非地转湿Q矢量在云南冬季强降水中的分析应用

应用非地转湿Q矢量理论对2003年1月5～6日云南冬季的一次强降水过程进行诊断分析，结果表明：500hPa青藏高原横切变、快速东移的南支槽、低层700hPa西南急流、地面强冷锋是此次云南冬季强降水的主要影响系统；非地转湿Q矢量流场的辐合中心(辐合线)与强降水区吻合；近地面800hPa锋生函数场正值区的变化较好地反映了锋面的强度，锋生函数正值区范围与降雪区域对应较好；700hPa非地转湿Q矢量散度场辐合区与云南冬季强降水的产生及强度正相关。     

低空急流在一次初春混合强对流天气过程中的作用

利用常规气象观测资料、区域自动站资料、强天气监测资料以及NCEP 1°×1°逐6 h再分析资料,从影响系统、环境场条件以及低空急流对混合强对流天气的水汽、热力、动力影响的诊断分析入手,对2019年3月4—5日贵州大范围雷雨大风、冰雹、短时强降水和暴雨等混合强对流天气过程进行综合分析。结果表明:低空急流建立并呈爆发式增强,使中低层水汽输送和辐合加强,大气上干冷、下暖湿的特征更显著,中低空能量锋区加强,垂直风切变增大,动力辐合加强,同时"低层辐合、高层辐散"的抽吸结构长时间维持,为混合强对流天气的发生发展提供了重要条件。超前的500 hPa温度槽叠加在中低空强暖湿气流之上,触发锋前暖区强对流天气,强对流天气发生在低空急流发展增强至最强盛期间,主要分布在700 hPa和850 hPa温度脊区附近强暖湿不稳定区;4日夜间南支槽配合低空切变线和活跃的静止锋,共同触发锋后冷区强降水天气,强降水主要发生在低空急流和水汽辐合达到最强之后,强降水主要分布在低空急流左前侧、850 hPa切变线南侧及850 hPa和700 hPa饱和湿区重叠区内。     

2011年3月云南连续两次强倒春寒天气过程对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°6 h再分析资料,对2011年3月中、下旬云南两次强倒春寒天气过程(分别简称过程Ⅰ和过程Ⅱ)进行对比分析。结果表明,两次过程的影响系统不同,其造成的地面降温原因不同;垂直上升运动的厚度和强度不同,雨雪的强度和范围大小有明显差别。中低层水汽通量的增加和水汽辐合是云南大范围强降雪的必备条件,而降水对水汽通量和水汽辐合强度的要求低于降雪。过程Ⅰ水汽辐合发展高度高于过程Ⅱ,其无论降水还是降雪的强度和范围均超过过程Ⅱ。能量锋区附近不稳定能量水平梯度越大,能量积聚越多,其触发后强烈释放,带来的天气现象也越剧烈。倒春寒发生前,过程Ⅱ云南省的位势不稳定强于过程Ⅰ;倒春寒爆发后,过程Ⅱ的雷暴范围大于过程Ⅰ。低层露点锋抬升作用可触发中层强不稳定能量释放,等露点温度(Td)线分布区域对降雨(雪)及雷暴分布具有一定的指示意义。     

冷垫背景下冻雨和极端大暴雪成因机制分析

利用常规气象资料、通辽市和赤峰市多普勒雷达资料、气候极端降雪以及NCEP的FNL(1°×1°)逐6 h再分析资料,对2020年11月17-19日内蒙古中东部极端回流大暴雪天气进行分析。研究表明：500 hPa东移高空槽前暖湿气流、 700 hPa西南急流以及暖式切变线为降雪提供了丰富的水汽和动力辐合抬升机制,地面至850 hPa均为偏东风冷垫,中高空西南暖湿空气沿低层冷垫爬升产生锋生,是造成此次大暴雪的主要原因。降雪最强时段,从低层到高层均为上升运动,中低层水汽几乎接近饱和状态,深厚湿层有利于产生高效率的强降雪;通辽探空图有冰相层、逆温层、融化层、中性层等多种特殊层结,并有明显表征冻雨的“象鼻”层结曲线;低层东北风急流与中高层西南急流形成强的垂直风切变和温度差,动力锋生在降雪期间一直维持,动力锋生最强阶段和降雪最强时刻相对应。雷达反射率有0℃层亮带,50～55 dBz带状强回波;基本径向速度低层长时间维持东北急流构成的冷垫,并有一对正负速度中心的风速核,形成“牛眼”结构,“牛眼”结构代表边界层出现急流核;雷达基本径向速度图低层东北风,中高层西南急流,很好地反映了西南暖湿急流在冷垫上爬升...     

