南海台风Vongfong(2002)登陆前后内核结构和近海加强原因的数值模拟研究

利用6 km细网格区域的显式模拟结果分析了Vongfong(2002)的内核结构;对Vongfong近海加强的动力学机制进行了研究.结果表明:(1) 轴对称性结构中,Vongfong最大风速半径(RMW)在强盛期随高度递减.Vongfong在近海时,低层最强的流入在其移行的前方,而流出区在其后方.这些特征与大西洋飓风和西太平洋台风相反.(2) 动力场和热力场都有明显的不对称结构.在强盛期,对流西北强、东南弱;强对流云带与最大风速区的位置一致.在加强期,低层西冷东暖、中高层西暖东冷;到强盛期,低层和中高层都有明显的暖心结构.(3) 中纬度中上层冷低压系统和台风的相互作用是Vongfong近海加强的重要原因.①由于冷低压系统外围的冷空气从西北侧进入台风的中层,低层有暖湿空气配合,使得位势不稳定能量增加,对流发展.②因为冷低压中心的下沉气流正是二级环流的下沉支,冷低压南移填塞,台风近海加强.两个方面最终通过CISK(第二类条件不稳定)机制来实现.     

两次台风过程近地层湍流度和阵风因子分析

利用2005年台风麦莎和卡努期间青岛海岸实测三维风观测资料,挑选6个10 min平均风速≥8 m/s的强风时段,使用矢量分析方法研究台风影响华东地区时近地层的平均风速风向变化、湍流度和阵风因子变化等湍流特性,结果表明台风影响期间,近地层湍流脉动风速不稳定,水平方向、垂直方向风速风向快速变化;虽然台风麦莎、卡努入海地点不同,不同强风时段近地层湍流度差异也较大,但湍流强度都表现为Iu(横向)＞Iv(纵向)＞Iw(垂直向).两次台风影响过程不同强风时段近地层阵风因子的变化与湍流度的变化是一致的,在风速增大风向转变的时段,湍流度和阵风因子明显增大.     

2009年“莫拉克”台风登陆过程阵风特征分析

利用上海台风研究所移动观测车获取的“莫拉克”台风登陆过程中超声风、温等观测资料对地面阵风特性进行了诊断分析.结果表明,在风速时间序列中叠加有周期为3-7 min的阵风扰动,显现出明显的相干结构,即沿顺风方向阵风风速峰期有下沉运动,谷期有上升运动;阵风扰动的各向异性特征明显,沿顺风方向的阵风扰动能量最大,其次是沿侧向和垂直方向的扰动能量;沿顺风方向的阵风垂直动量通量向下传播,而沿侧风方向阵风扰动动量垂直通量总体贡献接近于0.阵风扰动沿顺风方向的积分空间尺度和时间尺度最大,沿侧风方向和垂直方向其次,均明显大于湍流的积分空间和时间尺度.此外,阵风扰动的其他特征还包括:感热垂直通量极小;当平均风速较大时阵风风向变化幅度较小,而风速较小时阵风风向变化幅度则较大;动力学分析表明,阵风扰动主要表现出重力内波的一些特性.     

浙江海岛台风和冬季大风阵风特征的对比分析

为了提高阵风预报准确率,利用2006—2016年浙江7个海岛气象站资料和ERA-interim资料,分析了台风和冬季大风的阵风因子与10 m稳定风速、风向、Brunt-Vaisala频率、总体理查逊数、边界层250~1 000 m风速及其与10 m稳定风速比值等的关系,对比两种大风系统阵风的主要成因差异,最后对冬季大风的阵风因子进行拟合。(1)从总体上,台风阵风因子比冬季大风要大0.1~0.2,波动幅度也一般比冬季大风偏大0.3~0.5。有些站点在稳定风速较大时,阵风因子随稳定风速变化不明显,而有的站点变化幅度较大。(2)站点不同方位的地表特征差异明显,导致台风和冬季大风的阵风因子在某个风向上有较统一的最大值和最小值,两者差值一般为0.2~0.3。(3)大气边界层台风样本主要表现为气流辐合上升及正涡度,而冬季大风样本主要表现为辐散下沉及负涡度,台风垂直速度、涡度和散度的强度均明显大于冬季大风样本;从Brunt-Vaisala频率来看,边界层750 m处冬季大风样本总体为静力不稳定,而台风样本总体为静力稳定;从总体理查逊数来看,台风样本和冬季大风样本两者边界层250 m处动力不稳定程度接近。(4)台风和冬季大风的阵风主要形成机制不同,冬季阵风与边界层上层气流向下动量传输引发的辐合辐散有关,而台风阵风可能更多与边界层气流的水平动量输送引发的辐合辐散有关。(5)基于风向、边界层1 000 m处风速和10 m稳定风速的冬季大风阵风因子的拟合模型,比仅考虑10 m稳定风速的拟合模型的绝对误差减少了20%~50%,误差方差也减少了10%~30%。      

