明代的战备图

明太祖朱元璋在“驱逐胡虏，恢复中华，立纲陈纪，救济斯民”的旗帜下，南征北战，于是年推翻了元朝，建立了明政权。明初的洪武年间，进行了统一全国的战争，把元军的残余势力赶到了蒙古高原一带。但是退居大漠以北的“元人北归，屡谋兴复”，保龄球图卷土重来，不断向南进犯。到了明朝后期，东北地区的女真强大起来，开始     

地图作为广告媒体的特性的认识

地图作为广告媒体的特性的认识余红（成都地图出版社６１０１００）地图是一种空间地理信息的载体，它既包含了自然地理要素又包含了经济地理要素，因此，我们认为传播经济信息，充当广告媒体，既是地图的功能之一，也是地图的职能之一。地图以特有的空间方式反映社会经济...     

极夜下的生活

在北极的斯瓦尔巴德群岛，每年十月上旬，就已进入极夜的初期，尽管我去南极时，体察了极昼，尚不知极夜下的生活是啥滋味，但是当我准备赴北极时，出于拍摄照片的需要，还是渴望生活在阳光下。然而，因为阴差阳错，我与我的队友们，还是适值北极极夜时，也就是10月16日到达了北极。[编者按]     

快乐的向日葵

很小的时候迷上了地图，迷上了地球仪，那时候，还不识字，总把荷兰和河南听成是一个地方，心里总觉得好奇怪的，明明是不同的两个地方，连样子都不一样，为什么又成了一个地方呢，大人们已经是不耐烦地无数次告诉幼时的我，一个是独立的国家，一个是中国的行政省。一头雾水，还是百思不得其解，这个童年生活中的小遗憾是第一次的荷兰印象。     

把神圣的职责落到实处

依法治国，建设仕会主义法治国家，是党的“十五大”确立的基本治国方略，依法行政，认真履行政府职能，加强测绘管理，建立健康有字的测绘市场秩序，是测绘主管部门的神圣职责。近年来，四川局在履行政府职能，加强测绘行业管理方     

观测数据的筛选

近年来，观测数据筛选引起了测量工作者的极大关注，不论是测图网，施工网还是监测网的数据处理，都首先必须剔除有粗差的观测值，才能保证测量成果的正确性。已有不少资料，出于不同的目的，叙述了观测数据的筛选方法，文文将比较系统地加以论述和探讨，提出一点建议，并给出算例。     

基于微机的快速数字地图修测系统的研究

根据彩色数字地图色彩的光谱特性，运用色度学和模式识别的基本原理，对彩色数字地图进行处理，把彩色数字地图数据自动分类、识别，获得了单要素层的数字地图，然后在微机上把它们和新的像片（正射影像）叠置，进行数字修测。     

基于微机的快速数字地图修测系统的研究

根据彩色数字地图色彩的光谱特性，运用色度学和模式识别的基本原理，对彩色数字地图进行处理，把彩色数字地图数据自动分类、识别，获得了单要素层的数字地图，然后在微机上把它们和新的像片（正射影像）叠置，进行数字修测。     

交通地图上公路交通网的表示方法规范化的探讨

交通地图是一种详细表示交通运输网的组成与结构、交通线的类型与特征、交通枢纽站及交通附属设旄的专题地图。长期以来，它被广泛地应用于国民经济各部门及人们的日常生活。随着我国经济建设的飞速发展，交通运输业和旅游业日益壮大，对交通地图的要求也发生了很大变化。可是，目前市场上的各种交通地图，虽然品种繁多，但图上的信息量却不尽人意，特别是对公路交通网的表示，要么是要素偏面不全，     

跨世纪的大地测量

我国资深大地测量学家胡明城同志近期完成的“跨世纪的大地测量”是继“现代大地测量”的一部新著，全书约二十万字，包括总论，空间大地测量技术，板块运动和地壳运动的监测，重力测量和地球重力场，地球自转，海洋大地测量和海面变化等六章。该书总结了现代大地测量学直到１９９４年初的成就，特别强调它在减灾、环境监测和矿产资料开发中的作用，预测它在世纪之交将要达到的水平和可能解决的问题。本文是该书第一章总论部分，提纲     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

基于WebGL的三维智慧管网系统的设计与实现

随着城市面貌日新月异,地下管网的建设也在持续推进,作为城市的地下“神经网络”,全天24 h保障城市的正常运转和发展。本文以实现城市管网管理系统的高可用、无插件、智能化为目标,采用“地上地下一体”“二三维一体”的设计理念,研究基于WebGL的三维智慧管网系统的关键技术,实现了管线设施管理的信息数字化、空间化与图形化。