Ground-penetrating radar as a tool to detect rock heterogeneities (channels, cemented layers and fractures) in the Luxembourg Sandstone Formation (Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg)

A combined study of radar profiles and thin section analysis supported by modelling of synthetic radar traces reveals that ground-penetrating radar (GPR) reflections generated in diagenetically altered sandstones cannot always be interpreted unequivocally. This is illustrated in the Luxembourg Sandstone Formation, which has been altered diagenetically by selective carbonate cementation and fracturing. Cemented lenses and concretions developed along the bedding planes, especially at places with high primary carbonate content. Cementation resulted in the alternation of cemented carbonate-rich sandy layers (thickness 30–50 cm and variable length) and uncemented carbonate-poor sandstone layers. The ability of GPR to detect the geometry of these lenses and vertical fractures with centimetre apertures has been tested at several antenna frequencies (100, 200, 250 and 500 MHz). Relative dielectric permittivity calculations were carried out to assess variations of this electric property within the cemented and uncemented layers as a function of porosity, calcite and water content in the pores. Two-dimensional full waveform modelling was also carried out to study the effect of conductivity in the sandstones and the effect of interlayer clay seams. At the penetration depth of the radar (7 m with 250 MHz), cemented lenses and concretions could only be detected with GPR when the porosity contrast was sufficiently high, which is not always the case. This conclusion is supported by the modelling. The data also proved the ability of radar to detect large open vertical fractures along which sandstones are weathered. The study has implications for investigations which will use GPR to detect three-dimensional distribution of diagenetic pore filling precipitates as well as secondary porosity development along fractures.     

物探方法在地质灾害勘查中的应用

物探方法是利用地下岩土体的物理性质差异,使用仪器测试地下介质的物性数据,应用计算技术,反演推断出地下不同岩土体分布的一种无损快速的探测方法。不同的岩土体具有不同的密度、导电性、磁性等物理性质,根据不同的物理性质.采用不同仪器设备和方法进行测试,可以解决不同的地质问题。本文论述了音频大地电磁测深法、高密度电阻率法、探地雷达法、瞬变电磁法、地震反射波法在崩塌,滑坡、泥石流,地面塌陷等地质灾害勘查中解决的问题,确定地下采空区分布、基岩埋深.滑面位置.地裂缝位置及分布特征,选择适当的物探方法可以解决地质灾害勘查中的重要问题。     

3D modelling strategy for weather radar data analysis

Weather radar data, which have obvious spatial characteristics, represent an important and essential data source for weather identification and prediction, and the multi-dimensional visualization and analysis of such data in a three-dimensional (3D) environment are important strategies for meteorological assessments of potentially disastrous weather. The previous studies have generally used regular 3D raster grids as a basic structure to represent radar data and reconstruct convective clouds. However, conducting weather radar data analyses based on regular 3D raster grids is time-consuming and inefficient, because such analyses involve considerable amounts of tedious data interpolation, and they cannot be used to address real-time situations or provide rapid-response solutions. Therefore, a new 3D modelling strategy that can be used to efficiently represent and analyse radar data is proposed in this article. According to the mode by which the radar data are obtained, the proposed 3D modelling strategy organizes the radar data using logical objects entitled radar-point, radar-line, radar-sector, and radar-cluster objects. In these logical objects, the radar point is the basic object that carries the real radar data unit detected from the radar scan, and the radar-line, radar-sector, and radar-cluster objects organize the radar-point collection in different spatial levels that are consistent with the intrinsic spatial structure of the radar scan. Radar points can be regarded as spatial points, and their spatial structure can support logical objects; thus, the radar points can be flexibly connected to construct continuous surface data with quads and volume data with hexahedron cells without additional tedious data interpolation. This model can be used to conduct corresponding operations, such as extracting an isosurface with the marching cube method and a radar profile with a designed sectioning algorithm to represent the outer and inner structure of a convective cloud. Finally, a case study is provided to verify that the proposed 3D modelling strategy has a better performance in radar data analysis and can intuitively and effectively represent the 3D structure of convective clouds.     

