Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the patterns of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-charactefized physical, chemical and biological processes and their interactions, and on the response of cryosphere to global change and human activities as well as their effects on environment and the acclimatizable strategies; focus on the objects of glacier, snow, fiver, lake, sea ice, permafrost and seasonal frozen ground, and periglacial geomorphology, etc.; and think much of cold regions engineering and technology. Researches in arid regions emphasize particularly on the arid-region-characterized physical,     

Soil erosion and its response to the changes of precipitation and vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau

Soil erosion is a major threat to our terrestrial ecosystems and an important global environmental problem. The Loess Plateau in China is one of the regions that suffered more severe soil erosion and undergoing climate warming and drying in the past decades. The vegetation restoration named Grain-to-Green Program has now been operating for more than 10 years. It is necessary to assess the variation of soil erosion and the response of precipita- tion and vegetation restoration to soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. In the study, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation （RUSLE） was applied to evaluate annual soil loss caused by water erosion. The results showed as follows. The soil erosion on the Loess Plateau between 2000 and 2010 averaged for 15.2 t hm-2 a 1 and was characterized as light for the value less than 25 t hm-2 a-1. The severe soil erosion higher than 25 t hm-2 a-~ was mainly distributed in the gully and hilly regions in the central, southwestern, and some scattered areas of earth-rocky mountainous areas on the Loess Plateau. The soil erosion on the Loess Plateau showed a deceasing trend in recent decade and reduced more at rates more than 1 t hm 2 a 1 in the areas suffering severe soil loss. Benefited from the improved vegetation cover and ecological construction, the soil erosion on the Loess Plateau was significantly declined, es- pecially in the east of Yulin, most parts of Yah＇an prefectures in Shaanxi Province, and the west of Luliang and Linfen prefectures in Shanxi Province in the hilly and gully regions. The variation of vegetation cover responding to soil erosion in these areas showed the relatively higher contribution than the precipitation. However, most areas in Qingyang and Dingxi pre- fectures in Gansu Province and Guyuan in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region were predomi- nantly related to precipitation.     

Spatio-temporal differentiation of climate warming(1959-2016)in the middle Qinling Mountains of China

Based on air temperature observation data from 32 meteorological stations, temperature changes in the middle Qinling Mountains from 1959 to 2016 were analysed with respect to the north-south, seasonal and altitude differences. Our research mainly showed the following results. The annual temperature(TA) rose approximately 0.26℃/10 a within the past 58 years. This warming trend was stronger on the northern slope than on the southern slope, and a warming trend reversal occurred in 1994 on the northern slope, which was three years earlier than on the southern slope. The temperature changes for the four seasons were not synchronized, and the trend in spring contributed the most to the TA trend, followed by winter, autumn, and summer. The temperature difference between summer and winter(TDSW) decreased significantly over the past 58 years. The temperature change in the middle Qinling Mountains was clearly dependent on altitude. With increases in altitude, the TA increased gradually and became stronger while the TDSW decreased gradually and became weaker. Differences in temperature change between the north and south were mainly observed in low-altitude areas. With increase in altitude, the differences gradually tended to disappear.     

Guidelines to Authors

The international journal Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions,is devoted to publishing the latest research achievements in processes and the patterns of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions.Research in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,chemical and biological processes and their interactions,and on the response of cryosphere to global change and human activities as well as their effects on environment and the acclimatizable strategies.     

Estimating interaction between surface water and groundwater in a permafrost region of the northern Tibetan Plateau using heat tracing method

Understanding the interaction between groundwater and surface water in permafrost regions is essential to study flood frequencies and river water quality, especially in the high latitude/altitude basins. The application of heat tracing method,based on oscillating streambed temperature signals, is a promising geophysical method for identifying and quantifying the interaction between groundwater and surface water. Analytical analysis based on a one-dimensional convective-conductive heat transport equation combined with the fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing method was applied on a streambed of a mountainous permafrost region in the Yeniugou Basin, located in the upper Heihe River on the northern Tibetan Plateau. The results indicated that low connectivity existed between the stream and groundwater in permafrost regions.The interaction between surface water and groundwater increased with the thawing of the active layer. This study demonstrates that the heat tracing method can be applied to study surface water-groundwater interaction over temporal and spatial scales in permafrost regions.     

