测井资料岩石物理分析在苏西地区储层预测研究中的应用

苏里格地区天然气资源量丰富,勘探前景广阔,是我国油气增储上产的重要区域.研究区位于苏里格气田的西侧,该区储层段砂岩与泥岩的纵波速度、密度和纵波阻抗等常规参数相互叠置,叠后波阻抗反演难以解决该区储层预测和流体识别问题.为此,利用测井资料,开展了以地震岩石物理参数分析、弹性阻抗分析、流体替换及AVO特征分析为基础的叠前储层预测可行性研究.研究结果表明:岩石的弹性参数能够很好地区分岩性,并优选出反映储层或含气性的敏感参数,如纵横波速度比、泊松比、拉梅系数和拉梅系数/剪切模量对含气性具有良好的识别能力;不同角度的弹性阻抗既可以识别岩性,也可以区分气层和非气层;利用AVO属性可以预测盒8砂岩是否含气,但不能预测其是否具有工业价值.上述研究为该区开展地震叠前储层预测和流体识别研究提供了依据,使得该区的储层预测更具针对性.     

一种同时反演纵波速度和泊松比的方法

本文提出一种角度部分叠加资料同时反演纵波速度和泊松比的方法.以角度部分叠加资料为基础,利用地震波振幅随入射角变化与弹性参数间的数学关系,基于非线性最优化理论,通过将最小平方问题转化为大型带状矩阵的求解问题,采用测井约束逐道外推技术依次求得该角度剖面每个点的纵波和泊松比值.通过由每个角度叠加剖面反演得到的相应角度范围的纵波速度和泊松比剖面的对比分析,进一步得到地震波垂直入射时的纵波速度和泊松比,为地震资料的岩性及含气性解释提供丰富的参数信息.     

用岩芯模拟测试参数做模型正演预测储层油、气、水边界

利用地震资料进行AVO油气检测,需要提供准确的储层岩石物性参数．通过对准噶尔盆地西部储层岩样实验室测定,得出合不同流体岩石在不同温度、压力下纵横波速度、速度比、泊松比的变化规律及差异．根据其差异性,用Zoeppritz方程做模型正演,以确定目的层有无AVO响应,以便对地震剖面做针对性的特殊处理．实际应用结果表明,用实验室测试的岩石物性参数做模型正演,可提高AVO检测的准确性,为用地震资料结合实验室岩芯测试参数预测地层油、气、水边界提供了有效手段．     

由EUROBRIDGE’97地震剖面的P波与S波速度模型和重力数据得到的岩石层上部密度—速度关系

传统的折射与广角反射地震和重力数据的联合解译是基于大量地壳岩石弹性性质实验室研究证实的地震P波速度和密度之间众所周知的相关性。与这一方法相矛盾的一个问题是富含钙长石的岩石具较高的P波速度,而不满足常规密度—VP关系。这说明基于常规密度—VP关系的联合反演不适用于横跨大的非造山带环斑-辉长-斜长岩地块的广角地震调查,因为其组成成分富含斜长石。同时使用VP和VS计算密度模型就可解决这一问题。岩石属性的实验室结果表明密度与VS相关性很强。此外,各向同性VS与密度的相关性较VP更强,且受高斜长石含量的影响更小。即便如此,利用这一已知的密度与VS或者密度与VP及VS的相关性进行地震和重力数据的联合反演仍然十分少见。其重要原因在于暴破地震学中S波波至的质量低,因而难以得到可靠的S波速度模型。本文阐述了在乌克兰地盾EUROBRIDGE’97广角反射和折射剖面所做的地震和重力数据联合反演的结果。该区缺失厚沉积体,使我们可以得到P波和S波速度模型。通过重力反演得到EUROBRIDGE’97剖面密度模型,我们利用密度和VP、VS模型的关系,将密度模型参数化。这样参数化后,经重力数据转换,可以获得密度和地震波速的关系。结果显示EUROBRIDGE’97剖面的密度与地震波速之间呈非线性和离散的关系。对相关性的分析表明,造成离散是缘于横跨该剖面的大的地质构造单元的差异。为解释这一差异,我们对比EUROBRIDGE’97剖面上3个主要地质单元中地震速度和密度的关系和来自乌克兰地盾及另一个前寒武纪地区的岩石学资料。可见与平均密度—速度关系的偏移量是岩石的特殊矿物组合的反映,包含了不同的岩石时代和地壳形成环境。论述了如何通过密度—速度图分析,来限定地壳成分,尤其是下地壳的成分和变质程度。     