利用直接推进技术测定渗透系数的最新进展

高精度测定渗透系数（K）的重要性不言自明,但是现阶段野外试验手段能够提供的关于K的信息不能满足高度非均质地层中污染物迁移预测模拟的需求。直接推进注入记录器(Direct Push Injection Logger, DPIL)和直接推进渗透仪(Direct Push Permeameter, DPP)是新发展的水文地质参数测量仪器,能够使K值的测定达到前所未有的分辨率和成本效益水平。工具向地下推进过程中,通过对注水量、注水压力和其它的水文地球物理参数的同步监测,直接推进技术(Direct Push, DP)能快捷准确地获得地层渗透系数的垂向分布。DP技术几乎适用于所有野外松散地层,并且对场地的干扰很小。因此,它克服了许多基于既有井的传统含水层测试方法的局限性。最近在美国MADE试验场的一个案例研究表明,使用DPIL/DPP可以获得空间分辨率达15cm的K值垂向分布。未来,高精度直接推进技术还可以与新一代的地球物理技术,例如高精度探地雷达相结合,以实现不同位置DP测定K值的互联以及整个试验场K值三维分布的确定。     

Influence of the water layer upon the depth of ground radar investigations in freshwater reservoirs

A number of problems associated with detailed investigation of subsurface geological structure below the bottoms of freshwater reservoirs (rivers, ponds, and lakes) arise during the study of the upper portions of geological sections. The present study is aimed at marginal estimation of the penetrating depth of ground radar investigations in freshwater reservoirs (based on bottom reflections), taking into account the complex nature of conductivity and its dependence upon the frequency under ideal conditions with no noise. The same method can be applied for estimating any given dynamic recording range.     

Locating lagoon seepage with radar and electromagnetic survey

Ground-penetrating radar and electromagnetic terrain conductivity (EM) surveys were investigated as possible techniques for determining the presence and extent of groundwater contamination from leachate plumes emanating from animal waste lagoons. Preliminary data suggest that the electromagnetic technique offers the greater range of applicability. Data obtained from EM soundings of three different animal waste lagoons are used to illustrate the usefulness of this technique.     

探地雷达在淡水区浅水域的探测试验

通过堤防护岸水域抛石探测、水下砼格及碎石层探测、江边堆场滑坡水域探测三个案例,说明探地雷达在淡水区浅水域探测效果。重点分析了探测对象所处环境的电导率、介电常数和探测所采用天线频率对探测效果的影响。探地雷达填补了浅水域工程勘察空白,研究成果对非水域探地雷达探测与检测具有借鉴意义。     

基于FDTD数值技术分析反向障碍物对探地雷达采集数据的影响

为了分析与雷达探测方向相反方向的障碍物对雷达采集数据的影响,以探地雷达理论为基础,运用时域有限差分法（FDTD）,建立相应的地质模型,进行探地雷达二维正演模拟。结合工程实例,对福建某隧道的雷达探测数据进行分析研究。研究结果表明,在使用探地雷达进行目标体探测时电磁波并非仅向探测方向发射和传播,在天线的四周都会有电磁波发射出来,而非探测方向上的电磁波将会对雷达采集的数据产生一定的影响,干扰数据解释人员解译的准确性。因此在使用探地雷达和解译雷达数据时,要了解现场环境和剔除干扰波,做到对探测目标体的正确判断。      

双边滤波在探地雷达数据去噪处理中的应用

在探地雷达数据的采集过程中,受外界因素影响会不可避免地混入噪声,严重干扰有效回波的识别与解译.为此,利用双边滤波算法进行探地雷达数据的去噪处理,通过在探地雷达正演记录加入高斯白噪声来模拟实测的探地雷达记录,利用双边滤波器对含噪声的合成记录进行滤波处理,结果表明双边滤波算法能除去大部分高斯噪声,突出有效回波信息,峰值信噪...     

Detection of the near surface structure through a multidisciplinary geophysical approach

The present survey aimed to image the subsurface structure, including karstic voids, and to evaluate the extent of the heterogeneities that can result in potentially dangerous collapse of road segments overlying these features. A multidisciplinary geophysical approach (seismic refraction, frequency domain electromagnetic and ground penetrating radar) in combination with a detailed geological survey indicated the presence of tectonic faults as well as velocity and conductivity anomalies along an old road within the area of Akrotiri at Chania (Crete). Due to the presence of subsurface fuel pipes, perpendicular to the direction of the road, 2D resistivity imaging was excluded from the applied geophysical methods. Interpretation of the geophysical data revealed that the section of the road investigated overlies prominent voids attributed mostly to karst features. The conductivity and velocity anomalies are interpreted to indicate an area where the host limestone rock has been downthrown by faulting and associated karstification. The continuation of this fault zone was observed in the slope of the road during later excavations. Interpretation, using geographic information systems (GIS) to integrate data, allowed these controls and relationships to be understood and monitored. The above methodology was proved successful for areas where the application of resistivity method is not possible.     

