星载微波SSM/I对南中国海海面遥感的辐射特征及其风场反演

研究了星载微波DMSPSSM／I对南中国海海面遥感数据的定量辐射特征．与现有的经验性统计反演不同,本文用37GHz垂直和水平极化两个通道的辐射亮度温度,提出了物理意义明确,又易于计算和参数标定的海面风速反演公式．海面风速及演结果与现有的海面浮标风速观测记录作了很好的比较．这一方法应用于南中国海海面风速的反演,得到了南海海面风速在空间和时间尺度上的分布和变化．     

星载微波SSM/I对南中国海海面遥感的辐射特征及其风场反演

研究了星载微波DMSPSSM／I对南中国海海面遥感数据的定量辐射特征．与现有的经验性统计反演不同,本文用37GHz垂直和水平极化两个通道的辐射亮度温度,提出了物理意义明确,又易于计算和参数标定的海面风速反演公式．海面风速及演结果与现有的海面浮标风速观测记录作了很好的比较．这一方法应用于南中国海海面风速的反演,得到了南海海面风速在空间和时间尺度上的分布和变化．     

POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS OF THE NEW ENGLAND/MID-ATLANTIC REGION

Numerous freshwater ecosystems, dense concentrations of humans along the eastern seaboard, extensive forests and a history of intensive land use distinguish the New England/Mid-Atlantic Region. Human population densities are forecast to increase in portions of the region at the same time that climate is expected to be changing. Consequently, the effects of humans and climatic change are likely to affect freshwater ecosystems within the region interactively. The general climate, at present, is humid continental, and the region receives abundant precipitation. Climatic projections for a 2 × CO₂ atmosphere, however, suggest warmer and drier conditions for much of this region. Annual temperature increases ranging from 3–5°C are projected, with the greatest increases occurring in autumn or winter. According to a water balance model, the projected increase in temperature will result in greater rates of evaporation and evapotranspiration. This could cause a 21 and 31% reduction in annual stream flow in the southern and northern sections of the region, respectively, with greatest reductions occurring in autumn and winter. The amount and duration of snow cover is also projected to decrease across the region, and summer convective thunderstorms are likely to decrease in frequency but increase in intensity. The dual effects of climate change and direct anthropogenic stress will most likely alter hydrological and biogeochemical processes, and, hence, the floral and faunal communities of the region's freshwater ecosystems. For example, the projected increase in evapotranspiration and evaporation could eliminate most bog ecosystems, and increases in water temperature may increase bioaccumulation, and possibly biomagnification, of organic and inorganic contaminants. Not all change may be adverse. For example, a decrease in runoff may reduce the intensity of ongoing estuarine eutrophication, and acidification of aquatic habitats during the spring snowmelt period may be ameliorated. Recommendations for future monitoring efforts include: (1) extending and improving data on the distribution, abundance and effect of anthropogenic stressors (non-point pollution) within the region; and (2) improving scientific knowledge regarding the contemporary distribution and abundance of aquatic species. Research recommendations include: (1) establishing a research centre(s) where field studies designed to understand interactions between freshwater ecosystems and climate change can be conducted; (2) projecting the future distribution, activities and direct effects of humans within the region; (3) developing mathematical analyses, experimental designs and aquatic indicators that distinguish between climatic and anthropogenic effects on aquatic systems; (4) developing and refining projections of climate variability such that the magnitude, frequency and seasonal timing of extreme events can be forecast; and (5) describing quantitatively the flux of materials (sediments, nutrients, metals) from watersheds characterized by a mosaic of land uses. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

GEOSAT卫星的ERM测高数据处理与中国近海海平面

对ＧＥＯＳＡＴ测高卫星在中国近海区域（０°－３５°Ｎ,１０５°－１２７°Ｅ）以及１２７°－１３５°Ｅ内６个ＥＲＭ周期（１９８７年１月１日－４月１２日）的地球物理数据记录（ＧＤＲ）中的数据进行了编辑和预处理．根据卫星弧段的实际长度选取了混合轨道误差模型,并采用最小二乘技术对上升弧段与下降弧段交叠点处的不符值进行了平差计算．处理结果表明,所选用的方法可以大大地消除径向轨道误差的影响,使交叠点处的不符值由原来的５６ｃｍ（ＲＭＳ）降低到现在的２４ｃｍ（ＲＭＳ）在此基础上,构造出６个１°×１°的中国近海海平面及其平均海平面．该平面被称为＂测高大地水准面＂与美国Ｏｈｉｏ州立大学的ＯＳＵ９１Ａ重力场模型的大地水准面相比,两者具有同等量级的精度及一致的形态。     

泡沫覆盖的随机粗糙海面的双站散射和热辐射

从双尺度随机粗糙面的散射理论和矢量辐射传输理论出发,将具有白帽泡沫覆盖的风驱海面模拟成一层离散球形粒子下垫双尺度随机粗糙界面的复合模型．利用Ｐｉｅｒｓｏｎ的半经验海洋波高谱和修正的Ｃｏｘ和Ｍｕｎｋ的坡度分布函数,推导了强风驱使下白帽泡沫覆盖的随机起伏海面的双站散射系数和热发射率,得到了极化的双站散射和热发射与海面各物理参数之间定量的函数关系．数值计算的结果与已有的海洋遥感实验数据进行了比较和讨论．     

