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沼泽沉积剖面特征元素比值及其环境意义——盐碱化指标及气候干湿变化 总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2
沼泽发育过程中堆积的各类沉积物真实地记录下区域环境演变与沼泽发育过程的信息。以向海沼泽湿地为研究对象,由137Cs、210Pb法定年实现沉积层深度坐标向年代坐标的转换,对典型沉积剖面特征元素比值进行了综合剖析。结果表明: Sr/Ba、Rb/K、(CaO+K2O+Na2O)/Al2O3等比值具有盐碱化和气候干湿变化的指示意义。该区域的盐碱化并非只发生在近几十年,而是由来已久,只是近年来人类活动促进了盐碱化进程。霍林河流域近240年来气候存在冷干-暖湿-冷干的多次波动,1880年之前气候以冷干为主,并有小幅度波动;1880年后气候开始转暖,但仍以冷暖波动振荡为主。 相似文献
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养殖河蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)是合理利用松嫩平原沼泽的重要途径。选取松嫩平原西部的苏打型盐碱化芦苇(Phragmites australis)沼泽为研究对象,应用能量收支法估算成蟹生产力,进而确定一龄幼蟹放养密度;2006~2012年,在13块实验地连续进行成蟹养殖实验,研究沼泽一龄幼蟹的适宜放养密度。结果表明,实验地一龄幼蟹合理的平均放养密度和放养规格分别为809 ind./hm2和5.4 g/ind.,成蟹的平均产量、平均个体规格、平均回捕率和平均经济效益分别为32.92 kg/hm2、137.5 g/ind.、28.73%和598.2元/hm2;该放养密度对沼泽生态系统无明显影响。研究结果显示,松嫩平原苏打型盐碱化芦苇沼泽一龄幼蟹的适宜放养密度平均值为816 ind./hm2,变化区间为605~1 027 ind./hm2。 相似文献
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三江平原中东部沼泽湿地形成及其演化趋势的探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
三江平原中东部是沼泽湿地集中连片分布地区。研究区有阶地沼泽和河漫滩沼泽两大类型沼泽分布,进一步可划分为4个沼泽体,即小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)—毛苔草(Carex lasiocarpa)沼泽;毛苔草沼泽;睡菜(Menyanthes trifoliata)—水木贼(Equisetum limosum)沼泽;漂筏苔草(Carex pseudocuraica)—毛苔草沼泽。研究区沼泽湿地形成的主要自然因素为:①新构造运动的大面积沉降;②地势低平,坡降平缓、河道变迁,复杂的微地貌,易于积水,促使沼泽湿地的大面积形成;③厚3~17m的第四纪粘土层沉积地表,使地表渗透性差;④气候因素,研究区处于温带大陆性湿润季风气候区,雨量集中于夏季,且多秋雨,冬季积雪深度大,封冻期长,季节性冻土层厚;⑤水文因素,河流比降小,糙率大,流速缓,多为沼泽性河流,春汛与夏汛之间只出现平水不出现枯水,洪水期间,洼地和河流受松花江、黑龙江等大河、大江的洪水顶托,研究区的承泄条件差,内水不能外排,长期积蓄地表。目前研究区沼泽有变干的趋向。 相似文献
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近百年来由于受气候暖干化、青海湖湖体水位下降和周围草地退化及沙化趋势加剧等生态环境变化,加速了湿地环境变迁的生态过程。本研究在青海湖北岸地区选取三种典型沼泽湿地(藏嵩草kobresia ti-betica、华扁穗草Blysmus sinocompressus、盐地凤毛菊Saussurea salsa),建立地层的年代序列,计算得到每一测年段内的沉积速率,结合前人研究的历史气候变化,分析湿地形成的历史背景,初步揭示三种沼泽湿地的发育和沉积规律与全球变化的耦合性。结果表明光释光测得的三种沼泽湿地其发育时期各不相同,华扁穗草沼泽湿地发育于8.436±0.6 ka,藏嵩草沼泽湿地发育于2.058±0.11 ka,盐地凤毛菊沼泽湿地发育于1.143±0.20 ka;从整个剖面的平均沉积速率来看盐地凤毛菊湿地沉积最快(0.63 mm/a),藏嵩草湿地次之(0.39 mm/a),华扁穗湿地最慢(0.09 mm/a)。三种沼泽湿地主要在气候由暖干向湿润期转变时形成,自形成以来由于受到全球变化和人类因素的影响,沉积并非随时间呈线性关系发展。 相似文献
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除草剂苄嘧磺隆对盐碱化沼泽芦苇生长及土壤酶活性影响的实验研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
《湿地科学》2016,(1)
分布于松嫩平原西部大型灌区的内陆盐碱化沼泽在农田退水的水资源利用与农业非点源污染控制中起着非常重要的作用,但是,农田退水中残留的除草剂对盐碱化沼泽的影响尚不明晰。2014年7~9月,在松嫩平原西部盐碱化沼泽集中分布区,通过大田模拟实验,研究芦苇(Phragmites australis)对稻田退水中除草剂苄嘧磺隆的生态响应特征,比较不同苄嘧磺隆浓度下湿地土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明,在不同苄嘧磺隆添加量(0.009 9 g/m2、0.019 9 g/m2和0.039 8 g/m2)处理下,7~9月芦苇株高和茎粗都未受显著抑制,且与对照处理相比,株高分别增高15.37%、13.13%和11.48%,茎粗分别增加7.7%、0.7%和11.2%;芦苇干质量波动变化;但芦苇叶片的可溶性糖含量显著降低;光合特性方面,随着苄嘧磺隆含量的增加,芦苇叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率都未显著减小,仅胞间CO2浓度在高添加量苄嘧磺隆处理下显著高于对照处理;而苄嘧磺隆对土壤各种酶活性的影响存在差异,未对土壤过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性产生显著抑制,且在高添加量苄嘧磺隆处理下还激活了土壤碱性磷酸酶活性。在淹水深度为15 cm的实验条件下,在苄嘧磺隆添加量≤0.039 8 g/m2的处理下,盐碱沼泽中的芦苇和土壤酶活性未表现出显著的毒理风险。 相似文献
