１０年国家重点科技攻关，完成了几十万平方公里低密度、甚低密度区域地球化学勘查，获岩石、岩屑、水系沉积物介质３９种元素高精度分析数据近万余个，利用电...     

中国与世界铂族元素地球化学标准物质评介

铂族元素分析一直是地质材料分析中最棘手的任务之一,是铂族金属矿产资源勘查、评价和相关研究工作的瓶颈。铂族元素标准物质作为铂族元素分析的计量标准,在分析质量监控、分析仪器校准、分析方法评价和仲裁分析中发挥着重要作用。笔者等评介了我国研制的超基性岩和铬铁矿铂族元素标准物质、铂族元素地球化学标准物质、铂族元素矿石标准物质和海山富钴结壳铂族元素标准物质共4个系列21个标准物质,也给出了其他地球化学标准物质中铂族元素的定值数据;并与南非、加拿大、俄罗斯和岩石矿物分析标准国际工作组(GIT-IWG)研制的13个铂族元素标准物质及其他国际地球化学标准物质中铂族元素的数据进行了对比。这些标准物质的研制与应用将大大提高铂族元素分析数据的可靠性,为我国和世界铂族金属矿产资源勘查、评价及研究提供了有力的技术支撑。     

中国汞的地球化学空间分布特征

20世纪80年代以来中国积累了岩石、土壤和水系沉积物中的大量可靠的汞分析数据和图件,为分析汞的地球化学空间分布特征提供了依据.从空间分布上看,从中国北部到南部,从西部到东部,土壤和水系沉积物中汞的含量背景值逐渐增高,汞在以干旱荒漠区、半干旱荒漠区、黄土地区和高寒山区为主的西部和北部呈低背景,在东部的森林沼泽区和半湿润低山丘陵区为中等背景,在南部的湿润低山丘陵区、热带雨林区和高山峡谷区为高背景,尤其在以云南东南部、贵州、广西西部、湖南西部岩溶区为中心的低温成矿域内,无论岩石、土壤还是水系沉积物,汞含量背景值达到最高.一般情况下,岩石、土壤和水系沉积物之间的汞含量具有继承性,在地理空间分布上呈明显的对栽应关系,并且土壤和水系沉积物之间的汞含量具有相近性,土壤和水系沉积物较岩石更为富集汞.     

新疆岩石.岩屑.水系沉积物元素背景平均值

论证了中国丰度及地壳表层物质成分研究的必要性和重要性，利用区域地球化学勘查所提供的高精度分析数据，经严格统计计算，发表新疆地区及其一级构造单元表层岩石、岩屑、水系沉积物的39种元素背景平均值。     

中国东部大陆岩石地球化学图揭示的信息

根据中国东部各省(区、市)区域地质志、1∶50万地质图和中国东部地壳与岩石元素丰度研究成果首次编制的中国东部60种元素的岩石地球化学图,基本反映了与特定岩性有关的区域岩石地球化学元素含量分布特征和与大地构造单元有关的区域地球化学元素含量分布特征,直观表达了中国东部空间地理上元素背景含量的宏观分布与变化,以及不同大地构造单元元素背景含量的变化趋势。这一成果为勘查地球化学、环境地球化学,特别是区域化探扫面水系沉积物资料的定量解释提供了基本依据,为基础地质、大地构造、区域成矿研究提供了重要资料,也为地球化学块体理论及其形成机制的研究提供了强有力的支持。     

Excess europium content in precambrian sedimentary rocks and continental evolution

We propose that the europium excess in Precambrian sedimentary rocks, relative to those of younger age is derived from volcanic rocks of ancient island arcs, which were the source materials for the sediments. Precambrian sedimentary rocks and present-day volcanic rocks of island arcs have similar REE patterns, total REE abundances and excess Eu, relative to the North American shale composite. The present upper crustal REE pattern, as exemplified by that of sediments, is depleted in Eu, relative to chondrites. This depletion is considered to be a consequence of development of a grandioritic upper crust by partial melting in the lower crust, which selectively retains europium.     

新疆岩石·岩屑·水系沉积物元素背景平均值

论证了中国丰度及地壳表层物质成分研究的必要性和重要性，利用区域地球化学勘查所提供的高精度分析数据，经严格统计计算，发表新疆地区其一级构造单元表层岩石、岩屑、水系沉积物的39种元素背景平均值。     

The episodic development of intermediate to silicic volcano-plutonic suites in the Archaean West Pilbara, Australia

Four felsic igneous rock suites in the Archaean West Pilbara have been identified based on geochemistry and geochronology. A voluminous TTG suite formed at ca. 3260 Ma, which appears to be from melting of a mafic-subducted oceanic slab and thus represents generation of new continental crust. A tholeiitic to calc-alkaline volcanic assemblage and coeval granitoids formed at ca. 3120 Ma in an extensional environment. Further TTG magmatism occurred at ca. 3000 Ma, generating both large granitoid complexes and small plutons, again adding new continental crust to the West Pilbara. At 2930-Ma crustal reworking, most likely of the 3000-Ma rocks, generated small plutons that are coeval with layered ultramafic-mafic intrusions in the region. The changes from new crustal material to crustal reworking infer changing tectonic regimes, which is important for models of Archaean continental crust generation. The data presented here indicate that crustal generation mechanisms varied and were episodic in the West Pilbara, implying that early crustal evolution was a result of periodic changes in tectonic regime, which is reflected in the geochemistry of the rocks.     