Guidelines to Authors

正1.Aims and scope The international journal Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions,is devoted to publishing the latest research achievements in processes and the patterns of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions.Research in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,chemical and biological processes and their interactions,and on the response of cryosphere to global     

1993-2017年气候变化对西藏谷物单产的定量影响

Climate change is a global environmental crisis, but there have been few studies of the effects of climate change on cereal yields on the Tibetan Plateau. We used data from meteorological stations and statistical yearbooks to assess the impacts of climate change on cereal yields in Tibet. Three types of statistical models were selected: fixed-effects model, first-difference models, and linear detrending models. We analyzed the impacts of climate change(including the minimum temperature, precipitation, growing degree days and solar radiation) on cereal yields in Tibet from 1993 to 2017 at the county, prefecture-level city, and autonomous region scales. The results showed that the sensitivity of cereal yields in Tibet to temperature(minimum temperature and growing degree days) was greater than their sensitivity to precipitation and solar radiation. The joint impacts of climate variables were positive, but the sensitivity and significance varied in different regions. The impacts of minimum temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation were positive in all cities, apart from the negative impacts of growing degree days on cereal yields in Lhasa. The impacts of climate trends on cereal yields in Tibet were positive and the results were in the range of 1.5%–4.8%. Among the three types of model, the fixed-effects model was the most robust and the linear detrending model performed better than the first-difference model. The robustness of the first-difference model decreased after adding the interaction terms between different climate variables. Our findings will help in implementing more spatially targeted agricultural adaptations to cope with the impacts of climate change on the agro-ecosystem of the Tibetan Plateau.     

SCIENCES IN COLD AND ARID REGIONS

正Aims and Scope The international journal Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions,is devoted to publishing the latest research achievements in processes and the patterns of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions.Research in cold regions 1) emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,chemical and biological processes and their interactions,and on the response of cryosphere to global change and     

Projects of earth sciences supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China