泡沫覆盖的随机粗糙海面的双站散射和热辐射

从双尺度随机粗糙面的散射理论和矢量辐射传输理论出发，将具有白帽泡沫覆盖的风驱海面模拟成一层离散球形粒子下垫双尺度随机粗糙界面的复合模型．利用Ｐｉｅｒｓｏｎ的半经验海洋波高谱和修正的Ｃｏｘ和Ｍｕｎｋ的坡度分布函数，推导了强风驱使下白帽泡沫覆盖的随机起伏海面的双站散射系数和热发射率，得到了极化的双站散射和热发射与海面各物理参数之间定量的函数关系．数值计算的结果与已有的海洋遥感实验数据进行了比较和讨论．     

渤海及其邻区居里等温面的研究

采用三维磁性层反演方法，研究了渤海及周边地区的居里等温面起伏。结合地表热流值、地壳厚度及地壳上地幔的电性结构，分析了研究区的深部地质特征。发现渤海及济阳坳陷北部的垦利至黄河口地区，居里面的深度只有１３～２０ｋｍ，而胶辽和承德地区却深达２２～２４ｋｍ。该项研究旨在对地震区划的深部构造背景问题提出新的建议     

高频地波雷达东海海洋表面矢量流探测试验

OSMAR2000高频地波雷达系统采用线性调频中断连续波体制，天线阵收发共用，应用多重信号分类法（MUSIC）和最小方差法（MVM）获得海面回波到达角. 2000年10月23～29日进行了OSMAR2000同传统海洋测量设备以及其他雷达系统的对比验证试验. 文中首先介绍雷达系统和提取海流信息所用的回波到达角估计算法，然后给出这次试验中海洋表面矢量流的有关对比测量结果. 结果表明了所研制雷达系统以及所采用信号处理方法在海洋表面流探测中的有效性.     

渤海,黄海及沿岸强震聚类分析

采用聚类分析方法,研究了渤海、黄海及沿岸强震（Ｍ≥６）的空间分布。研究结果划分出了强震活动区及一些离散发生的强震。渤海的强震往往参与河北、山东、辽宁沿岸的强震分期、分区活动,且以强度高为特征;南黄海强震区自成体系,存在多期活动,与沿岸强震关系不大,以频度高为特点;北黄海内呈弱活动区的状态;朝鲜半岛强震独立成区,未向黄海内部延伸。文中给出分区的构造解释,并提出海域强震存在时空差异,在沿岸及海洋的防震     

海气交换与海气边界层观测研究进展

半个世纪以来，气象学家和海洋学家一直关注着海洋对于气候变化的作用。然而，要找到一条研究海洋对于气候影响的成功之路并不是一件易事。本文将综述海气边界层观测研究以及海气相互作用对气候影响研究的进展。     

Deglacial pattern of circulation and marine productivity in the upwelling region off central-south Chile

A high-resolution sea surface temperature and paleoproductivity reconstruction on a sedimentary record collected at 36°S off central-south Chile (GeoB 7165-1, 36°33′S, 73°40′W, 797 m water depth, core length 750 cm) indicates that paleoceanographic conditions changed abruptly between 18 and 17 ka. Comparative analysis of several cores along the Chilean continental margin (30°–41°S) suggests that the onset and the pattern of deglacial warming was not uniform off central-south Chile due to the progressive southward migration of the Southern Westerlies and local variations in upwelling. Marine productivity augmented rather abruptly at 13–14 ka, well after the oceanographic changes. We suggest that the late deglacial increase in paleoproductivity off central-south Chile reflects the onset of an active upwelling system bringing nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor Equatorial Subsurface Water to the euphotic zone, and a relatively higher nutrient load of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. During the Last Glacial Maximum, when the Southern Westerlies were located further north, productivity off central-south Chile, in contrast to off northern Chile, was reduced due to direct onshore-blowing winds that prevented coastal upwelling and export production.     

大别超高压榴辉岩高温高压下电导率实验研究

为研究大陆中下地壳高导层成因及与物质组成之间的关系,用模拟实验的方法在不同的温度、压力条件下分别测定了干的和1mol/LNaCl溶液饱和的榴辉岩的电导率.结果表明,干榴辉岩平行线理方向的电导率比垂直于线理方向的高,但两个方向上的活化能相近.在中下地壳条件下,干榴辉岩的电导率比中下地壳高导层电导率值低几个数量级.常温下1mol/LNaCl溶液饱和的榴辉岩两个方向上的电导率对压力具有不同的依赖性;在中下地壳条件下,1mol/LNaCl溶液饱和的榴辉岩的电导率可达到一般高导层的电导率值.无论干的还是饱和的榴辉岩都不能解释大别山20—50km深处的高导层成因,因此,在该深度范围内榴辉岩不可能是主要的岩石组成.     