2020年内蒙古东南部一次特大暴雪伴冻雨灾害天气特征分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP逐6 h和逐日再分析资料、FY 2G卫星云图资料,从环流形势、水汽条件、动力条件及层结特征方面对2020年11月18—19日内蒙古自治区东南部罕见的特大暴雪伴冻雨过程进行分析。结果表明：①大气环流异常是造成此次灾害性天气的主要环流背景,500 hPa西风槽和南支槽、700 hPa西南低空急流及切变线、850 hPa以下东北急流、地面气旋是此次过程的主要影响系统,具有回流暴雪的天气特征;②低空偏南和偏东急流两支水汽输送路径及水汽强烈辐合为极端暴雪提供了充足的水汽,850 hPa和700 hPa比湿最大分别为5 g〖DK〗·kg-1 和4 g〖DK〗·kg-1;③低空偏南急流代表的暖空气与北方的冷空气剧烈交汇,暖湿空气在低层“冷垫”上爬升,加剧上升运动的发展,导致该区域降雪迅速加强;④非绝热加热项〖WTBX〗F〖WTBZ〗3对锋面生消作用最小,水平运动项〖WTBX〗F〖WTBZ〗1是锋生函数变化的主要贡献项,锋生函数〖WTBX〗F〖WTBZ〗变化与降水强度变化一致,在〖WTBX〗F〖WTBZ〗＞10的较强锋生区都出现暴雪,因此锋面的强迫抬升对暴雪的增幅作用不容忽视;⑤锋区的维持使得低层维持低温天气,锋上逆温,暖湿空气沿锋面抬升,900 hPa 以下“冷垫”与之上的“暖盖”长时间存在,导致暴雪发生并持续;⑥锋上逆温且逆温区存在融化层,这种垂直结构变化有利于降水相态转化,高层和低层为低于0 ℃的冷层,中间形成温度高于0 ℃的暖层,符合融化类冻雨的层结特征。     

Q矢量在陕南大暴雨天气过程中的分析应用

应用非地转湿Q矢量理论对2007年7月5日的大暴雨过程进行诊断分析,结果表明;500hPa快速东移的小槽,低层700hPa关中横切变、西南急流,地面弱冷锋是此次强降水的主要影响系统;非地转湿Q矢量流场的辐合线南侧与强降水区吻合;近地面850hPa锋生函数场正值区的变化较好地反映了锋面的强度,锋生函数正值区范围与降水区域对应较好;850hPa非地转湿Q矢量散度场辐合区与强降水的产生及强度正相关。     