委内瑞拉水平井资料在地质统计反演中的应用

M区块位于委内瑞拉奥里诺科重油带,其砂岩储层埋藏浅,厚度大,胶结疏松,内部泥岩隔夹层发育.该区块地震资料品质差,缺少声波测井资料,无法实现常规的地震反演,并且区块内大部分井是水平井,如何利用水平井资料难度大.针对以上问题,本文创新性地提出了综合应用直井和水平井资料进行地震反演,利用GR和电阻率曲线重构出拟声波曲线,在已有声波做速度趋势的约束下,利用倾角叠加技术对水平井进行层位标定,采用稀疏脉冲反演和地质统计模拟进行地震反演.研究表明,重构的拟声波波阻抗能够很好地区分岩性,水平井信息参与反演大大提高了储层和隔夹层的预测精度,从而实现了在缺少声波和密度资料的情况下的直井和水平井约束的地震反演.     

塔北轮古东碳酸盐岩储层岩石物理响应特征

塔北轮古东地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层类型多,地震响应特征多样,纵横向变化大,埋藏深,储集空间复杂和控制因素多,不易有效进行酸盐岩储层预测.针对塔北轮古东碳酸盐岩储层预测难点,利用岩石物理分析、AVO模型正演、AVO属性反演和叠前联合反演等技术,开展了奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层岩石物理响应特征研究,以便指导奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层预测.研究结果表明塔北轮古东奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层岩石物理响应特征为:低纵、横波阻抗,低纵、横波速度比,低泊松比,低拉梅常数和剪切模量,低拉梅常数乘密度和剪切模量乘密度.AVO属性碳氢指示、泊松比差及流体因子绝对值大.AVO模型正演显示随偏移距增大,含气合成道集振幅变小明显,频率降低,含油、含水合成道集振幅也变小,但不明显;而对于AVO属性P*G和流体因子,含油气后绝对值变大.     

云南省9个地震台台基岩石的力学性质

应用岩石力学实验方法测定了云南省9个地震台台基岩石的力学性质。其中包括密度、强度、静态扬氏模量、静态泊松比、纵波速度及阻抗、横波速度及阻抗、动态扬氏模量、动态剪切模量和动态泊松比。讨论了地震台台基岩石力学性质参数在测震学中的作用。     

叠前地震反演技术在苏里格气田的应用

苏里格气田属于我国特大型气田之一,地震反演技术广泛应用在气田勘探开发阶段.对研究区已有的资料进行岩石物理分析发现,纵波阻抗不能够识别目的层段砂岩、泥岩以及含气层.为了克服这一困难,采用叠前反演技术对盒_8-山_1段岩性气藏进行了刻画.在测井资料质控下以分角度叠加数据体作为输入,可以输出阻抗剖面以及纵横波速度比、泊松比等岩石弹性参数,综合判储层的岩性、物性及含气性.研究结果表明:(1)纵波阻抗不能区分砂泥岩以及含气砂岩,砂岩含气后,纵波阻抗明显降低,且分偏移距叠加数据体的振幅随偏移距的增加而增加,属于第三类AVO;(2)利用Xu-White模型对缺失横波资料进行反演,反演横波与全波测井实测横波对比发现相似度极高;(3)从反演结果来看,砂岩含气后横波阻抗不变,可以指示砂岩,速度比和泊松比显示异常小值,可以刻画含气砂岩.实钻证明,叠前反演技术为最终的井位优选和储层评价提供了可靠的依据.     

杨氏模量和泊松比反射系数近似方程及叠前地震反演

杨氏模量和泊松比等岩石弹性参数是表征页岩气储集体岩石脆性、评价储层含气特征的重要特征参数,而叠前地震反演是从地震资料中获取此类参数的有效途径.地震波反射系数方程是叠前反演的基础.首先,在平面波入射等假设条件下推导了基于杨氏模量(Y)、泊松比(σ)和密度(D)的纵波反射系数线性近似方程(YPD反射系数近似方程),该方程建立了地震纵波反射系数与杨氏模量反射系数、泊松比反射系数和密度反射系数的线性关系;其次,对该方程的精度和适用条件进行了分析,模型分析表明,在入射角为40°时,该方程具有较高的计算精度;最后,建立了一种稳定获取杨氏模量和泊松比的叠前地震直接反演方法.模型试算和实际资料试处理表明,基于新方程的反演方法能够稳定合理的直接从叠前地震资料中获取杨氏模量和泊松比参数,提供了一种高可靠性的页岩气"甜点"地震识别方法.     

