SUSPENDED SEDIMENT AND PARTICULATE PHOSPHORUS TRANSPORT AND DELIVERY PATHWAYS IN AN ARABLE CATCHMENT,GELBÆK STREAM,DENMARK

Reliable quantification of suspended sediment (SS) and particulate phosphorus (PP) transport, and identification of the various delivery pathways at the catchment level, is an important and necessary aid to appropriate catchment management. In this study we measured storm event, seasonal and annual losses of SS and PP from a Danish arable catchment, Gelbæk Stream, using a multisampling strategy. SS losses for the study years May 1993–April 1994 and May 1994–April 1995 ranged from 71 to 88 kg ha⁻¹, while PP losses ranged from 0·32 to 0·36 kg P ha⁻¹. In both cases losses mainly occurred during infrequent storm events. In comparison with intensive storm sampling, infrequent (fortnightly) sampling underestimated annual transport during the two study years by −24 and −331%, respectively, for SS, and by −8·6 and −151%, respectively, for PP. Reliable estimation of the transport of sediment and sediment-associated nutrients and other substances thus necessitates the use of an intensive monitoring approach. Turbidimeters proved to be a good substitute for direct measurement of SS, especially during storm events, although careful calibration is needed at the seasonal and storm event levels. Experience shows that in artificially drained and geologically complex catchments such as Gelbæk, simultaneous comparative monitoring of different sources (e.g. subsurface drainage water) is an important means of reliably discriminating between the various diffuse sources of sediment and phosphorus. Subsurface drainage water was found to account for 11–15% of the annual SS export from the catchment; the corresponding figure for PP being 11–18%. Surface runoff was only a source of SS and PP during the first study year, when it accounted for 19% of SS and 7% of PP catchment export. Stream bank/bed erosion must therefore have been the major diffuse source of SS and PP in both study years. The study also revealed that analysis of the trace element content (e.g. ¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pb) of the SS transported in subsurface drainage water and stream water during storm events is a useful means of discriminating between diffuse losses of SS delivered from topsoil and subsoil compartments. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimating stream solute loads from fixed frequency sampling regimes: the importance of considering multiple solutes and seasonal fluxes in the design of long‐term stream monitoring networks

Reduced sampling frequency is known to increase the error associated with estimates of stream solute load. However, the extent to which the magnitude of error differs among commonly measured solutes and across seasons is unclear. In this study, a high sampling frequency data set from two forested streams (one upland‐draining and one wetland‐draining stream) in south‐central Ontario was systematically sub‐sampled to simulate weekly, fortnightly and monthly fixed frequency sampling regimes for 12 stream solutes. We found that solutes which had a higher degree of temporal variation in concentration (i.e. higher %RSD) had poorer precision (C_v) in estimates of annual load relative to solutes with a lower %RSD. In addition, the magnitude and direction of bias varied considerably among solutes and were related to differences in spring concentration‐discharge relationships (m_{[spring Q vs C]}) among the 12 solutes. Solutes which decreased in concentration with increases in spring flow (i.e. m_{[spring Q vs C]} <0) exhibited positive bias in annual load while solutes which increased in concentration with increases in spring flow (i.e. m_{[spring Q vs C]} >0) were negatively biased. In terms of differences between seasonal and annual load errors, precision was generally lower for estimates of seasonal load relative to annual load while bias varied in both magnitude and direction among seasons. When the root mean square error (RMSE) of load estimates was compared to a threshold of acceptable error (<15%), the proportion of solutes attaining acceptable levels of uncertainty ranged from 11/12 for annual load estimates at a weekly sampling frequency to only 4/12 at a monthly frequency when both annual and seasonal loads were considered. Our results demonstrate that commonly measured solutes do not behave uniformly in response to changes in sampling frequency and that estimates of seasonal loads are often less accurate than estimates of annual load. These findings provide important insights into the design of stream monitoring programs and the evaluation of existing long‐term data sets. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