Program Code Program Title Program Leader 40001001 Application of Caesium-137 Tracing Technique on the Wind Erosion YAN Ping 40001002 Spatial Adjustment to Coordinate Regional Development and Environment Protection in the Liaohe Delta LI Xiuzhen 40001003 Historical Soil Erosion Changes of the Loess Plateau Inverted from Silt-accumulation in the Huanghe Alluvial Fan TAN Lihua 40001004 On the Study of Rock Cryogenic Weathering Processes and Mechanism in the Continental Periglacial Zone ZHU Liping 40001005 Feedback Mechanism Between the Near Surface Blown Sand Cloud and Wind Profiles DONG Zhibao 40001006 Dynamics of Regional and Urban Structure with High-speed Rail Effects XU Yilun 40001007 Research on Urban and Regional Governance of China's Urban Agglomeration Area-Case Study of Southern Jiangsu Region ZHANG Jing-xiang 40001008 Studies on Interpretation in Soil Remote Sensing Supported by Soil Spatial Variation and Landscape Modeling SHI Zhou 40001009 Study on the Physicochemical Property and Its Utilization Specification of Bentonite in North China MA Bei-yan 40001010 Effects of Rewetting and Root Signal ABA on Root Hydraulic Conductivity of Wheat LI Yang-yang 40001011 Rock Weathering Induced by Lichens in Antarctica and Its Significance in Soil Genesis CHEN Jie 40001012 Study on the Inorganic Nanoparticles in Soils WU Jing-gui 40001013 Mechanism and Environmental Risk of Chelate Enhancement for Hyperaccumulator Remediation of Cu Polluted Soil WU Long-hua 40001014 Study on Hydraulics of Soil Erosion by Overland Flow ZHANG Guang-hui 40001015 Inferring Snow Parameters Using Polarimetric and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Data LI Zhen 40001016 The Study of Spatio-temperal Model of Surface Slick Seeped from Offshore Oil and Gas Reservoirs HUANG Xiao-xia 40001017 Integration Method of Multitype Huge Spatial Database ZHU Qing 40001018 TIN Based Global Image Matching and Three Dimensional Surface Reconstruction JIANG Wan-shou 40001019 Genetic Algorithm Approach to Automation and Intelligence of Map Name Placement FAN Hong 40001020 Environmental Magnetic Study of Sedimentary Iron Cycling during Early Diagnoses ZHANG Wei-guo 40001021 Modeling of Nitrogen and Water Input-yield-leaching Loss Response and the Nitrogen Transformation and Transportation ZHANG Guo-liang 40001022 The Study on the Regional Differentiation of Lake Environment Response to Southwest Monsoon Climate PENG Jin-lan 40001023 Critical Loads of Acid Deposition for Ecosystems and Their Exceedance in Regions Suffered from Acid Deposition in China TAO Fu-lu 40031010 Regional Environmental Processes of Typical Trace Organic Pollutants TAO Shu 40061001 Analysis on the Structure of Karst Watershed and the Characteristics of Low Flow LIANG Hong 40061002 The Development Feature, Dynamic Mechanism and Coordination Research of Urban Concentric Region in West of Yunnan Province and Its Demonstration to Undeveloped, Minority Concentric Region of China WU Qi-yan 40061003 The REE Background Value and Its Influence on Soil Fertility in Laterite in the Hainan Island BI Hua 40061004 Studies on the Mechanism of Soil Fertility Degradation and Techniques of Fertilization Under Arable Soils Condition in the "One-Jiang River and Two-He River" Region in Tibet CAI Xiao-bu 40061005 A Study on Major Factors, Countermeasures and Mechanism of Bahia Grass Later-stage Degeneration at Rare-earth Tailings DONG Wen-da 40061006 Study on Soil Erosion and Land Use Security Pattern in Jinsha River Basin of Yunnan YANG Zi-sheng 40061007 A Study on Environment Dynamic Chart of Southern Mountain Area of Ningxia under Eco-Restoration and Wide Development in West China SUI Yu-zhu 40061008 The Site Study of Environment Carrying Capacity for Tourism in Bita Reserve, Northwestern Yunnan YANG Gui-hua 40071001 Research on Sedimentary Processes and Varve Records of Lake Environment for Meromictic Lake on the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau LI Shi-jie 40071002 Research into the Spatial Variation of the Effective temperature and Its Functions to Vegetation Landscape in Mountainous Areas JIANG Yuan 40071003 Compilation of Coching Chu's Collected Works and Research on His Scientific Innovation Prints FAN Hong-ye 40071004 The Study of the Theory and Experiment on the Water Resource Demanded by the Eco-environment in Arid Region JIA Bao-quan 40071005 Quantitative Analysis on the Difference of Environmental Fragile Degree under Global Change in the Two Sides of Qinling Mountains YAN Jun-ping 40071006 High Resolution Studies of the Holocene Climatic and Hydrological Events in the Weihe River Basin HUANG Chun-chang 40071007 A Land Surface Processes Coupling Model and Observation