前寒武纪沉积岩地球化学特征及其对地壳演化的指示意义

本文介绍了运用前寒武纪沉积岩地球化学特征推断地球早期地壳的组成、增生历史及太古—元古宙界面构造性质突变问题,这已成为国际前寒武纪地质研究的前沿课题,并已相继在世界典型的前寒武纪低级区及部分高级区开展了这一方面的研究工作,取得了一系列重要进展。     

Upper crustal abundances of trace elements: A revision and update

We report new estimates of abundances of rarely analyzed elements (As, B, Be, Bi, Cd, Ge, In, Mo, Sb, Sn, Te, Tl, W) in the upper continental crust based on precise ICP-MS analyses of well-characterized upper crustal samples (shales, pelites, loess, graywackes, granitoids and their composites) from Australia, China, Europe, New Zealand and North American. Obtaining a better understanding of the upper crustal abundance and associated uncertainties of these elements is important in placing better constraints on bulk crust composition and, from that, whole Earth models of element cycling and crust generation. We also present revised abundance estimates of some more commonly analyzed trace elements (Li, Cr, Ni, and Tm) that vary by > 20% compared to previous estimates. The new estimates are mainly based on significant (r² > 0.6) inter-element correlations observed in clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks, which yield upper continental crust elemental ratios that are used in conjunction with well-determined abundances for certain key elements to place constraints on the concentrations of the rarely analyzed elements. Using the well-established upper crustal abundances of La (31 ppm), Th (10.5 ppm), Al₂O₃ (15.40%), K₂O (2.80%) and Fe₂O₃ (5.92%), these ratios lead to revised upper crustal abundances of B = 47 ppm, Bi = 0.23 ppm, Cr = 73 ppm, Li = 41 ppm, Ni = 34 ppm, Sb = 0.075, Te = 0.027 ppm, Tl = 0.53 ppm and W = 1.4 ppm. No significant correlations exist between Mo and Cd and other elements in the clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks, probably due to their enrichment in organic carbon. We thus calculate abundances of these elements by assuming the upper continental crust consists of 65% granitoid rocks plus 35% clastic sedimentary rocks. The validity of this approach is supported by the similarity of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, La and Th abundances calculated in this way with their upper crustal abundances given in Rudnick and Gao [Rudnick, R., Gao, S., 2003. Composition of the continental crust. In: Rudnick, R.L. (Ed.), The Crust. In: Holland, H.D., Turekian, K.K. (Eds.), Treatise on Geochemistry, vol. 3. Elsevier–Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 1–64.]. The upper crustal abundances thus obtained are Mo = 0.6 ppm and Cd = 0.06 ppm. Our data also suggest a  20% increase of the Tm, Yb and Lu abundances reported in Rudnick and Gao [Rudnick, R., Gao, S., 2003. Composition of the continental crust. In: Rudnick, R.L. (Ed.), The Crust. In: Holland, H.D., Turekian, K.K. (Eds.), Treatise on Geochemistry, vol. 3. Elsevier–Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 1–64.].     

GEOCHEMICAL STANDARD REFERENCE SAMPLES GSD 9–12, GSS 1–8 AND GSR 1–6

The 18 Chinese geochemical standard reference samples GSD 9-12 (stream sediments), GSS 1-8 (soils) and GSR 1-6 (rocks) were prepared after GSD 1-8 (stream sediments) for even wider and increasing needs of geology, exploration geochemistry and geochemical analysis. Usable values of 41 trace, minor and major elements of the 18 samples were published in 1984. In the following two years, efforts were concentrated on the determination of other elements, most of which are more difficult to determine accurately and hence not many data were available in the literature. At the same time, additional data on the 41 elements already evaluated were also submitted. In all, 155 234 results were available along with the 35 284 analytical data submitted. The processing of samples, the examination of sample homogeneity, the plan of collaborative analysis of the samples, and the criteria for defining the recommended values are described. The recommended or reference values of the 72 constituents, to-gether with the 35 284 analytical data of the 18 samples are published in this paper.     