滇池水体不同形态磷负荷时空分布特征

利用Arc GIS空间插值的方法,通过2013年逐月监测(12个月)36个站点水量及不同形态磷浓度,揭示滇池水体磷浓度和磷负荷的时空变化,并探讨不同形态磷负荷的组成贡献,旨在为进一步实施滇池水污染治理及污染负荷控制提供依据.结果表明:滇池水体总磷(TP)浓度在0.13~0.46 mg/L之间,其中颗粒态磷(PP)浓度占TP浓度的72.6%,溶解性活性磷(SRP)浓度占TP浓度的12.8%,溶解性有机磷(DOP)浓度占TP浓度的14%;2013年水体TP负荷为251 t/a,其中PP负荷为190 t/a,SRP负荷为26 t/a,DOP负荷为34 t/a;滇池水体PP负荷对TP负荷的贡献最大,为76%,其次为DOP和SRP,贡献分别为13%和10%;TP及不同形态磷浓度与其负荷在季节分布上差异显著,负荷随季节变化呈现秋、冬季较高,春、夏季较低,而浓度呈现夏、秋季较高,冬、春季相对较低的趋势.定量评估滇池水体不同形态磷负荷及其组成贡献,对进一步揭示滇池藻源和泥源内负荷对水污染的贡献具有重要意义.     

亚热带地区典型水库流域氮、磷湿沉降及入湖贡献率估算

为了探究汤浦水库流域氮、磷湿沉降对水库水体营养的贡献率,本研究对2014 2015年的汤浦水库流域4个采样点的雨水及3条溪流进行样品收集,测定其中磷和不同形态氮的质量浓度,分析汤浦水库流域大气湿沉降中氮、磷营养盐的分布特征,并估算氮、磷营养盐湿沉降对汤浦水库入库负荷的贡献率.结果表明:湿沉降中总氮(TN)平均浓度为1.02±0.58 mg/L,氨氮、硝态氮和有机氮浓度占TN浓度的比例分别为60.65%、34.07%和5.28%;总磷(TP)平均浓度为0.033±0.028 mg/L.4个采样点湿沉降中氮、磷浓度均表现为冬春季(少雨季)高、夏秋季(多雨季)低.空间上,王化点位的各形态氮和总磷浓度显著高于其他3个采样点.TN和TP年均湿沉降通量约为18.15和0.62 kg/(hm~2·a),年均沉降总量为834.94和28.39 t;库区TN和TP水面湿沉降量为24.14和0.82 t,直接贡献率占河流输入的1.77%和3.07%.湿沉降来源的氮、磷营养盐随河流输入的间接贡献率为8.3%和4.6%.综上所述,氮、磷湿沉降是水库外源营养的重要输入部分,深入掌握其时空分布特征及入库贡献率是进一步加强流域管理和减轻水库外源营养输入的重要前提.     

Identifying and linking source areas of flow and P transport in dairy‐grazed headwater catchments,North Island,New Zealand

We examined the applicability of the critical‐source area (CSA) concept to the dairy‐grazed 192‐ha Upper Toenepi catchment and its 8·7‐ha Kiwitahi sub‐catchment, New Zealand. We evaluated if phosphorus (P) transport from land into stream is dominated by saturation‐excess (SE) and infiltration‐excess (IE) runoff during stormflow and by sub‐surface (<1·5 m depth) flows during baseflow. We measured stream flow and shallow groundwater levels, collected monthly stream, tile drain (TDA) and groundwater samples, and flow‐proportional stream samples from the Kiwitahi sub‐catchment, and determined their dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations. In the Kiwitahi sub‐catchment, during storm events, IE contributions were significant. Contributions from SE appeared significant in the Upper Toenepi catchment. However, in both catchments, sub‐surface contributions dominated stormflow and baseflow periods. Absence of water table at the surface and the water table gradient towards the stream indicated that P transport during events was not limited to surface runoff. The dynamics of the groundwater table and the occurrence of SE areas were influenced by proximity to the stream and hillslope positions. Baseflow accounted for 42% of the annual flow in the Kiwitahi sub‐catchment, and contributed 37 and 52% to the DRP and TP loads, respectively. The P transport during baseflow appeared equally important as P losses from CSAs during stormflow. The close resemblance in P levels between groundwater and stream samples during baseflow demonstrates the importance of shallow groundwater for stream flow. In the Upper Toenepi catchment, contributions from effluent ponds (EFFs) dominated P loads. Management strategies should focus on controlling P release from EFFs, and on decreasing Olsen P concentrations in soil to minimize leaching of P via sub‐surface flow to streams. Research is needed to quantify the role of sub‐surface flow as well as to expand management strategies to minimize P transfers during stormflow and baseflow conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The composition of nutrient fluxes from contrasting UK river basins