定量反演降水及其在青藏高原东北边缘地区面雨量估算中的应用

雷达-雨量计联合校准降水结合了雷达区域覆盖和雨量计单点精度高的优势, 利用雷达进行区域降水量估计是提高雷达应用能力的重要方向之一. 通过利用在青藏高原东北边坡地区的雷达回波-降水反演关系式, 对2012年5月10日的这一地区的一次区域性强降水过程进行反演比较, 并利用平均校准法、 最优插值法和用卡尔曼滤波确定变分系数的变分-卡尔曼滤波进行空间校准. 结果表明:利用最优化法得到的本地降水反演关系式效果要明显优于其他波段或地域的固有关系式, 可以有效改变过低估计的状况; 变分-卡尔曼滤波由于考虑了雷达区域扫描的优势, 校准效果最好, 可以细致反映空间降水分布, 对降水预报、 地质灾害预警等都有重要意义.通过建立多仰角多变量的降水关系式, 并进一步对反演结果采用有效的数学校正法可能会对空间面雨量估测取得更好的效果.     

地质雷达特征图像与典型地质现象的对应关系

地质雷达是浅层地质勘探的有效方法,其对断层破碎带、裂隙带、富水带、岩溶洞穴等不良地质灾害有明显的异常反映。地质雷达测量方式、测线布置及系统参数的选择,可根据测量环境以及探测目标体的大致走向、规模、物性等情况综合分析,做出合理选择。通过用地质雷达对多个工区进行工程勘查,从地质雷达图像的波形、频率、振幅、相位及电磁波能量吸收情况(或自动增益梯度)等细节特征的变化规律出发,建立了典型地质现象与地质雷达特征图像的对应关系,可以作为地质雷达图像解释的重要判据。     

地质雷达技术在隧道健康诊断中的应用

为了诊断运营中隧道病害的程度,需要对隧道衬砌作出系统评价.本文结合工程实际,阐述了采用地质雷达对隧道衬砌进行检测的原理及方法,采取提高检测效果的方法和技术措施,并通过典型雷达图像分析了衬砌结构完整性和衬砌厚度识别判定特征,取得了较好的检测效果,为隧道整体健康诊断提供依据.     

探地雷达在公路灌注碎石桩检测中的应用

介绍了应用探地雷达检测公路灌注碎石桩的基本方法,包括数据的采集、处理与解释,指出了探地雷达检测技术能够定性分析碎石桩的桩身完整性,并在公路工程实践中取得了良好的效果.     

随机单裂隙饱和/非饱和渗透系数研究

裂隙易在降雨作用下诱发滑坡等灾害,裂隙的饱和/非饱和渗透特性是研究此类问题的关键。利用精密数控机床制作随机粗糙裂隙面,并研制了一套仪器进行此随机粗糙裂隙的渗流试验,得到了裂隙的饱和渗透系数,然后通过间接方法预测此裂隙的非饱和渗透系数。研究发现,当裂隙平均开度为0.4 mm时,其饱和渗透系数为0.1 m/s。通过立方定律得到的水力等效隙宽为0.35 mm,小于其平均隙宽。同时裂隙的渗透系数与平均隙宽的平方成正比,这与立方定律的趋势相一致。研究得到了不同隙宽裂隙的非饱和渗透系数函数,当基质吸力小于进气值时,渗透系数为一常数,即为饱和渗透系数;当基质吸力大于进气值时,裂隙板的渗透系数急剧减小。当裂隙板的基质吸力达到其残余含水率对应的吸力值时,裂隙板的渗透系数基本稳定。在此情况下,基质吸力的继续增加对渗透系数的影响非常小,很难使渗透系数减小。     

