横带髭鲷(Hapalogenys mucronatus)仔鱼饥饿不可逆点及摄食生长特性研究

横带髭鲷(Hapalogenys mucronatus)为我国东南沿海具有良好发展前景的养殖鱼类,目前亟待突破其规模化苗种培育的瓶颈技术问题。为探究横带髭鲷仔鱼发育阶段的摄食和生长特性,采用实验生态学方法,在水温(24±0.2)℃、盐度为26的条件下对饥饿仔鱼形态发育、生长、不可逆点及投喂状态下的摄食节律进行研究。结果表明,孵化出膜后的初孵仔鱼,3日龄开口摄食,进入混合营养期,3日龄卵黄囊消耗完毕,油球于8日龄消耗完全,混合营养期为5d。饥饿组仔鱼全长呈先增长后下降趋势,拐点出现在3日龄,在4日龄有畸形仔鱼出现。饥饿仔鱼初次摄食率为10.12%,最高初次摄食率出现在7日龄,为85.06%;PNR出现在7日龄和8日龄之间,至9日龄全部死亡。早期仔鱼(7日龄)的摄食高峰出现在7:00、11:00和15:00,晚期仔鱼(14日龄)在7:00、11:00、15:00和19:00四个时间段,摄食高峰均出现在白天,属于典型的白天摄食类型,随着仔鱼的生长发育,摄食高峰有所延长。横带髭鲷仔鱼最佳开口摄食时间在3日龄,掌握仔鱼的摄食高峰期,在此时间段驯化配合饲料,对于活体饵料向配合饲料的驯食转化具有重要实践意义。     

半滑舌鳎仔稚鱼消化酶活性的变化

对半滑舌鳎不同发育阶段主要消化酶（酸性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶）以及与消化吸收相关的碱性磷酸酶的活性变化进行了测定。结果表明，半滑舌鳎在仔鱼发育早期即可检出酸性蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶的活力，碱性蛋白酶的2个极低值分别出现在仔鱼开口期和仔稚鱼的转交期，从孵化后23d左右胃腺出现时，酸性蛋白酶的活性开始明显升高。早期仔鱼体内表现出较强的淀粉酶活性，孵化后12d其活性急剧下降，并一直保持较低的比活力状态。脂肪酶的活性在半滑舌鳎早期仔鱼体内一直较低，进入稚鱼期后开始缓慢上升。碱性磷酸酶活性在变态结束后出现大幅度的升高，这标志着肠组织结构和肠道消化功能的完善。     

斜带石斑鱼仔、稚鱼的摄食与生长特性

据2005年10～12月，在集美大学水产学院海水育苗试验场的试验数据，采用生态学方法对人工培育的斜带石斑鱼仔、稚鱼的摄食习性与生长特性进行了分析．结果表明，在水温为26．5～28．5℃时，仔鱼在孵出第4天开口摄食，开口饵料为牡蛎受精卵和担轮幼虫．以后随着鱼体的生长，依次投喂臂尾轮虫、卤虫无节幼体、桡足类、鱼糜．对422尾仔、稚鱼观察结果表明，其摄食率达95．1％，消化道饱满系数波动在0．96％～34．15％之间，日摄食指数在45．83％～82．08％之间，其摄食具有明显的昼夜节律，仔鱼摄食高峰出现在11：00和15：00，稚鱼摄食高峰出现在13：00和17：00，仔、稚鱼夜间基本不摄食．对较大个体的饵料生物有明显的选择性．摄食量（Y）与体重（形）的关系式为Y=0．017W＋0．198，全长（LT）与日龄（D）的关系式为Lr=2．229e^0.038D，体重（形）与日龄（D）的关系式为形=0．063e^0.130D，全长（LT）与体重（形）的回归方程为W=0．0047LT^3.319．     