Accurate estimates of N and P loads were obtained for four contrasting UK river basins over a complete annual cycle. The fractionation of these loads into dissolved and particulate, and inorganic and organic components allowed a detailed examination of the nutrient load composition and of the factors influencing both the relative and absolute magnitude of these components. The particulate phosphorus (TPP) loads account for 26–75% of the annual total phosphorus (TP) transport and are predominantly inorganic. The inorganic (PIP) and organic (POP) fractions of the TPP loads represent 20–47% and 6–28% of the annual TP transport, respectively. In contrast, the particulate nitrogen loads (TPN) represent 8% or less of the annual total nitrogen (TN) loads and are predominately organic. For dissolved P transport, the dissolved inorganic fraction (DIP) is more important, representing 15–70% of the TP loads, whereas the dissolved organic fraction (DOP) represents only 3–9% of the TP loads. The TN loads are dominated by the dissolved component and more particularly the total oxidized fraction (TON), which is composed of nitrate and nitrite and represents 76–82% of the annual TN transport. The remaining dissolved N species, ammonium (NH₄-N) and organic N (DON) account for 0·3–1·2% and 13–16% of the annual TN transport, respectively. The TPN and TPP fluxes closely reflect the suspended sediment dynamics of the study basins, which are in turn controlled by basin size and morphology. The dissolved inorganic nutrient fluxes are influenced by point source inputs to the study basins, especially for P, although the TON flux is primarily influenced by diffuse source contributions and the hydrological connectivity between the river and its catchment area. The dissolved organic fractions are closely related to the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) dynamics, which are in turn influenced by land use and basin size. The magnitude of the NH₄-N fraction was dependent on the proximity of the monitoring station to point source discharges, because of rapid nitrification within the water column. However, during storm events, desorption from suspended sediment may be temporarily important. Both the magnitude and relative contribution of the different nutrient fractions exhibit significant seasonal variability in response to the hydrological regime, sediment mobilization, the degree of dilution of point source inputs and biological processes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Distinct export dynamics for dissolved and particulate phosphorus reveal independent transport mechanisms in an arable headwater catchment

This paper investigates particulate phosphorus (PP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations at the outlet of a small (5 km²) intensively farmed catchment to identify seasonal variability of sources and transport pathways for these two phosphorus forms. The shape and direction of discharge‐concentration hystereses during floods were related to the hydrological conditions in the catchment during four hydrological periods. Both during flood events and on an annual basis, contrasting export dynamics highlighted a strong decoupling between SRP and PP export. During most flood events, discharge‐concentration hystereses for PP were clockwise, indicating mobilization of a source located within or near the stream channel. Seasonal variability of PP export was linked to the availability of stream sediments and the export capacity of the stream. In contrast, hysteresis shapes for SRP were anticlockwise, which suggests that SRP was transferred to the stream via subsurface flow. Groundwater rise in wetland soils was likely the cause of this transfer, through the hydrological connectivity it created between the stream and P‐rich soil horizons. SRP concentrations were the highest when the relative contribution of deep groundwater from the upland domain was low compared with wetland groundwater. Hence, soils from non‐fertilized riparian wetlands seemed to be the main source of SRP in the catchment. This conceptual model of P transfer with distinct hydrological controls for PP and SRP was valid throughout the year, except during spring storm events, during which PP and SRP exports were synchronized as a consequence of overland flow and erosion on hillslopes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1990—2018年于桥水库流域氮磷浓度变化趋势及影响因素

基于1990—2018年于桥水库流域入库河流与水库的逐月总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)监测数据,整理并分析了1990-2002、2003—2014和2015—2018年3个时段TN、TP浓度和氮磷比(TN/TP)的时空变化特征,探究流域内点面源污染削减、调水、氮磷滞留等对营养盐浓度变化的影响。结果表明,1990—2018年于桥水库TN浓度年均值在1.14～3.74 mg/L之间,水库TP浓度年均值在0.025～0.131 mg/L之间,多年TN/TP平均值为45,远高于淡水磷限氮磷比,是磷限水库。于桥水库流域5个测点中,沙河TN浓度最高,黎河TP浓度最高,入库TN、TP浓度大于库区,水库TP滞留率略大于TN。水库TN、TP浓度在2000s中后期下降,之后出现反弹。原因是2003年水源保护工程实施后,入库营养物浓度降低;2014年底南水北调中线一期工程通水后,于桥水库的引滦水量减少,TN的稀释效应弱化,上游来水TP浓度上升与水库内夏秋两季浮游植物的增殖,导致第三时段水库内TP浓度上升。基于月尺度水质分析,夏季水库TN浓度最低,TP浓度达到峰值,主成分分析表明,历年6—10月的水库Chl.a浓...     