in Alpine Meadow YAO De-liang 40071008 Effects of Groundwater on Land Surface Processes and Agricultural Ecology YU Qiang 40071009 Study on the Relationship Between Vegetation Change and Main Hydraulic Process in the Oasis-Desert Ecotone ZHAO Cheng-yi 40071010 Experimental Research on Stress Constitutive Relation of Debris Flow in the Field WANG Yu-yi 40071011 From a Longitudinal Section to Research the Environmental Change during the Late Quaternary in the Inland of South China Tropical Zone HUANG Zhen-guo 40071012 Relations Between Dune Lee-side Cross-bedding, Morphology, and Different Scale of Air-flow HA Si 40071013 Formation Mechanism and Evolution Processes of Flood Channels in the Changjiang Estuary SHEN Huan-ting 40071014 The Beach Changes under Wave Action on Tidal Coastal Area BAO Si-lin 40071015 Evolution of Glaciers and Monsoon during the Last Glaciation in the Gongwang Mountain of Yunnan and Yu Mountain of Taiwan CUI Zhi-jiu 40071016 Geomorphic Variation Model of the Yellow River Between the Hukou Fall and the Xiaolangdi Reservoir LI You-li 40071017 Study on Coupling of Karst Surface and Subsurface (Cave) Ecologic and Environment Systems and Speleothem Scenic Stability SONG Lin-hua 40071018 Wind Tunnel Simulation of Desert Dust Entrainment and Field Observations on Structure of the Near-surface Dust Flux LIU Lian-you 40071019 Environmental Effects of Sediments and Suspensions Induced by the Hydrodynamic Processes QIN Bai-qiang 40071020 Studies on the Process of Water Circle and Rule of Crop Water Requirement in Drip Irrigation Fields KANG Yue-hu 40071021 Characteristics of Earthquake Motion in Frozen Earth Site XU Xue-yan 40071022 Analysis of Radio Echo Signals in Snow & Ice and Its Glaciological Significance SUN Bo 40071023 A Study of Modern Process of Snow and Ice on Temperate Glaciers in South-West Monsoon Region HE Yuan-qing 40071024 Seasonal Resolution Methane Record and Isotopic Study in Ice Cores From Tibetan Plateau XU Bai-qing 40071025 Sulfur-containing Species in Snow and Aerosols from Some Regions of the Antarctic and the Arctic SUN Jun-ying 40071026 An Analysis of Regional Industrial Competitiveness of China FEI Hong-ping 40071027 Study on the Evaluation of Ecological Security of Land System in the Region with Centralized Investment XU Gang 40071028 The Flexible Production Complexes of the PC Industry and Their Local Innovation Networks WANG Ji-ci 40071029 Globalization, Localization and the Rural Industrial Agglomerated Districts in China MIAO Chang-hong 40071030 Research on Choice of Residential Location and the Spatial Differentiation of Residential Land Use ZHANG Wen-zhong 40071031 Study on Human Activity-Environmental Change and Their Feedback in Hexi Corridor WANG Nai-ang 40071032 Life Spaces Structure and Social Regions Sustainable Development of the City in China-A Case Study of Xi'an Metropolitan WANG Xing-zhong 40071033 The Course of Integration Between Urban and Rural Areas and the Delimitation of Metropolitan Area in Northeast China XIU Chun-liang 40071034 Study on Transport System and Land Use in Chinese Highly-Densely Developed Cities-Case Study of Guangzhou YAN Xiao-pei 40071035 Studies on Fractal Spatial Network and Chaotic Dynamics of Urban Systems CHEN Yan-guang 40071036 Driving Force for Formation of Spatial Pattern of Natural Pinus Sylvestris var. Mongolica Forest in Eastern Inner Mongolia WANG Xiao-ke 40071037 Study on the Model of Two-core Structure in the Regional Development LU Yu-qi 40071038 The Agricultural Development and Its Effect on the Environment of the Xiliao River Valley during the Liao-Jin Period HAN Mao-li 40071039 Study on the Mechanism of Agricultural Sustainable Development and the Optimization of Industrial Structure in Bashang Plateau MA Li 40071040 Study of Forest Changes and Soil Erosion on the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River in Last 2000 Years LAN Yong 40071041 The Spatial Approach of Ecological Optimizing of City Landscape and Its Practice LI Gui-cai 40071042 A Study on the Formation, Change and Sustainable Development of the Old Industrial Areas - A Case Study of Northeastern Region in China LI Guo-ping 40071043 Integration and Systematization of Mathematic Models for Soil and Water Resources Study in a Basin and Its Application ZENG Zhi-yuan 40071044 Monitoring and Modeling of the Eco-hydrological Processes in a Small Watershed in Yingtan, Jiangxi ZHANG Bin 40071045 Spatio-temporal Variation of Reconstructed Soil and Its Amelioration in Coal Mines HU Zhen-qi 40071046 In-situ Electrochemical Monitoring of Nutrients Leaching Loss in Red Soils after Input of Acid Deposition JIANG Xin 40071047 The Mechanisms of Nitrogen