漠斑牙鲆早期发育阶段的摄食与生长特性

2006年12月至2007年2月,在漳州市东山县华涛水产综合养殖场,采用生态学方法对人工培育的漠斑牙鲆仔、稚、幼鱼的摄食习性与生长特性进行了分析.结果表明,在水温为18.1～23℃时,仔鱼在孵出第6天开口摄食,开口饵料为褶皱臂尾轮虫(Bruchionus plicatilis),以后随着鱼体的生长,开始投喂卤虫无节幼体.对288尾仔、稚、幼鱼观察结果表明,其摄食率达83.0%,消化道饱满系数波动在0.9%～6.6%之间,日摄食指数在6.8%～29.6%;摄食具有明显的昼夜节律,一昼夜中仔鱼出现两个摄食高峰,分别出现在12:00和翌日08:00,稚鱼摄食高峰出现在10:00～14:00,幼鱼摄食高峰出现在12:00,但12:00～20:00均保持较高的摄食水平.仔、稚鱼夜间基本不摄食,幼鱼夜间有少量摄食.摄食量(y)与体重(W)的关系式为y=0.030 7W 0.050 5,全长(LT)与日龄(D)的关系式为LT=2.666 1e0.043 3D,体重(W)与日龄(D)的关系式为W=0.065e0.169 3D,全长(LT)与体重(W)的回归方程为W=0.001 8LT3.689 4.     

云纹石斑鱼仔稚鱼的摄食习性与生长特性

于2013年5~7月对人工培育的云纹石斑鱼(Epinephelus moara)仔、稚鱼的摄食习性与生长特性进行了研究.在水温为(26.7±1.3)℃的培育条件下,云纹石斑鱼仔、稚鱼摄食能力强;仔鱼4日龄开口,摄食率为40.00%;仔、稚鱼平均摄食率为97.63%,且13日龄之后的平均饱食个体比例为92.25%,摄食量(y)与体重(W)的关系可用二项式方程y=0.000 1W2+0.055 9W-0.629 8表达;云纹石斑鱼仔鱼、稚鱼在白天均出现两个摄食高峰,夜间基本不摄食,为白天摄食类型,并可以初步确定以鱼体重的10%~20%和8%~10%分别作为云纹石斑鱼仔鱼和稚鱼的日投喂量.全长(Lt)与日龄(D)的回归方程为Lt=0.008 8D2+0.162 2D+1.114 5,体重(Wt)与日龄(D)的回归方程为Wt=0.366 0D2-11.361D+59.022 3,全长(Lt)与体重(Wt)的回归方程为Wt=0.011 7Lt3.017 8,b=3.017 8约等于3,表明云纹石斑鱼仔、稚鱼为均匀生长类型.     

花鲈初孵仔鱼饥饿不可逆点的确定及摄食节律研究

为确定花鲈仔鱼初次摄食的不可逆点(PNR),通过人工催产、孵化获得花鲈仔鱼,在水温(21±1)℃、盐度26条件下,开展了初孵仔鱼的饥饿实验,研究了在饥饿状态下花鲈仔鱼的不可逆点(PNR)及投喂状态下仔鱼期的摄食节律。研究表明,花鲈仔鱼孵化后,4日龄开始摄食外源食物,进入混合营养期,6日龄卵黄囊消失,进入外源营养期,混合营养期仅2d。饥饿组仔鱼生长呈现先增长后下降的趋势,部分仔鱼身体出现畸形。白天为室内自然光照(500~800lx),夜间为人工光源(200~250lx),在此条件下,早期仔鱼(5日龄)在14:00和20:00摄食率高于50%;晚期仔鱼(11日龄)在08:00、14:00和20:00摄食率均高于50%,属于典型的白天摄食类型,且随着仔鱼的生长发育,摄食高峰期逐渐延长。研究结果表明,在(21±1)℃的水温条件下,花鲈仔鱼的最佳投喂时机在4日龄,9日龄至10日龄抵达不可逆点,仔鱼的主要摄食时间为午后到傍晚,夜间弱光照条件下也会进行摄食。     

鮸鱼胚胎发育及其仔、稚、幼鱼形态特征和生活习性的初步研究

作者对鮸鱼(Miichthys miiuy)的早期发育(从受精卵到45日龄幼鱼)形态特征及生态习性进行了描述。鮸鱼的受精卵在水温21.4℃~22.0℃,盐度25.7条件下,经过29 h30 min仔鱼孵出。从受精卵到仔鱼出膜可分为卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、胚体形成期等4个主要时期,然后进入胚后发育阶段。孵出后的3日龄仔鱼已能在水体中平游,极少数个体可开口摄食轮虫。4日龄仔鱼全部开口摄食,并对光反应敏感,出现明显的集群现象。22日龄的后期仔鱼各鳍鳍条发育形成,鳞片开始出现,进入到稚鱼期。39日龄后,鮸鱼全身披满细小的鳞片,全部分布于育苗池的底部,开始进入到幼鱼发育阶段。根据仔、稚、幼鱼形态特征和生活习性对鮸鱼的分类进行了探讨。     