Field‐scale phosphorus losses from a drained clay soil in Sweden

The objective of this study was to determine and discuss field‐scale phosphorus losses via subsurface tile drains. A total phosphorous (Tot‐P) export, which averaged 0·29 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, was measured over a six‐year period from the 4·43 ha drainage system of a Eutric Cambisol in Central Sweden. The main part (63%) was in particulate form (PP) while the remainder was either in phosphate form (PO₄‐P) or in other dissolved or colloidal forms. A very small area, less than 1% of the soil surface, was demonstrated to be hydraulically active by using a staining technique in soil monoliths taken from the field. The stained macropores were few, but were continuous downward, and were relatively evenly distributed among the eight 7 dm² areas that were investigated. The transport from the field mainly occurred in episodes during which the relationship between phosphorus concentration and discharge was characterized by hysteresis loops. On average, half of the yearly P transport occurred in 140 hours. Compared with flow‐proportional and frequent sampling, manual and fortnightly sampling underestimated the transport of Tot‐P and suspended solids (SS) by 59 and 42%, respectively, during the six years studied. Amounts of different phosphorus forms exported through the tile drains were very similar to those reported from other clay soils in Northern Europe and North America. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

环太湖各水资源分区入出湖河流总磷浓度与负荷变化分析

入出湖总磷负荷变化是影响太湖湖体磷收支平衡的关键因素.基于2012-2018年水质水量监测资料,计算全湖及各水资源分区河流入出湖总磷负荷,并以水量加权计算其总磷年平均浓度,探明其时空变化规律;运用双累积曲线法分析不同分区水污关系的变化规律;以月为时间尺度,利用Pearson相关系数,揭示入湖总磷负荷分别与入湖水量、入湖...     

Compared performances of different algorithms for estimating annual nutrient loads discharged by the eutrophic River Loire

Good estimates of pollutant fluxes are required for Earth systems sciences and water quality management. The gradual accumulation of water quality data records over the past few decades has increased the value of these data for examining long‐term trends. On many major rivers, however, infrequent sampling of most pollutants makes flux estimates and their analysis difficult. This paper explores the performance of different methods for estimating nutrient fluxes. The objective is to assess the accuracy (bias) and precision (dispersion) of annual nutrient fluxes based on monthly sampling, which is the frequency with which 80% of French water quality surveys have been carried out since 1971. The study is based on a data set of nutrient concentrations surveyed at high frequency during a 5 year pilot study (1981–85) at the Orléans station in the middle reaches of the River Loire, France. The mean specific fluxes were 641 (nitrate‐N), 96 (total‐P) and 37 kg year⁻¹ km⁻² (orthophosphate‐P). For each year, the data set was then ‘resampled’ by randomly simulating 12 sampling dates. 100 simulated monthly samplings were generated, upon which seven estimation methods were tested. The evaluations indicate that, when concentrations of specific substances in large rivers exhibit seasonal variation, a simple method based on linear interpolation between samples taken at approximately monthly intervals is advocated. With the monthly sampling interval, the precision (confidence level of 95%) of annual nutrient fluxes obtained by the appropriate methods was 13% for nitrates, 20% for total‐P, 26% for orthophosphates, and 34% for particulate‐P. The frequency of water quality surveys required to obtain an annual nutrient flux with 10% precision was around 15 days for nitrate, 10 days for orthophosphate‐P and total‐P, and about 5 days in the case of particulate‐P. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

苏北溱湖芦苇和芦苇+香蒲群落中植物对湿地土壤N、P的固持效果

湿地土壤是湿地生态系统固持氮(N)、磷(P)的重要库,水生高等植物在湿地土壤固持N、P过程中起到了非常重要的作用.本研究采用室外取样与室内实验结合的方法,对溱湖湿地两种主要湿地类型(芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落和芦苇+香蒲(Typha latifolia)群落)影响湿地土壤N、P固持过程的规律展开研究.分析了芦苇、香蒲各器官生物量和总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量及储量对于土壤各土层TN和TP含量的影响.结果显示:(1)溱湖湿地对于水体TN和TP有一定的削减作用,且对TN的削减作用更大;(2)芦苇可以增强湿地土壤(30 cm以下的土层)富集N的效率,并且芦苇+香蒲群落中土壤固N效率更高,芦苇植株内TN和TP储量都是根茎叶穗,而香蒲则是根穗茎叶;(3)芦苇和香蒲茎、叶器官的TN和TP含量在夏季均显著高于其他几个季节,尤其是芦苇茎的TN含量在夏季高出其他几个季节70%~84%,而TP含量甚至高出其他几个季节81%~92%;(4)芦苇、香蒲对于P贫瘠的响应机制不同,导致芦苇会消耗土壤P,而香蒲的介入可以抵消这一消耗过程.因此,芦苇+香蒲的植物配置模式可以提高湿地土壤固持N、P的综合效率.     