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多年来,人们关于阿勒泰地区的沼泽化作过不少研究,但却把沼泽化与沙漠化、盐碱化相提并论,视沼泽化为自然界三大“敌人”之一。笔者通过实地考察认为,它的存在功过兼有,利弊共存,不能一概否定。一阿勒泰地区沼泽化土地多分布于冲积洪积扇的扇缘、三角洲末端、洼地以及平缓的古老冲积平原等部位,其中以布尔津河东岸大渠南侧及可可苏地区较为集中。七十年代以来,沼 相似文献
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气候因素是沼泽湿地的发育的主要驱动因素,是沼泽湿地形成、发育及不同特征差异的控制因素。作为中国主要沼泽湿地分布区和气候变化显著地区之一,三江平原沼泽湿地受气候和非气候因素的共同影响。非气候因素对三江平原沼泽湿地的影响强度在加大,沼泽湿地被开垦为农业用地,大型水利工程的修建导致流域水资源减少,使得该区沼泽湿地供水不足。以三江平原为研究区,利用生境分布模型,采用该区沼泽湿地分布数据、气象数据和地形数据,模拟沼泽湿地生态系统在气候因素变化下的演替过程,定量评估气候因素对沼泽湿地的影响程度。研究结果表明,自20世纪50年代至2010年,三江平原地区的气候呈暖干趋势,气候变化对沼泽湿地分布起正增益作用,1951~1980年期间,气候变化对沼泽湿地分布的影响程度为5.21%,1981~2010年期间,气候变化对沼泽湿地分布的影响程度为4.33%;在三江平原地区,非气候因素对沼泽湿地的影响起主导作用,不但导致该区已有湿地发生缩减、退化,还干扰新的湿地自然形成与演替。 相似文献
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环青海湖湿地调查与遥感分类 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
环青海湖湿地面积较大、类型丰富,是青海湖野生动物的重要栖息生境。利用遥感技术进行影像分类,并结合实地调查,建立环青海湖湿地资源分类系统,对该区域湿地资源的现状与分布特征进行研究。该区现有湿地4588.8352km2,以湖体为主。湿地类型有沼泽湿地、湖泊湿地和河流湿地,都为天然湿地,有河口湿地、湖滨湿地、盐碱化沼泽、季节性漫滩、沼泽、淡水湖泊、湖体(咸水湖泊)、河流8个亚类。结合环青海湖湿地的地貌特征、水文特征、植被类型以及生物状况,对青海湖典型湿地的成因和分布特点进行了详细描述,为青海湖湿地研究和保护提供依据。 相似文献
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沼泽湿地环境演变研究回顾与展望——纪念中国科学东北地理与农业生态研究所建所50周年 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
沼泽湿地是地球表层功能独特的生态系统,在其形成发育、时空演化及分异等方面与其它生态系统存在明显差异。中国科学院东北地理所(原长春地理所)在沼泽湿地形成发育、时空演化研究方面有丰富的学科积累。1958年,中国科学院确定沼泽为该所的主攻方向,成为中国最早的专门性沼泽研究机构之一,至今已满50周年。50年来,几代科研人员为沼泽湿地环境演变研究工作贡献了他们的青春年华,取得了丰硕的研究成果。 相似文献
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Walter L. Loope Timothy G. Fisher Harry M. Jol Ronald J. Goble John B. Anderton William L. Blewett 《Geomorphology》2004,61(3-4):303-322
Causal links that connect Holocene high stands of Lake Superior with dune building, stream damming and diversion and reservoir impoundment and infilling are inferred from a multidisciplinary investigation of a small watershed along the SE shore of Lake Superior. Radiocarbon ages of wood fragments from in-place stumps and soil O horizons, recovered from the bottom of 300-ha Grand Sable Lake, suggest that the near-shore inland lake was formed during multiple episodes of late Holocene dune damming of ancestral Sable Creek. Forest drownings at 3000, 1530, and 300 cal. years BP are highly correlated with local soil burial events that occurred during high stands of Lake Superior. During these and earlier events, Sable Creek was diverted onto eastward-graded late Pleistocene meltwater terraces. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) reveals the early Holocene valley of Sable Creek (now filled) and its constituent sedimentary structures. Near-planar paleosols, identified with GPR, suggest two repeating modes of landscape evolution mediated by levels of Lake Superior. High lake stands drove stream damming, reservoir impoundment, and eolian infilling of impoundments. Falling Lake Superior levels brought decreased sand supply to dune dams and lowered stream base level. These latter factors promoted stream piracy, breaching of dune dams, and aerial exposure and forestation of infilled lakebeds. The bathymetry of Grand Sable Lake suggests that its shoreline configuration and depth varied in response to events of dune damming and subsequent dam breaching. The interrelated late Holocene events apparent in this study area suggest that variations in lake level have imposed complex hydrologic and geomorphic signatures on upper Great Lakes coasts. 