Loss Reduction by the Ammonia Inhibition Films in Paddy Soil YIN Bin 40071048 Composition and Properties of Cutans in Several Soils and Forms and Transformation of Some Elements LIU Fan 40071049 Two-phase Reactions: A New Study on the Mechanisms of the Interactions of Humic Acids with Metal Ions WEI Shi-qiang 40071050 Studies on Mechanisms of Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil by Arbuacular Mycorrhiza LI Xiao-lin 40071051 The Reactions Between Multi-Nutrient Fertilizers and Soils and Their Influence on Forms of Plant Nutrients ZHOU Jian-min 40071052 Effect of Humus on Potassium Fixon and Release in Soil LIANG Cheng-hua 40071053 Study on the Stability and Scale Change Method of Diagnostic Parameters of Ecological Balanced Fertilization Model HOU Yan-lin 40071054 Spatio-temporal Patterns and Efficiency of Plant Roots in Stabilizing Soil Structure and Reducing Water Erosion in Hilly Landscape LI Yong 40071055 Effect of Changes in Soil Organic Matter on the Erodibility of Red Soils and Their Application to Planning of Soil & Water Conservation ZHAO Qi-guo 40071056 Researches of Desertification Disaster Early-warning System in Hunshandake Sandy Land DING Guo-dong 40071057 The Soil Air Entrapment Lessen Infiltration Rate and Principle Between in the Muddy Water Infiltration LI Yuan-nong 40071058 Erosion and Transport Processes at Loessial Hillslope ZHENG Fen-li 40071059 Use of 137Cs and 7Be Measurements to Study the Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Soil Erosion Delivering Sediment of Water-induced on Agricultural Slope Land YANG Ming-yi 40071060 Quick Monitoring of Land Use Changes Using Satellite SAR Images in South China LI Xia 40071061 The Approach of Spatial Analysis in Automatic Interpretation of Satellite Digital Image QIN Qi-ming 40071062 Vegetation Effect and Scattering Mechanism Analysis of SRTM Interferometric Data WANG Chao 40071063 Chlorophyll High Precision Detection on Remote Sensing & Environmental Science in Coastal Waters CHEN Xiao-xiang 40071064 Studies on Dynamic Simulation for the Modern Loess Geomorphic Process Based on Geographic Information Systems WU Lun 40071065 Study on Spatial Data Model of Digital Earth YANG Chong-jun 40071066 Eco-environmental Study with Remote Sensing Dynamic Detection Based on GIS in Resource Region of the Yellow River ZENG Yong-nian 40071067 Research on Theories and Key Techniques of Spatial Mathematics Basis of "Digital Earth" HU Peng 40071068 The Location Uncertainty of Imagery Data in GIS DU Dao-sheng 40071069 Study on Primitives semantics Relation Model of Geographical Space and Diagram Symbol System of Spatial Reason LU Xue-jun 40071070 Theory and Method of Adjustment on Marine Sounding Net LIU Yan-chun 40071071 Study on Fundamental Framework of Presentation Graphics of Geo-spatial Multi-Dimensional Information DU Qing-yun 40071072 The Environmental Process of Mercury and Methylmercury in the Marsh Wetland in the North of China WANG Qi-chao 40071073 Transport of Persistent and Toxic Organic Pollutants in the Complex System of Water/Sediment/Biota WANG Zi-jian 40071074 Study on the Mass Balance of Aquaculture and the Effects on Water Environment in the Pearl River Delta WEN Yan-mao 40071075 Phytoremediation of Arsenic-pullulated Land:Processes and Mechanism CHEN Tong-bin 40071076 The Effect of Phosphorus-free Detergents on Eutrophication in Lake Tai HUANG Wen-yu 40071077 Reconstruction of Biotope and Community of Abandoned Land in Large Opencast Coal Mine BAI Zhong-ke 40071078 Spatial Effects of Incubation and Transfer of Environmental Technology LU Yong-long 40071079 Effect of Rice Plants on CH4 Emission from Rice Paddy Fields CAI Zu-cong 40071080 The Harms and Laws of Gully Erosion Occurrence and Development WU Yong-qiu 40071081 Tree-Ring Climatic Records from Mts. Helan and East Asian Monsoon Variation since AD 1600 LI Yu 40071082 Study on the Assemblage of Buried Ancient Timbers in Southern China and Its Relations to the Abrupt Climatic Change Events CUI Hai-ting 40071083 Environmental Archaeology Research on Sequence of Marine Transgression and Flood Events in the Yangtze Delta since Holocene ZHU Cheng 40071084 High Resolution Correlation Between Pollen Records of Tropical Eastern Asia and Environmental Changes of the South China Sea ZHENG Zhuo 40071085 C Storage and Historical Change Pattern in Tropical China HAN Xing-guo International cooperation with the above projects are welcome. For detailed information please contract: Director Song Changqing, Dr. Leng Shuying, Division of Geography, National Natural Science Foundation of China. P.O.Box 8610, Beijing, 100085, China. E-mail:Songcq@nsfc.gov.cn. Lengsy@mail.nsfc.gov.cn     