洪泽湖出入河流及湖体氮、磷浓度时空变化(2010—2019年)

基于2010-2019年洪泽湖湖体水质逐月监测数据,筛选出影响湖体水质的主要污染物指标为总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）;选取洪泽湖周边25条主要入湖河流和2条出湖河流在2019年10月2020年9月的监测数据,探讨河流外源性输入对不同湖体区域氮磷的影响及其水期变化规律.结果发现：①湖体TN、TP浓度长期居高不下,年均浓度范围分别在1.39~1.86、0.080~0.171 mg/L波动.主要入湖河流TN、TP时空平均浓度（1.92~5.70和0.114~0.181 mg/L）,均高于同区域湖体（1.15~1.46和0.088~0.101 mg/L）,其中北部入湖河流肖河、马化河和五河与临近湖区TN、TP浓度呈现显著正相关,是影响北部湖体TN、TP浓度的主要河流;南部入湖河流维桥河和高桥河是临近湖区非极端降雨期TN、TP的主要来源.②调水工程对湖体及入湖河流TN、TP浓度分布影响显著,调水期湖体沿调水方向TP浓度逐渐上升,TN浓度则呈现先降后升的趋势,南部入湖河流维桥河和高桥河TN浓度达到水期峰值,分别为10.69和9.90 mg/L.③极端降雨期入湖河流的TN、TP浓度显著高于其它水期,由于湖体对TN、TP的富集作用不同,TP浓度呈现中间高,四周低,而TN浓度呈现沿洪水流向逐渐降低的规律.     

淀山湖氮磷营养物20年变化及其藻类增长响应

从淀山湖20年的监测数据和AGP试验结果人手,结合20年的遥感影像资料,分析淀山湖氮磷营养物的长期变化规律及其对藻类演替和增长的影响.从1985年第一次大规模藻类水华暴发,经过15年的营养物积累,在1999-2000年之间,淀山湖由中度富营养化湖泊逐渐转化为重度富营养化湖泊,1999年之后淀山湖水体氮磷营养物大量聚集.叶绿素a水平迅速提高.分别以1999年前的2.25倍、6.67倍和3.40倍的速率上升,其中以磷的上升速率为最快;透明度则以平均每年递减5cm的速度下降.藻类群落转化为以绿藻和蓝藻为主,藻类水华的频率为1999年前的2-3倍.当水体TN浓度超过3.5mg/L时,AGP试验不再有任何显著性反应.2002年的现场试验和藻类水华频次与高浓度TN出现概率的相关分析表明,夏秋季当水体TN浓度在3.5mg/L时,可以引起藻类大量增长;高浓度TN出现概率越高,藻类水华的次数越多.研究证明淀山溯已经具备暴发大规模、大面积蓝藻水华的条件,水体TN浓度超过临界值(>3.5mg/L)的频次越多,淀山湖爆发蓝藻水华的可能性越大.     

太湖西部环湖河道污染物输移速率变化特征

阐明污染物出入湖输移速率对于湖泊陆域污染控制具有重要意义.本文研究了太湖西部主要环湖河道总氮（TN）、溶解性总氮（DTN）、总磷（TP）、溶解性总磷（DTP）和高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）输移速率变化特征.结果表明环湖河道上述指标净输入速率分别为707.9、727.0、28.8、18.2和700.9 g/s.城东港、百渎港、大浦港和沙塘港4条河道TN、DTN、TP、DTP和COD_Mn输入速率分别占西部河道总输入速率的62.7%、63.6%、67.1%、66.6%和64.8%.太浦河、长兜港和大钱港TN、DTN、TP、DTP和COD_Mn输出速率占总输出的86.5%、86.9%、85.0%、85.3%和80.6%.污染物净输入速率受水情影响,TN和DTN浓度汛前最大,而TP、DTP、COD_Mn浓度汛期增大,汛后分别降低44.2%、48.8%和39.8%.城东港氮、磷输入速率受浓度控制,其他河道各指标输移速率受流量控制.近岸湖体TN浓度与入湖速率呈显著正相关,而离岸湖体TN、TP、COD_Mn浓度对入湖速率的变化响应不明显.     