相似文献
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从湖泊水文要素出发,基于湖泊和流域的关系,对半个世纪来艾比湖面积、矿化度等水文要素变化趋势进行了分析,并对变化原因进行了探讨,结果表明,相对封闭及较小尺度的流域面积等自身特性,决定了其水资源系统自我调节能力的脆弱性;而近年来流域上的人类活动,增大了降水径流滞留时间和蒸发作用,加大了对水资源的利用量,最终导致汇入湖泊的水量不断减少,矿化度在湖水量不断减少的情况下浓缩升高,最后就艾比湖水盐趋势变化及影响进行了讨论。 相似文献
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CLIMATE ENVELOPES OF MIRE COMPLEX TYPES IN FENNOSCANDIA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Peatlands are characteristic features of the Fennoscandian landscape, about one‐quarter of the land surface being classified as peatland. The aim of this work was to determine the extent to which the distribution of four main mire complex types (aapa mire, blanket bog, palsa mire, raised bog) can be modelled on the basis of climatological parameters. Additionally, the relative importance of different climatological variables in influencing the distribution of different mire complex types was scrutinized using the variation partitioning method. Variation partitioning is a novel statistical approach that provides deeper understanding of the importance of different explanatory variable groups for geographical patterns than traditional regression methods. The variation in the distribution of mire complex types was decomposed into independent and joint effects of temperature, precipitation and spatial variables. The distributional limits of aapa mires, palsa mires and raised bogs were primarily associated with thermal factors, whereas moisture regime also played an obvious role for blanket bogs. A considerable amount of variation in the distribution of mire complex types was accounted for by the joint effects of explanatory variables and may thus be causally related to two or all three groups of variables. Although the present distribution of mire complex types corresponded well to the contemporary climate in Fennoscandia, our results indicate that the climate envelopes of palsa mires are narrow. Thus, they can be expected to be extremely sensitive to changes in future climatic conditions. 相似文献
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瑞典是泥炭沼泽广布,泥炭沼泽学研究历史悠久的国家。基于实地考察、交流与文献整理,分析了瑞典泥炭沼泽分布与成因、泥炭沼泽研究、利用及保护状况。早期的瑞典沼泽学者在泥炭沼泽分类、演化及沼泽植物地理学研究等方面处于国际领先地位,对学科的发展做出了重大贡献。目前,瑞典在泥炭沼泽的利用与保护方面也走在世界的前列,特别是泥炭沼泽合理利用与保护及恢复并举,值得我国湿地管理部门借鉴。 相似文献
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Kaarina Sarmaja-Korjonen Seija Kultti Nadia Solovieva Minna Väliranta 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2003,30(4):415-426