井间高分辨率纵横波层析成像研究井间油藏

采用视速度-偏振井间波场分离法分离得到纵波和横波波场,使用跨孔地震走时层析成像级联方法计算井间纵波和横波速度结构以及泊松比空间分布.综合纵横波速度、泊松比和测井参数,分析两井间岩性和储层特性.数值模型试验表明该方法垂直分辨率达到主频波长的1/4,并能准确分辨倾斜断层和垂直断层.处理相同纵波资料结果表明本文方法分辨率远远高于以往的井间走时层析成像方法,比井间声波层析成像分辨率更高.使用该方法处理垦71区井间资料,得到同台同源纵波和横波速度结构和泊松比分布.泊松比的低/高变化与测井参数指示的砂/泥岩层基本吻合.根据泊松比分布,参考岩石地震物理学测试数据,可以区分井间介质中的泥岩层、砂岩层,以及砂岩层中的饱水和饱油区,确定储层的连通性,圈定井间的剩余油藏.     

强震观测网、高灵敏度地震观测网、地中强震观测网、宽频带地震观测网

阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1　强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…     

Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration

Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production. Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation, rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind. Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people. Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population.     

Spatial distribution,source apportionment,and associated risks of trace metals (As,Pb, Cr,Cd, and Hg) from a subtropical river,Gomti, Bangladesh

Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×10⁴.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。     

山西高平地震

阐述了发生在山西高平的地震和对高平有影响的地震，分析了高平市的地震灾害，通过分析得出高平地震与晋获断裂带活动有关的结论。     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

The Yecheng,Xinjiang, China,earthquake of February 14, 1980

In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m _b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.     

Dynamics of dissolved major (Na,K, Ca,Mg, and Si) and trace (Al,Fe, Mn,Zn, Cu,and Cr) elements along the lower Orinoco River

This study addresses the changes in dissolved major and trace element concentrations along the Orinoco River, including the mixing zone between the Orinoco and Apure Rivers. Water samples from the Apure and Orinoco Rivers were collected monthly in four sectors over a period of 15 months. Auxiliary parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and temperature), total suspended sediments, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Si) and trace (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cr) element concentrations were measured in all sectors. The relative contribution of both rivers after the Apure–Orinoco confluence was determined using Ca as a tracer. Moreover, a mixing model was developed to determine whether dissolved species exhibit a conservative behavior during mixing. The results indicate that DOC is removed from waters during the Apure–Orinoco mixing, probably due to absorption of DOC on mineral phases supplied by the Apure River. Dissolved Na, Ca, and Mg behave conservatively during the mixing processes, and their concentrations are controlled by a dilution process. The anomaly in the temporal pattern of K in the Orinoco is caused by the input of biogenic K originating from the Apure River during the high‐water stage. The loss of dissolved Si during the low‐water stage can be explained by the uptake of Si by diatoms. Dissolved Mn, Zn, Al, and Fe showed a non‐conservative behavior during the Apure–Orinoco mixing. The removal of Mn and Zn from the dissolved phase can be explained by the formation of Mn‐oxyhydroxides and the scavenging of Zn onto Mn oxides. Dissolved Fe is controlled by redox processes, although the removals of Fe and Al due to the preferential adsorption of large organometallic complexes by mineral surfaces after the Apure–Orinoco confluence can affect the mobility of both elements during transport. The conservative behavior shown by Cu and Cr can be related to the tendency of both elements to be complexed with small organic colloids, which are not preferentially adsorbed by clays.     

Transitional, entraining, cloudy, and coastal boundary layers

Atmospheric boundary layers are marvelously varied and complex. Recent research has examined some of that variety. Boundary layers over land undergo drastic changes throughout the day as the sun rises and sets, and as clouds form and dissipate. Air is entrained at the top of the boundary layer at varying rates. As air moves over the coast, the boundary layer reacts to changes in surface forcing. All of these changes affect pollutant transport and weather formation. In this paper, research attempting to understand transitional, cloud-topped, and coastal boundary layers, and boundary-layer top entrainment, is reviewed.