鱼胚胎发育及其仔、稚、幼鱼形态特征和生活习性的初步研究

作者对鱼(Miichthys miiuy)的早期发育(从受精卵到45日龄幼鱼)形态特征及生态习性进行了描述。鱼的受精卵在水温21.4℃～22.0℃,盐度25.7条件下,经过29 h30 min仔鱼孵出。从受精卵到仔鱼出膜可分为卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、胚体形成期等4个主要时期,然后进入胚后发育阶段。孵出后的3日龄仔鱼已能在水体中平游,极少数个体可开口摄食轮虫。4日龄仔鱼全部开口摄食,并对光反应敏感,出现明显的集群现象。22日龄的后期仔鱼各鳍鳍条发育形成,鳞片开始出现,进入到稚鱼期。39日龄后,鱼全身披满细小的鳞片,全部分布于育苗池的底部,开始进入到幼鱼发育阶段。根据仔、稚、幼鱼形态特征和生活习性对鱼的分类进行了探讨。     

卵胎生许氏平鲉仔鱼与稚鱼发育形态学特征观察

本文对许氏平鲉胚后发育组织进行了较为详细观察,研究结果表明:许氏平蚰0日龄(dph)仔鱼,即未产出仔鱼,体长3.8~4.7mm,油球大而明显;初孵仔鱼体长5.0~6.5mm,已经开口,尚未摄食,体表仅分布有黑色素;2日龄仔鱼,开始摄食轮虫,鳔已充气,并出现虹彩色素;3日龄仔鱼,脑颅后方增加一丛色素,尾部放射丝出现,仔鱼摄食量大大增加;4日龄仔鱼,卵黄囊吸收殆尽,头颅后部和腹腔上缘开始分化出点状黄色素;5日龄仔鱼,胸鳍可垂直向外伸展,上下颌开启频繁;12日龄仔鱼,具有集群和趋光性;20日龄仔鱼,体前部呈黑色,在水中分散均匀,摄食旺盛;25目龄稚鱼,全长6.55~8.42mm,体前部开始出现黑色条带痕迹;30日龄稚鱼,头部眼的上缘有一横带,鱼体侧出现3条黑褐色的横条带;40日龄稚鱼,全长15.50~35.55mm,鱼体体型与成鱼相似,体侧有6~7条黑褐色的横条带;60日龄幼鱼,具有成鱼的形态,鱼体发育进入幼鱼期,并开始转入水体下层活动。通过对许氏平鲉由早期发育的形态学观察,了解其仔、稚鱼的发育规律和种属的特异性,不仅可以丰富对鱼类早期生活史的认识,而且对进一步进行许氏平鲉的生产育苗起到积极的推进作用。     

半滑舌鳎骨形态发生蛋白2基因的克隆、表达分析及启动子活性分析

骨形态发生蛋白2（BMP2）在脊椎动物的骨形成、尤其是诱导成骨方面具有至关重要的作用。本研究克隆了半滑舌鳎（Cynoglossussemilaevis）BMP2基因的cDNA序列,分析其在半滑舌鳎成鱼的组织表达差异及其在早期发育阶段的定位和表达变化趋势,并检测了其启动子活性。研究结果表明,半滑舌鳎BMP2基因cDNA全长为2048bp,编码422个氨基酸。BMP2mRNA在半滑舌鳎成鱼的14个组织中具有广泛的分布,并在脊髓中表达量最高。此外,BMP2基因在早期胚胎发育阶段（原肠期）具有极高水平的表达,其表达量约为其他发育阶段表达量的10倍。整体原位杂交检测结果表明,BMP2mRNA在1日龄仔鱼主要在冠状幼鳍、心和肝表达,在脊索有微量表达;随后,3日龄仔鱼的BMP2mRNA主要表达于脊索。通过对BMP2基因5''上游调控区片段进行启动子活性分析,发现了-179～+109片段可能包含启动子活性增强原件,生物信息学预测该片段包含的锌指转录因子等可能参与了BMP2的转录调控。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.