ANNOUNCEMENT NIR-92

The 5th International Conference on NearInfrared Spectroscopy will be held 16-20 June1992 in Hangesund,Norway.The meeting willfocus on ‘Bridging the Gap Between DataAnalysis and NIR Applications’ and includeplenary lectures,oral and poster sessions anddiscussions,workshops and exhibitions of NIR     

旅游与碳排放：全球视角与区域比较

文章基于全球88个国家1995到2018年的数据,运用动态面板数据模型估计了旅游对碳排放的影响。结果表明：① 从全球范围来看,旅游者人次对人均碳排放和碳强度有显著的增加效应。随着旅游者人次的进一步增加,旅游和人均碳排放、碳强度之间存在倒U型和N型曲线关系。旅游收入对人均碳排放和碳强度有显著的降低效应。旅游收入和人均碳排放之间存在倒U型和N型曲线关系,旅游收入和碳强度之间的非线性关系则与之相反。② 旅游者人次增加了发达国家的人均碳排放但是降低了其碳强度,在发展中国家则相反。在发达国家,旅游收入对人均碳排放和碳强度有显著的负向影响,但在发展中国家则为显著的正向影响。③ 经济增长和产业结构增加了旅游对人均碳排放的正向影响,可再生能源利用和技术进步强化了旅游收入对碳强度的负向影响。本研究成果有助于全面、深入地理解旅游对碳排放的影响及其区域异质性特征。     

城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合关系研究进展

城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合关系研究是国际人地系统研究的前沿和热点领域,对于如何协调中国城镇化与生态环境的关系问题也具有重要的参考价值。本文紧扣城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合关系研究主题,在对国际研究进行梳理的基础上,集中从城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合关系理论、方法以及关键应用领域三个方面,对城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合关系研究国际前沿与进展进行评述。分析发现,国际上近远程耦合概念提出时间不长,其理论的完备性与系统性尚显薄弱,对实证研究统领性指导还略显不足。而从其他研究视角出发,国际上对互为远端的人地系统间关联现象进行了大量研究,实证内容充足,内涵丰富。展望未来,关注城市群地区城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合关系、挖掘城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合主导路径与动态演变特征、加强中国城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合理论研究,是推动中国城镇化与生态环境耦合研究迈向新的发展阶段的重要方向。     

International progress and evaluation on interactive coupling effects between urbanization and the eco-environment

Global urbanization is exerting severe stress and having far-reaching impacts on the eco-environment, and yet there exists a complex non-linear coupling relationship between the two. Research on the interactive coupling effect between urbanization and the eco-environment will be a popular area of study and frontier in international earth system science and sustainability science in the next 10 years, while also being a high-priority research topic of particular interest to international organizations. This paper systematically collates and summarizes the international progress made in research on interactive coupling theory, coupling relationships, coupling mechanisms, coupling laws, coupling thresholds, coupling models and coupling optimization decision support systems. The research shows that urbanization and eco-environment interactive coupling theories include the Kuznets curve theory, telecoupling theory, planetary boundaries theory, footprint family theory and urban metabolism theory; most research on interactive coupling relationships is concerned with single- element coupling relationships, such as those between urbanization and water, land, atmosphere, climate change, ecosystems and biodiversity; the majority of research on interactive coupling mechanisms and laws focuses on five research paradigms, including coupled human and nature systems, complex social-ecological systems, urban ecosystems, social-economic-natural complex ecosystems, and urbanization development and eco-environment constraint ring; the majority of interactive coupling simulations use STIRPAT models, coupling degree models, multi-agent system models and big data urban computer models; and research has been carried out on urbanization and eco-environment coupling thresholds, coercing risk and optimal decision support systems. An objective evaluation of progress in international research on interactive coupling between urbanization and the eco-environment suggests that there are six main research focal points and six areas lacking research: a lot of research exists on macroscopic coupling effects, with little research on urban agglomeration and scale coupling effects; considerable research exists on single-dimension coupling effects, with little on multiple-dimension coupling effects; a great deal exists on “one-to-one” dual- element coupling effects, with little on “many-to-many” multiple-element coupling effects; a lot exists on positive feedback coupling effects, and little on negative feedback coupling effects; a great deal exists on empirical coupling effects, and little on theoretical coupling effects; a great deal exists on the use of simple quantitative methods, and little on using integrated simulation methods. Future studies should focus on coupling effects between urbanization in urban agglomerations and the eco-environment, spatial scale coupling effects, multi-dimensional coupling effects, telecoupling effects, “one-to-many” and “many-to-many” element coupling effects, and positive and negative feedback coupling effects. There is also a need to strengthen the development and application of dynamic models for multi-element, -scale, -scenario, -module and -agent integrated spatiotemporal coupling systems and further improve theoretical innovations in coupling effect research and integrate and form complete and diverse coupling theoretical systems.     