日本海重力场与深部构造研究

本文根据已有的日本海区域重力场和莫霍界面分布资料和由地震Ｐ波速度层析模型转换的密度分布及其重力异常场资料作对比。分析和讨论了两者在日本海的重力异常场、深部地壳构造特征和日本海的扩张中心上的异同。并提出和探讨从日本海纵跨本州岛到太平洋的佐渡－伊豆高重力异常带。     

A high-resolution satellite-derived sea surface temperature climatology for the western North Atlantic Ocean

Long-term and high-resolution (∼1.2 km) satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) fields of a monthly mean time series for the 1985–1999 period, and a daily climatology have been calculated for the North West Atlantic Ocean. The SST fields extend from 78°W to 41°W in longitude, and 30°N to 56°N in latitude, encompassing the region off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to the southern Labrador Sea. The monthly mean time series, consists of 180 cloud-masked monthly mean SST fields, derived from a full-resolution NOAA/NASA Pathfinder SST data set for the 1985–1999 period. The satellite-derived monthly mean SST fields, as compared with in situ monthly mean near-surface ocean temperatures from buoys located in the western North Atlantic, yield an overall RMS difference of 1.15 °C. The daily climatology, which consists of 365 fields, was derived by applying a least-squares harmonic regression technique on the monthly mean SST time series for the full study period. The monthly mean and daily climatological SST fields will be useful for studying inter-annual variability related to climate variability of SST over the study domain.     

大别超高压榴辉岩高温高压下电导率实验研究

为研究大陆中下地壳高导层成因及与物质组成之间的关系，用模拟实验的方法在不同的温度、压力条件下分别测定了干的和1mol/LNaCl溶液饱和的榴辉岩的电导率.结果表明，干榴辉岩平行线理方向的电导率比垂直于线理方向的高，但两个方向上的活化能相近.在中下地壳条件下，干榴辉岩的电导率比中下地壳高导层电导率值低几个数量级.常温下1mol/LNaCl溶液饱和的榴辉岩两个方向上的电导率对压力具有不同的依赖性；在中下地壳条件下，1mol/LNaCl溶液饱和的榴辉岩的电导率可达到一般高导层的电导率值.无论干的还是饱和的榴辉岩都不能解释大别山20-50km深处的高导层成因，因此，在该深度范围内榴辉岩不可能是主要的岩石组成.     

东海的地质与油气勘探

东海的地质研究和油气勘探已经历了三个阶段:1.利用综合地球物理方法（重力、磁力、地震反射）,阐明东海的大地构造分区及其演化;2.反射地震研究得出东海陆架盆地的新生代构造图;3.在此基础上,详细地震勘探与地震地层学研究,确定出一系列钻探井位。钻探发现油气显示和工业油气流。其中,新钻井灵峰一井展示出寻找油气资源的新课题。     

山东地区及其海域地震活动时、空特征

本文根据山东地区及其海域历史和现代的地震资料,对本区地震活动进行了分析。结果表明:(1)本区M_s≥5.0级地震具有成带分布的特征;(2)1300年以来,地震活动分两大期活动,1300—1687年为第一活动期,1688年—现在为第二活动期。通过对两个活动期的分析,每个活动期内的相对平静阶段和活跃阶段是显著的。且具有每活动期先发生中强地震(6.0—6.9),后发生强震(M≥7.0)的特点。最后,分析了本区大震的填空性和重复性。     

黄海地震活动与地震构造的初步研究

黄海是东亚大陆边缘盆地中地震较活跃的地区,历史上多次发生大地震,对海岸和海底工程造成威胁。本文依据中国台网记录分析了海域地震活动图象,表明黄海地震活动水平与大陆相似。据聚类分析原则划分地震线,并与已知的大地构造资料进行了比较：表明海域地震线基本反映了海底活断层的轮廓。大型地震线走向北东和北西,可达朝鲜半岛,北东向地震线与黄海莫氏面构造走向一致,表明有深部构造背景。东西向构造也较显著。     

风云一号C星空间粒子成分探测器及SAA区粒子辐射实测分析

FY 1C星空间粒子成分探测器能够实现对质子能谱、电子积分通量及重离子成分的同时测量.在第23周太阳活动峰年期间,空间粒子成分探测器对860km高度的南大西洋负磁异常区高能粒子辐射进行了长达3年的连续探测.本文根据实测结果,得出了南大西洋负磁异常区粒子辐射特征,分析了太阳质子事件和地磁暴对南大西洋负磁异常区粒子辐射的影响.     

东海的地质与油气勘探

东海的地质研究和油气勘探已经历了三个阶段:1.利用综合地球物理方法（重力、磁力、地震反射）,阐明东海的大地构造分区及其演化;2.反射地震研究得出东海陆架盆地的新生代构造图;3.在此基础上,详细地震勘探与地震地层学研究,确定出一系列钻探井位。钻探发现油气显示和工业油气流。其中,新钻井灵峰一井展示出寻找油气资源的新课题。