多普勒天气雷达风场反演技术研究进展

多普勒天气雷达是研究中小尺度天气系统的重要工具，但却只能提供风场的径向速度，因而必须通过风场反演技术来求解二维或三维风场。详细分析了各种单部、多部和多基地多普勒天气雷达风场反演技术及其优缺点，同时指出了应重点研究的方向。从反演结果来看，基于变分法的反演技术明显优于其它方法，这是今后的一个主要研究方向；利用四维同化理论，在数值模式初始场中使用反演数据，是反演技术应用的重点。     

火星轨道器次表层探测雷达的水冰探测

在地球上,水是生命存在的基础之一。大量证据表明火星表面曾经存在液态水,而目前的火星表面环境不支持液态水的长期存在。因此,水可能以不同的状态赋存于火星的次表层。寻找火星次表层的水一直是火星探测的关键科学目标之一。次表层探测雷达,如探地雷达、探冰雷达,是了解地下物质结构的有效方法,近年来在地外天体上得到大量应用。在过去十余年,欧洲的火星快车(Mars Express)上搭载的火星次表层和电离层探测先进雷达(Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding, MARSIS)和美国火星勘测轨道飞行器(Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, MRO)上搭载的浅表层雷达(Shallow Subsurface Radar, SHARAD)已在火星轨道上获取了大量数据,被广泛应用于研究火星的地下结构,尤其是地下水冰探测。我国的天问一号火星探测器也携带了高低频轨道探测雷达和高低频火星车探地雷达,有望在不同的顺轨向、交轨向和距离向分辨率上揭示火星次表层不同深部的结构。本文综述了轨道器次表层探测雷达的探测原理和优势,简要介...     

基于探地雷达检测的岩溶岸坡内部宏观裂隙响应规律研究

岩体内部宏观裂隙的发育程度对水库区岩溶岸坡稳定性有着重要影响.为了有效地探测和识别岩体内部宏观裂隙的几何形态和分布特征,对三峡库区巫峡典型岩溶岸坡中岩体内部的垂直裂隙进行模型简化.基于无损伤的探地雷达物探技术,通过理论分析、数值模拟,研究了岩体内部垂直裂隙的宽度、长度、倾角等发生变化时,雷达回波剖面中裂隙对应的时距曲线...     

地质雷达频率补偿与校正技术

雷达波在地下传播过程中会发生衰减、频散和受到其他干扰的影响,这在一定程度上限制了地质雷达的探测分辨率和最终解释效果。为了降低这些影响,在地层系统响应模型基础之上,通过从原始记录中求取频率补偿与校正因子,既而对原始记录的频谱进行补偿校正,达到改善地质雷达剖面记录,提高探测分辨率的目的。为了更好地了解频率补偿与校正技术的有效性,从原理到应用效果给予了详细的介绍,同时与尖脉冲反褶积的应用效果作比较,进一步说明了频率补偿与校正技术在降噪和提高分辨率处理上的一些技术特点。      

Automatic detection of avalanches: evaluation of three different approaches

Automated detection of snow avalanches is an important tool for avalanche forecasting and for assessing the effectiveness of avalanche control measures at bad visibility. Avalanche detection systems are usually based on infrasound, seismic, or radar signals. Within this study, we compared three different types of avalanche detection systems: one avalanche radar, one infrasound array system consisting of four infrasound sensors, and a newly developed single sensor infrasound system. A special focus is given to the new single sensor system, which is a low cost, easy to install system, originally designed for the detection of debris flows and debris floods. Within this work, we analysed how this single sensor system could be adapted to detect also snow avalanches. All three systems were installed close to a road near Ischgl (Tyrol, Austria) at the avalanche-exposed Paznaun Valley. The valley is endangered by two avalanche paths which are controlled by several avalanche towers. The radar system detected avalanches accurately and reliably but was limited to the particular avalanche path towards which the radar beam was directed. The infrasound array could detect avalanches from all surrounding avalanche paths, however, with a higher effort for installation. The newly tested single infrasound sensor system was significantly cheaper and easier to install than the other two systems. It could also detect avalanches form all directions, although without information about the direction. In summary, each of the three different systems was able to successfully detect avalanches and had its particular strengths and weaknesses, which should be considered according to the specific requirements of a particular practical application.