Mid-Holocene changes in vegetation, palaeohydrology and climate were investigated from the sediments of Lake Vankavad in the northern taiga of the Usa Basin, NE European Russia, through the analysis of pollen, plant macrofossils, Cladocera and diatoms. Lake Vankavad was probably formed at ca. 5000 BP (ca. 5600 cal. BP) and initially it was shallow with a littoral cladoceran fauna. Macrofossil and pollen results suggest that dense Betula-Picea forests grew in the vicinity and the shore was close to the sampling point. At ca. 4600 BP (ca. 5400 cal. BP) the water level rose coincident with the decrease in the density and area of forests, probably caused by cooling climate and accelerated spread of mires. There was also a further rise in the water level at ca. 3500 BP (ca. 3800 cal. BP). The initiation of the lake, followed by two periods of rising water-level, as well as the increase in mire formation, was a consequence of a rise in groundwater level. This probably reflects lower evapotranspiration in a cooling mid-Holocene climate and/or higher precipitation in the lowland area. Also the decreased forest density and area may have contributed to the lower evapotranspiration. It is also possible that permafrost aggradation or changes in peat ecosystems might have affected the hydrological conditions in the area. 相似文献
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沼泽甲烷排放及其主要影响因素 总被引:20,自引:6,他引:20
综合评述了不同类型沼泽产生、氧化和排放甲烷能力的差异及其主要影响因素。沼泽水位的变化引起沼生植物种群更替,从而形成不同类型的沼泽及其土壤剖面形态特征,进而导致沼泽产生和排放甲烷能力的不同。腐泥沼泽产生和排放甲烷能力最强,泥炭沼泽次之,森林沼泽再次之,苔藓泥炭沼泽最弱。甲烷排放以夏季最多,春秋季次之,冬季最低。在影响沼泽排放甲烷能力中,水位的变化最为强烈,底物、植物种类及数量和温度次之,pH、外源氮和土壤性质也有一定的作用。 相似文献
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青藏高原沼泽合理利用与生态环境保育 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
青藏高原有沼泽约491.3万hm2,是世界上最高的湿地。通过概要介绍高原沼泽湿地基本类型及其分布,重点阐述沼泽湿地利用、环境变化现状与存在的问题,为了保护高原生态环境,并持续利用湿地资源,提出了初步的看法和建议。 相似文献
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Ulla Kokfelt Nina Reuss Eric Struyf Mats Sonesson Mats Rundgren G?ran Skog Peter Rosén Dan Hammarlund 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2010,44(1):327-342
Permafrost in peatlands of subarctic Sweden is presently thawing at accelerated rates, which raises questions about the destiny
of stored carbon and nutrients and impacts on adjacent freshwater ecosystems. In this study we use peat and lake sediment
records from the Stordalen palsa mire in northern Sweden to address the late Holocene (5,000 cal BP-present) development of
the mire as well as related changes in carbon and nutrient cycling. Formation, sediment accumulation and biogeochemistry of
two studied lakes are suggested to be largely controlled by the development of the mire and its permafrost dynamics. Peat
inception took place at ca. 4,700 cal BP as a result of terrestrialisation. Onset of organic sedimentation in the adjacent
lakes occurred at ca. 3,400 and 2,650 cal BP in response to mire expansion and permafrost aggradation, respectively. Mire