2007-2008年千岛湖营养盐时空分布及其影响因素

2007-2008年对千岛湖水体中5个采样点(S1,S3,S4,S8,S9)的总氮、总磷、三态氮、溶解性总磷和可溶性活性磷等进行了不同深度的逐月监测,以研究探讨千岛湖营养盐的时空分布格局.结果表明,两年间总磷、总氮和硝酸盐氮浓度都呈现从上游(S1)至下游(S9)逐渐下降的趋势;2007-2008年汛期(3-7月)位于千岛湖上游新安江干流段的样点S1各种营养盐均为全年最高.但是2007年与2008年营养盐时空分布差异显著.2008年汛期(3-7月),S1的总磷和总氮浓度分别极显著低于和高于2007年同期.相对于2007年,虽然2008年具有更高的温度,但没有增强水体热稳定性.2008年强对流天气一方面通过打破水体热分层和促进水体混合,另一方面通过雨水带来大量的地表营养盐来影响营养盐的分布.汛期高浓度的总磷在1-2个月内平均降低64.4%,最大降低88.6%,显示千岛湖生态系统具有较强的净化能力.分析结果显示千岛湖营养盐时空分布总体格局是由水文、生物以及人类活动等各种因素之间的相互作用所产生的综合效应而形成的,而极端天气能够改变这一格局.     

The value of high-resolution nutrient monitoring: A case study of the River Frome, Dorset, UK

The River Frome was sampled at sub-daily sampling interval, with additional storm sampling, through an annual cycle. Samples were analysed for total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total oxidisable nitrogen (TON) and dissolved reactive silicon (Si). The resulting data set was artificially decimated to mimic sampling frequencies from 12 h to monthly time interval. Monthly sampling interval resulted in significant errors in the estimated annual TP and SRP load of up to 35% and 28% respectively, and the resulting data sets were insufficient to observe peaks in P concentration in response to storm events. Weekly sampling reduced the maximum percentage errors in annual load estimate to 15.4% and 6.5%. TON and silicon concentrations were less variable with changing river flow, and monthly sampling was sufficient to predict annual load estimates to within 10%. However, to investigate within-river nutrient dynamics and behaviour, it is suggested that a weekly sampling interval would be the minimum frequency required for TON and Si studies, and daily sampling would be a minimum requirement to adequately investigate phosphorus dynamics. The loss in nutrient-concentration signal due to reduced sampling interval is presented. Hysteresis in the nutrient concentration/flow relationships for all 32 storm events during the study period were modelled and seasonal patterns discussed to infer nutrient sources and behaviour. The high-resolution monitoring in this study identified, for the first time, major peaks in phosphorus concentration in winter that coincide with sudden falls in air temperature, and was associated with biofilm breakdown. This study has shown that to understand complex catchment nutrient processes, accurately quantify nutrient exports from catchments, and observe changes in water quality as a result of nutrient mitigation efforts over time, it is vital that the newly emerging field-based automated sampler/analyzer technologies begin to be deployed, to allow for routine high-resolution monitoring of our rivers in the future.     

Incremental distributed modelling investigation in a small agricultural catchment: 2. Erosion and phosphorus transport

Distributed physically based erosion and phosphorus (P) transport models, run by the overland flow model described in Taskinen and Bruen (2006. Hydrological Processes 20 : this issue), are described. In the erosion model, the additional components to the basic model were the outflow of the particles by infiltration and a new model component, i.e. deposition when rainfall stops. Two ways of calculating the shielding factor due to the flow depth were compared. The P transport model had both dissolved P (DP) and particulate P (PP) components. The processes included in the DP model were desorption from the soil surface, advection, storage in the overland flow and infiltration. The PP model accounted for advection, storage in the flow, infiltration, detachment from the soil surface by flow and rainfall and deposition both when transport capacity of suspended solids (SS) is exceeded and when rainfall ceases. When the models were developed and validated in small agricultural fields of cohesive soil types in southern Finland, comparisons were made between corresponding processes and the significance of added components were estimated in order to find out whether increased model complexity improves the model performance. The sedigraphs were found to follow the dynamics of rainfall, emphasizing the importance of the rainfall splash component. The basic model was too slow to react to changes in rainfall and flow rates, but infiltration and deposition that acts during the cessation in rainfall improved the model significantly by enabling the modelled SS to fall sharply enough. The shielding effect of flow depth from the splash detachment was found to play a significant role. Transport capacity should also be included in erosion models when they are applied to cohesive soils. In this study, the Yalin method worked well. A strong correlation was obvious between the measured SS and total P concentrations, indicating that the main form of P in runoff is PP. This emphasizes the importance of a good sediment transport model in P transport modelling. The submodel used for DP desorption from the soil surface produced plausible results without any calibration. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High-frequency monitoring of hydrological and biogeochemical fluxes in forested catchments of southern Chile