台风“山竹”登陆前后广东沿海珠三角机场阵风预报方法研究

利用WRF模式对1822号台风"山竹"的登陆过程进行数值模拟试验,分析台风产生的大风特征,比较不同的阵风参数化方法在机场大风预报中的效果,结果表明:(1)试验基本模拟出了台风的路径和强度变化过程,模拟的珠三角机场平均风速大小和变化趋势与观测非常接近。(2)地面最大风速区出现在距离台风中心大约50-100km的位置上,垂直方向上风速从低层到高层逐渐减小,湍流动能的大值区集中在1.5km以下的边界层内。(3)台风登陆过程中广州、深圳和珠海机场的平均阵风因子分别为1.45、1.51和1.46,且随着平均风速的增大,阵风因子有减小的趋势。(4)基于湍流动能的阵风参数化方案在珠三角机场阵风预报中效果最好,平均预报误差只有3.9m/s,可以考虑应用到台风天气过程中机场阵风的业务预报。     

浙江沿海台风阵风系数的影响因子分析

利用2004—2015年影响浙江海岛的台风及沿海气象站资料,分析台风阵风系数与平均风速、台风强度、测站高度、岛屿位置、台风与测站之间距离、台风象限和月份等因子的关系。结果表明,当平均风速较小时阵风系数的均值和波动幅度较大。在相同风速情况下,台风中心强度较强时的阵风系数会大些且其变化幅度随高度增大;而台风强度较弱时的阵风系数随高度变化不明显。最大阵风系数一般出现在台风与测站距离为150~250 km的区域内。台风第一和第四象限不仅其影响风力明显比第二和第三象限的强,且阵风系数变化幅度也较大。近海岸岛屿测站的阵风系数比远海岸岛屿测站要大。9月阵风系数波动范围比7—8月的小。从台风的自身环流来看,中低层的高度场、垂直速度场和湿度场等因子与阵风系数相关密切。      

南海台风边界层湍流小波分析

利用小波变换（WT）对香港天文台飞机观测台风“妮妲”（1604）资料进行分析,研究在不稳定、不均匀的台风边界层中湍流涡旋的垂直传输作用。在0.1～5 Hz惯性子区内横风和顺风分量功率谱密度能较好符合-5/3幂律。小波分析显示：横风的小波功率谱峰值集中在1 km之下,顺风分量的小波功率谱峰值集中在1～6km之间;眼区动量通量的主要贡献尺度为2.3 km,眼区外主要贡献尺度在1～2 km,中低层为较小尺度（<1.0km）;湍流功能(TKE)的生成尺度主要集中在4 km之下。这项研究定量描述了南海北部台风边界层各个区域湍流结构的差异特征,讨论了对台风边界层通量参数化的可能影响。     

钦州市登陆中越边境南海台风暴雨天气分析

以1958～2000年间登陆中越边境的16个台风的季节强度，移速、影响的地域、天气形势作了对比分析，结果发现：该类南海台风产生暴雨有时间性和地地域性，暴雨基本上出现在6～9月份，出现暴雨的台风概率8月最大9月次之6、7月较小；钦州、灵山、浦北三站中出现暴雨的均在钦州市沿海一带，灵山、浦北在该类台风过程中无暴雨天气。     

登陆台风近地层湍流特征观测分析

在对多个登陆台风实地观测的基础上,选取出较有代表性的实验观测个例:“黄蜂”、“杜鹃”和“黑格比”3个登陆台风,分析探讨在登陆台风的中心、靠近中心位置的强烈影响区域和台风外围环流影响地区近地层湍流特征,以期对登陆台风的边界层湍流过程有所认识。观测资料分析显示,在登陆台风的中心及其强烈影响的区域:(1)风速和湍流强度均有强烈的变化;(2)水平湍流积分尺度明显增大,越靠近中心位置,增大越明显,而垂直方向没有明显变化;(3)在湍流谱的低频和高频区,湍能均可增大1~2个量级,其中垂直方向湍能增大的幅度略小于水平方向;(4)湍谱在惯性子区u,v,w3个方向的分布均不满足-5/3次方律,存在较大偏移,而在台风外围环流影响区和无台风影响时,则无上述的4个特征。     

钦州市登陆中越边境南海台风暴雨天气分析

以1958-2000年间登陆中越边境的16个台风的季节强度,移速、影响的地域、天气形势作了对比分析,结果发现:该类南海台风产生暴雨有时间性和地地域性,暴雨基本上出现在6-9月份,出现暴雨的台风概率8月最大9月次之6、7月较小;钦州、灵山、浦北三站中出现暴雨的均在钦州市沿海一带,灵山、浦北在该类台风过程中无暴雨天气。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF FREQUENCY SPECTRUM VARIATION OF INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION OF CONVECTION DURING SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON

Datasets of equivalent temperature of black body (TBB) and sea surface temperature (SST) ranging from 1980 to 1997 are used to diagnose and analyze the characteristics of frequency spectrum and strength of intraseasonal variation of convection. The relationship between the strength of intraseasonal oscillation of convection, strength of convection itself and SST in the South China Sea (SCS) is studied. It is shown that, there are distinguishable annual, interannual and interdecadal variations in both strength and frequency spectrum of intraseasonal variation of convection in SCS. There are connections between strength of convection, strength of ISO1 in the summer half (s.h.) year and SST in ensuing winter half (w.h.) year in SCS. The strong (weak) convection and strong (weak) ISO1 are associated with negative (positive) bias of SST in ensuing w.h. year in SCS.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF FREQUENCY SPECTRUM VARIATION OF INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION OF CONVECTION DURING SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON

1 INTRODUCTIONSituated in the region of East Asian Monsoon(EAM), weather and climate in China are deeplyinfluenced by the activities of EAM. Especially inflood seasons, distribution of precipitation, movementof rain-bands and occurrence of droughts and fl…     

南海灾害性土台风统计分析

根据台风年鉴资料统计分析了南海热带气旋(指在南海海域生成的热带气旋、又称南海灾害性土台风、下面简称TC)，TC数量逐年逐月变化较大，除3月没有TC出现外，其余月份均有TC出现，年生成最多的TC为11个，最少的为1个，年平均6．2个，月生成最多的TC为5个，最少的为零个。TC登陆最多的是8月，12月至翌年4月没有TC登陆中国大陆，登陆范围主要在汕头至海南岛之间。TC的持久期一般均在4—7天，最长亦有19天。南海上生成的TC只有15％能够加强为台风，均集中在水深超过150米的海域。南海是TC发生频繁、数量较多的海域。     

A NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES WITH DIFFERENT TEMPORAL RESOLUTIONS ON TYPHOON DUJUAN OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

Daily and weekly sea surface temperature data of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System sensors are used as forcing of the underlying sea surface in the mesoscale numerical model to simulate Typhoon Dujuan that moved across the South China Sea in 2003. The numerical results show that different SSTs near the typhoon center result in differences in the atmospheric wind field, indicating that the model has a fast and obvious response to SSTs. Different SST influences the intensity and track of Dujuan to some degree and has significant impacts on its precipitation and latent heat flux near the eye. The SST influence on Dujuan is mainly fulfilled by changing the latent heat flux between the ocean surface and the atmosphere above.     

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

Using 1975-1993 (with 1978 missing) data of the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), characteristics of seasonal variation of low-frequency oscillations in the South China Sea and its relation to the establishment and activity of the summer monsoon there are studied. As is shown in the result, the low-frequency oscillation in the South China Sea is much stronger in the period of summer monsoon than in that of winter monsoon and the summer monsoon there usually begins to set up in a negative phase of the first significant low-frequency oscillation for the early summer. The study also reveals that the circulation for the low-frequency oscillation during the summer monsoon in the Sea is embodied as north-south fluctuations of the ITCZ and east-west shifts of western ridge point of the West Pacific subtropical high, suggesting close correlation between the low-frequency oscillation and the active and break (decay) of the South China Sea monsoon. In the meantime. the work illustrates how the low-frequency oscillation in the South China Sea are superimposed with the seasonal variation of the general circulation. so that the summer inonsoon covers the establishment of the I^st, intensification of the 2^nd and 3^rd the low-frequency oscillations and decay of the 4^th oscillation.     

南海海洋站观测海气热通量的时间演变特征

为探索西沙和南沙海气热通量时间演变特征,用海洋站观测资料计算了1998年南海夏季风爆发前后,海气界面热量交换值及海面热收支年循环。结果表明：季风爆发前,西沙海气界面热量交换较弱,水汽通量较小,以海洋获得热量为主;季风爆发后,海气界面热量交换接近平衡。南沙全年主要是海洋对大气加热。南沙和西沙海面吸收短波辐射年周期特征明显,极大值出现在冬半年。西沙海面潜热通量存在半年周期特征,极大值也是出现在冬半年。结论：冬半年海面热通量变化对翌年的季风将产生重要影响。     

PREDICTIVE MODEL ON THE YEARLY FREQUENCY OF TYPHOON LANDING IN SOUTH OF CHINA

The major purpose of this study was to develop a predictive model of the yearly frequency of typhoon.Based on historical data, a predictive model of yearly frequency of typhoon that landed in South China was proposed during the season of typhoon using the basic thinking and its algorithm of Pro.jcction Pursuit Regression (PPR). The results show that the predictive precision of PPR model is much better than that of stepwise regression (SR) model.     

VARIATION OF AEROSOL OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN GUANGZHOU DURING SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON EVENTS

Variations in Guangzhou’s aerosol optical characteristics and their possible causes are studied against the large-scale background of South China Sea summer monsoons(SCSSM) using aerosol data derived from Panyu Atmospheric Composition Watch Station in Guangzhou and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research(USA). The data is reanalyzed to develop a composite analysis and perform physical diagnoses. Analysis of the results shows that aerosol extinction in Guangzhou first increases then decreases during the active period of a SCSSM, with variations in the stratification of the planetary boundary layer(PBL) and environmental winds playing important roles in affecting Guangzhou’s aerosol optical characteristics. Regional diabatic heating and anomalous cyclonic circulations excited by monsoon convection induce environmental wind anomalies that significantly modify the stratification of the PBL.