河南省粮食生产与耕地变化的分析及预测

运用Excel软件,在分析河南省改革开放以来耕地、人口、粮食动态变化的基础上,分析了最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数的变化特点;运用预测理论对未来15年耕地、人口、粮食、最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数进行了预测.研究结果显示:1978年以来,虽然河南省人均耕地面积持续减少,但由于耕地生产率不断提高,粮食产量和人均占有量却在持续增加,最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数呈现降低的趋势.未来15年最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数将进一步降低.可见,依靠增加投入和科技进步从而不断提高耕地生产率,是减轻耕地压力、保证粮食安全生产的根本途径.     

经济全球化与中国中西部地区开发

经济全球化对世界经济空间格局产生了深远的影响，区域经济一体化作为全球化的现阶段实现形式，对我国东、中、西部产业空间布局及区域发展战略调整，特别是对我国中西部地区开放与开发，参与区域经济分工与合作，促进我国经济东，中，西部经济协调发展具有十分重要的指导意义。     

Retarded Children and the Concepts of Distance and Direction

Abstract

Ideally the test questions we give to students reflect our educational objectives. Recent curriculum developments in geography show a change in these objectives, from an emphasis on imparting knowledge towards a greater stress on involving students in solving geographic problems. Most teachers, however, are accustomed to writing questions which measure factual knowledge. What kinds of questions can we ask which would be better aligned with our objectives? This paper is an attempt to indicate some such questions. It discusses aspects of test design, item classification, and styles of presentation which facilitate the preparation of tests measuring a variety of objectives. It also comments briefly on student performance on different kinds of items.     

国内外生命历程与居住选择研究回顾和展望

1970年代后生命历程分析成为贯穿居住选择微观研究的核心方法。住房权属选择和居住流动是西方居住选择微观研究的主要内容。西方研究大多为应用生命历程观念将住房权属转换和居住流动决策与家庭生命历程和住房市场中的重要诱因联系起来,发现家庭特征、家庭生命周期变化和住房市场环境等都是居住选择的重要影响因素。对比西方的研究,中国城市居住选择微观研究非常缺乏,一些研究发现除了家庭特征和住房市场特征外,政府和工作单位的影响非常大。     

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近年来,基于性的“浪漫”与“亲密关系”受到国际学术界的广泛关注,并业已成为旅游学术研究中的热点话题。文章围绕国际旅游学术研究中的相关话题,从性旅游相关概念、旅游者特征、性旅游中的性工作者、旅游影响及公共管理等方面对国外相关研究文献进行了归纳和评析。研究表明,国外性旅游研究较为成熟,并开始形成较为完善的知识体系。通过本研究试图唤起中国学术界对性旅游的关注,并借鉴吸取国外经验,以期尽快提升中国性旅游研究水平和旅游公共管理的能力。     

溶质降解和生成对水盐运移的影响

 土壤盐渍化是土地荒漠化的主要类型之一,是干旱、半干旱地区土地退化的主要形式,水盐运移是研究土壤盐渍化的主要内容。土壤中的水盐运移是一个集物理、化学和生物反应的复杂过程,溶质降解和生成必然对水盐运移过程产生影响,但目前对此方面的研究很少。通过利用水盐运移两区模型对不同降解系数或溶质生成系数下穿透曲线的模拟分析,研究了降解和溶质生成对水盐运移的影响。结果表明,在水盐运移过程中,土壤溶液浓度会随着土壤降解系数的增加而降低,随着土壤溶质生成系数的增大而增大。     

畜牧业雪灾致灾成害过程和风险评估研究进展与展望

畜牧业雪灾是牧区冬、春季节最严重的自然灾害之一,往往会造成大量牲畜伤亡,严重威胁和制约了牧区畜牧业生产和高质量发展,未来气候变化使得畜牧业雪灾风险存在着更大的不确定性。论文基于区域自然灾害系统理论,梳理了畜牧业雪灾致灾成害过程和风险评估的理论框架,从致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体等方面系统总结了当前研究进展,以及存在的主要问题。最后针对今后畜牧业雪灾研究进行了展望,主要包括以下6个方面：① 增强草高估算和雪深反演精度研究;② 深化积雪分配过程研究及多致灾因子与孕灾环境耦合的危险性分析;③ 强化缺氧环境对畜牧业雪灾致灾成害过程的影响机制研究;④ 加强牲畜暴露分布的时空变化研究;⑤推进畜牧业雪灾减灾措施的成本效益分析;⑥ 加强气候变化背景下畜牧业雪灾风险定量评估和多学科交叉研究。