Comparative geochemistry of platinum-group elements of nickel-copper sulfide occurrences associated with mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the Appalachian Orogen

Numerous tholeiitic mafic-ultramafic intrusions occurring in the Avalon and the Gander terranes of the Appalachian Orogen host magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide accumulations. The sulfide occurrences of the Gander terrane are depleted in the platinum-group elements (PGE). Total PGE abundances in these intrusions do not exceed several hundreds of ppb. The Mechanic intrusion occurring in the Avalon terrane, on the other hand, has PGE concentrations as high as 2400 ppb. Low PGE levels in the Gander terrane can be explained by equilibration of the immiscible sulfide melt with a low proportion of silicate magma. One possible explanation would be that the parental magmas for these intrusions were sulfur saturated before leaving their source region. An early sulfide fractionation during migration to the upper crustal levels, or immediately after entering the magma chamber is another possibility. Differences in the PGE geochemistry of the two groups can be explained by the different source region characteristics and different environments in which the magmas evolved.     

Abundances of chemical elements in the Earth’s crust

The evaluation of the abundances of chemical elements in the Earth’s crust is a pivotal geochemical problem. Its first solutions in the early 20th century formed the empirical groundwork for geochemistry and justified concepts about the unity of the material of the Universe, the genesis of the chemical elements, and the geochemical differentiation of the Earth. The accumulation of newly obtained data called for the revision of this problem, and a series of papers by A.P. Vinogradov, which were published in Geokhimiya in 1956–1962, presented reevaluated contents of elements in the continental crust. In these papers, A.P. Vinogradov relied on the classic idea of the geochemical balance of the sedimentary process. These generalizations provided the foundation for the quantitative characterization of the geochemical background of the biosphere and allowed Vinogradov to formulate the principles of the melting and degassing of material in the outer Earth’s shells during the geologic history, a concept that became universally acknowledged in modern geochemistry and geology. The composition of the Earth’s crust can also be evaluated based not on the principle of geochemical balance in the sedimentary process but on data on the actual abundances of major magmatic, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock types. The possibility of this solution was provided after the extensive research of A.B. Ronov, who managed to develop a quantitative model for the structure of the Earth’s sedimentary shell. Based on these data, A.B. Ronov, A.A. Yaroshevsky, and A.A. Migdisov published a series of papers in Geokhimiya in 1967–1985 that presented a model for the chemical structure of the Earth’s crust with regard for the material composing not only the upper part of the continental crust but also its deep-seated granulite-basite layer and the oceanic crust. The quantitative estimates thus obtained led the authors to important conclusions: first, it was demonstrated that the estimated abundances of elements in the granite-metamorphic layer of the continental crust presented in the classic works by A.P. Vinogradov are confirmed by independent materials, which are based on data on the actual abundance of rocks. Second, incredible as it was, the principle of geochemical balance in the sedimentary process in application to Ca and carbonates appeared to be invalid. This problem remains unsettled as of yet and awaits its resolution.     

铂族元素地球化学研究评述

随着分析技术的发展和数据的积累,人们逐渐认识到PGE在地球化学研究方面具有潜在的应用价值。但地幔中PGE的存在形式目前尚不清楚,在许多方面还有争议。文中通过大量的实例综述了近年来PGE的分异机制和其在上地幔分布不均一性方面取得的进展以及存在的问题,结果表明:除Au外,蚀变作用并不影响PGE的分异;PGE主要以硫化物或合金的形式赋存于地幔岩石中,其分布不均匀,单一地依靠PGE与MgO,Cr,Ni的相关性来探讨部分熔融、分离结晶过程中橄榄石、尖晶石、铬铁矿对PGE分异的影响是不全面的,必须考虑硫化物的作用;地幔岩石具有包裹体和粒间两种不同PGE分配模式的硫化物。地幔源区或板内携带PGE流体交代以粒间硫化物为主的地幔岩石。使其PGE发生分异;不管是核幔分离后外核物质的返回,还是单一硫化物的作用都不能完全否定陨石撞击的地球增生假说。在大的区域,上地幔PGE的分布是均一的,但在一定范围内由于不同的大地构造背景,其PGE的分布显示不均一性。     

Geochemical anomalies in the mantle of the Pamirs and Tien Shan with applications to the deep-seated sources of ore material

The mantle metasomatites (fluidized magmatic rocks) of the Pamir-Tien Shan region show extremely high contents of lithophile and chalcophile trace elements, which often exceeds the regional average abundances of the Earth’s crust. Geochemical relations were established between mantle and crustal rocks, and it was shown that the compositions of magmatic rocks of different age and formation depth and polychronous mineralization are relatively stable. These data and some other facts indicate the possible influence of mantle fluids (melts) on the crustal rocks and processes. An alternative model implies the geochemical influence of crustal rocks on the geochemical characteristics of the regional mantle. The ore material of alkali basic rocks and some hydrothermal and rare metal deposits shows a geochemical affinity to the supposed mantle (mantle-crustal) sources. The ore-bearing fluids (melts) were presumably related to the evolution of ultradeep “hot” material of mantle plumes and “daughter” diapirs carrying alkaline, trace, and ore elements.