鄂西南山区一次罕见的秋季暴雨转暴雪天气成因分析

利用常规的地面观测资料、micaps卫星资料以及NCEP再分析资料,对2016年11月7到9日发生在湖北西南山区一次大范围暴雨转暴雪灾害天气的成因进行了分析。结果表明：此次极端雨雪灾害天气,是东移南下强冷空气与西南强暖湿气流共同作用的结果。低空急流的形成与维持,南支槽前正涡度的加强,以及中层正好处于冷暖气流交汇区,这种高层辐散、低层辐合的有利配置,是7到8日产生大范围大雨,局部暴雨的主要天气背景。8日夜间到9日的暴雪产生,除中层西南暖湿气流加强对降雪增幅的贡献外,还主要受东、西两路冷空气汇合加强共同影响;动力锋生产生的正、反两支锋面次级环流是造成降雪最直接的中尺度系统;此次雨雪持续期间,水汽充沛,并伴有强的水汽辐合上升运动,在强降雪影响期间,影响区上空存在NE-SW带状动力结构,这种锋面斜压性特征,加强了暖湿气流沿冷空气垫的爬升;针对秋季雨雪转换的温度层结特点,重点关注中层逆温和近地层气温变化。综合相关文献及本次研究结果,针对湖北地区降雪,850 hPa在0℃或以下,地面气温在2℃或以下,可作为雨转雪或雨夹雪的温度指标。中层逆温不是降雪必备条件,但对于产生强降雪需要适宜的中层逆温,本次降雪逆温出现在-1℃附近,该指标也可作为秋季降雪的参考指标。     

贵州铜仁一次罕见暴雪过程分析

本文将利用常规探测资料、NCEP再分析资料和多普勒雷达资料,对2018年12月29～30日铜仁市暴雪过程的环流形势特征与成因进行分析,结果表明：此次暴雪过程发生在高空南支槽、多波动槽东移、700hPa西南暖湿急流输送及850hPa东北回流冷垫的环流背景下,表现出持续时间长、范围广、强度大、积雪深的特征;强降雪阶段对流层低层有来自孟湾的源源不断的水汽输送,湿层厚度增强,且有较强的水汽辐合;700hPa较强的垂直上升运动及对流层中低层较强的垂直风切变利于暴雪天气的发生;强降雪时刻暴雪区800hPa以上位于高层冷平流、低层暖平流的叠加区域,为不稳定大气;此次降雪具有对流性和持续性特征,雷达反射率回波云团具有列车效应。     

2020年初内蒙古一次暴雪天气过程的成因分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP（1°x1°）再分析资料，对2020年2月发生在内蒙古的一次地面回流与倒槽共同作用下的暴雪天气过程进行详细分析。结果表明：本次暴雪过程的主要影响系统是高空槽、700hPa切变线、高低空急流、地面冷高压、倒槽和冷锋。在高空下沉气流及1000~800hPa上东北急流的共同作用下，干冷气流形成“冷垫”，迫使暖湿空气沿冷垫抬升，同时不断的有干冷空气向中低层暖湿气流下方入侵，与中高层的西南急流形成深厚的锋生区和锋面次级环流，二者的正反馈作用为暴雪提供增幅作用。700hPa西南急流不断输送水汽，暴雪区位于比湿、水汽通量和水汽通量散度辐合的大值区。低层辐合高层辐散，配合显著的上升气流，有利于水汽积聚与输送和上升运动。强锋生落区与暴雪区域相对应，其中水平变形作用项对锋生的贡献最大，垂直运动项对锋生的贡献最小。湿位涡在强降雪落区内MPV1>0, MPV2<0，有利于本次暴雪过程的发生，高空下传的正MPV1会引起低层冷空气加强，冷暖空气对比度加大，有利于锋生，同时湿斜压性增强，诱发气旋式环流，进一步增强降雪。     

2020年11月18—19日通辽市大暴雪成因分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、多普勒雷达资料等多源观测资料,对通辽市2020年11月18—19日大暴雪过程进行成因分析。结果表明：高空低槽产生的高空强辐散与地面倒槽增强的辐合相互作用以及高、低层系统的适宜配置是产生此次大暴雪的有利环流形势。中层低涡的形成和加强以及低空强暖湿急流的适宜配置也是强降雪产生的一个有利因素。发展强盛的气旋东移过程中入海卷入大量水汽再北上,海上丰沛水汽沿着强低空急流输送,提供了丰沛的水汽。低层850 hPa以下有冷平流,中层西南暖湿气流在低层冷垫上爬坡,不稳定能量释放,是强降雪产生的动力作用。雨或雨夹雪期间出现明显的“零度层亮带”,雨夹雪转为雪后“零度层亮带”消失。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.