The variability of rainfall-dependent streamflow at catchment scale modulates many ecosystem processes in wet temperate forests. Runoff in small mountain catchments is characterized by a quick response to rainfall pulses which affects biogeochemical fluxes to all downstream systems. In wet-temperate climates, water erosion is the most important natural factor driving downstream soil and nutrient losses from upland ecosystems. Most hydrochemical studies have focused on water flux measurements at hourly scales, along with weekly or monthly samples for water chemistry. Here, we assessed how water and element flows from broad-leaved, evergreen forested catchments in southwestern South America, are influenced by different successional stages, quantifying runoff, sediment transport and nutrient fluxes during hourly rainfall events of different intensities. Hydrograph comparisons among different successional stages indicated that forested catchments differed in their responses to high intensity rainfall, with greater runoff in areas covered by secondary forests (SF), compared to old-growth forest cover (OG) and dense scrub vegetation (CH). Further, throughfall water was greatly nutrient enriched for all forest types. Suspended sediment loads varied between successional stages. SF catchments exported 455 kg of sediments per ha, followed by OG with 91 kg/ha and CH with 14 kg/ha, corresponding to 11 rainfall events measured from December 2013 to April 2014. Total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) concentrations in stream water also varied with rainfall intensity. In seven rainfall events sampled during the study period, CH catchments exported less nutrients (46 kg/ha TN and 7 kg/ha TP) than SF catchments (718 kg/ha TN and 107 kg/ha TP), while OG catchments exported intermediate sediment loads (201 kg/ha TN and 23 kg/ha TP). Further, we found significant effects of successional stage attributes (vegetation structure and soil physical properties) and catchment morphometry on runoff and sediment concentrations, and greater nutrients retention in OG and CH catchments. We conclude that in these southern hemisphere, broad-leaved evergreen temperate forests, hydrological processes are driven by multiple interacting phenomena, including climate, vegetation, soils, topography, and disturbance history.     

乌江磷浓度与通量变化及来源解析

磷(P)是长江流域备受关注的污染物。乌江是长江八大支流之一,位于三峡水库近库尾江段。武隆断面是乌江入长江控制断面。对1998—2019时期武隆断面径流量、悬浮泥沙浓度(SS)与输沙量、磷浓度与通量(包括总磷(TP)、溶解态磷(DP)和颗粒态磷(PP))年际变化及季节特征进行研究,并基于河流基流分割原理对磷的来源进行了解析。结果表明,(1)1998—2019年,乌江武隆断面径流量在一定幅度内上下波动,而悬浮泥沙浓度和输沙量下降剧烈。(2)22年来,乌江TP和DP浓度与通量总体上呈先升高后下降的趋势,2009—2013年为磷污染峰值期,TP和DP浓度与通量远高于其它时期。(3)2007年是一个重要的时间节点,该节点前,TP的赋存形态以颗粒态为主,颗粒态磷在总磷中的占比均值为65%;该节点后,TP的赋存形态转变为以溶解态为主,颗粒态磷占比均值下降为16%,相应地,溶解态磷占比由35%上升为84%。水沙条件改变是磷形态发生显著变化的主要驱动力,磷污染程度亦是磷形态变化的重要影响因素。(4)磷通量在年内的季节分布发生了显著变化,丰水期磷通量减少,枯水期磷通量增加。(5)1998—2012、2009—2013和2014—2019年3个时期点源负荷占比分别为23.5%、36.8%和62.1%,呈增加趋势。(6)建议制定适宜的总磷控制目标,结合目前所存在的磷污染风险点,进一步强化监管,侧重源头治理。