erosion, possibly due to permafrost decay, led to re-deposition of peat into one of the lakes after ca. 2,100 cal BP, and
stimulated primary productivity in the other lake at ca. 1,900–1,800 cal BP. Carbonate precipitation appears to have been
suppressed when acidic poor fen and bog (palsa) communities dominated the catchment mire, and permafrost-induced changes in
hydrology may further have affected the inflow of alkaline water from the catchment. Elevated contents of biogenic silica
and diatom pigments in lake sediments during periods of poor fen and bog expansion further indicate that terrestrial vegetation
influenced the amount of nutrients entering the lake. Increased productivity in the lake likely caused bottom-water anoxia
in the downstream lake and led to recycling of sediment phosphorous, bringing the lake into a state of self-sustained eutrophication
during two centuries preceding the onset of twentieth century permafrost thaw. Our results give insight into nutrient and
permafrost dynamics in a subarctic wetland and imply that continued permafrost decay and related vegetation changes towards
minerotrophy may increase carbon and nutrient storage of mire deposits and reduce nutrient fluxes in runoff. Rapid permafrost
degradation may on the other hand lead to widespread mire erosion and to relatively short periods of significantly increased
nutrient loading in adjacent lakes. 相似文献
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The southern shore of Lake Michigan is the type area for many of ancestral Lake Michigan’s late Pleistocene lake phases, but
coastal deposits and features of the Algonquin phase of northern Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, and Lake Superior are not recognized
in the area. Isostatic rebound models suggest that Algonquin phase deposits should be 100 m or more below modern lake level.
A relict shoreline, however, exists along the lakeward margin of the Calumet Beach that was erosional west of Deep River and
depositional east of the river. For this post-Calumet shoreline, the elevation of basal foreshore deposits east of Deep River
and the base of the scarp west of Deep River indicate a slightly westward dipping water plane that is centered at ∼184 m above
mean sea level. Basal foreshore elevations also indicate that lake level fell ∼2 m during the development of the shoreline.
The pooled mean of radiocarbon dates from the surface of the peat below post-Calumet shoreline foreshore deposits indicate
that the lake transgressed over the peat at 10,560 ± 70 years B.P. Pollen assemblages from the peat are consistent with this
age. The elevation and age of the post-Calumet shoreline are similar to the Main Algonquin phase of Lake Huron. Recent isostatic
rebound models do not adequately address a high-elevation Algonquin-age shoreline along the southern shore of Lake Michigan,
but the Goldthwait (1908) hinge-line model does. 相似文献