中非裂谷系Bongor盆地强反转裂谷构造特征及其对油气成藏的影响

近年来,强反转裂谷盆地在油气勘探中引起越来越多的关注,中非裂谷系是强反转裂谷盆地的重要发育区。文中以Bongor盆地为例,分析了盆地的构造特征及其对油气成藏的影响,在此基础上指出勘探方向。研究表明,反转是Bongor盆地最显著的构造特征,受区域挤压应力场作用,Bongor盆地在晚白垩世和中新世发生了两期反转,特别是发生在晚白垩世桑托期(Santonian)的反转造成盆地整体大幅度抬升,地层遭受强烈剥蚀,剥蚀量达600~1 600m,盆地剥蚀呈现出西强东弱、北强南弱的特点。反转导致残余地层发生明显的褶皱变形,并最终控制了盆地构造圈闭的成型;同时造成上成藏组合油藏的改造、破坏,使得Bongor盆地成藏模式以源内成藏为主。因此,围绕初陷期凹陷、立足下成藏组合是下步勘探的主要方向。     

中非Melut盆地与我国东部裂谷盆地的类比及意义

Melut盆地为中非地区重要的含油气裂谷盆地,具被动裂谷成盆特征,处于区域构造勘探向"三新领域"勘探的转型阶段,油气富集规律尚不十分清楚,通过开展Melut盆地与我国东部主动裂谷盆地的类比分析,有助于深化盆地成藏认识,推进勘探转型.研究表明,Melut盆地北部具被动裂谷成盆特征,发育大型富油凹陷,形成以古近系跨时代成藏组合为主,近源白垩系成藏组合为辅的油气富集特点,古近系Yabus组上段跨时代岩性油藏与近源白垩系Galhak组断块油藏是北部深化勘探的重要领域;盆地中南部具被动裂谷与主动裂谷的叠加演化过程,与海拉尔盆地相似,具小型断陷沉积充填与成藏特征,近源成藏组合是有利的勘探对象,继承性洼槽内低凸起、凹陷间断裂隆起带及缓坡断层坡折带是有利的成藏构造带.该研究深化了Melut盆地成藏认识,明确了盆地南北具有不同的成盆机制与成藏特征,对推动北部成熟探区深化勘探与中南部低探区勘探突破具有重要意义.     

裂谷盆地形成的动力学机制及其含油气性

以澳大利亚南部的吉普斯兰盆地和中国东北部的松辽盆地为例，通过对它们所处的地理位置、内部结构构造特征、油气藏类型、油气藏的分布特征、生储盖特征以及形成时代的比较，对纵向拼合式裂谷盆地形成的动力学机制及其含油气性作了探讨。阐明了具有相似结构构造特征和演化历史，同一时期处于相近地理环境中的沉积盆地，应具有相似的含油气远景；而这一切都是由近似的成盆动力学机制，即：地球深部动力所诱发的远源板内应力、地幔底辟等因素所控制的，再一次证明了裂谷类型的沉积盆地在油气勘探中的重要性；指明了在我国东部原裂谷系中开展油气普查勘探工作的必要性     

乍得Bongor盆地构造反转的油气地质意义

分析总结了乍得Bongor盆地的构造反转特征,着重研究了其对源岩生烃与排烃、储层成岩、圈闭形成及保存、油气运移等成藏要素的影响,进而探讨了盆地油气成藏特征和资源潜力。结果表明,Bongor盆地的构造反转以地层大幅抬升剥蚀和残余地层强烈褶皱变形为主要响应特征,造成了烃源岩生烃、排烃过程停滞,浅部油藏的破坏。同时,盆地本身的热结构、热演化在一定程度上减弱了这种破坏作用,使得烃源岩在构造反转结束以后仍保留有较好的生烃潜力。地层抬升剥蚀使得储层压实-胶结等成岩作用减弱,溶蚀淋滤作用增强,深部储层得以保存;残余地层的褶皱变形形成了大量的反转构造,为油气最终运聚-成藏提供了储集空间。     

裂谷作用对层序地层充填样式的控制——以西非裂谷系Termit盆地下白垩统为例

Termit盆地位于尼日尔东南部,属于西非裂谷系的北延部分,是发育于前寒武系—侏罗系基底之上的中、新生代裂谷盆地。该盆地早白垩世—古近纪经历了"裂谷—坳陷—裂谷"的构造演化过程及"陆相—海相—陆相"的沉积演化过程,表现为晚白垩世大规模海侵、早白垩世和古近纪两期裂谷叠置的特点。基于构造作用影响裂谷盆地层序发育的观点,分析了Termit盆地下白垩统裂谷阶段内的层序地层充填样式。根据裂谷作用的强弱,将早白垩世裂谷阶段划分为裂谷初始期、裂谷深陷期及裂谷萎缩期3个阶段。裂谷初始期层序断裂活动弱,构造沉降小,长轴物源体系较为发育,陡坡带为加积至退积型河流或三角洲沉积,缓坡带发育加积型河流或三角洲体系。裂谷深陷期层序断裂活动强烈,构造沉降大,陡坡带形成退积型水下扇或滑塌扇沉积,缓坡带发育退积型三角洲体系,盆地中心为泥岩充填。裂谷萎缩期层序断裂活动减弱并趋于停止,陡坡带为进积型扇三角洲沉积,缓坡带发育进积型三角洲体系。研究表明:裂谷作用对层序地层充填样式具有明显的控制作用,以构造作用为主线的裂谷盆地层序地层分析方法,能有效预测沉积体系和储层分布。     

南黄海中-新生代裂谷盆地构造-热演化:对成盆机制和烃源岩热演化的指示

基于Advanced McKenzie地球动力学模型和Easy%R_oDL化学动力学模型,建立了南黄海中-新生代（K₁3-Q）裂谷盆地的构造-热演化史,结合盆地深部壳幔结构、梳理周缘中-新生代板块汇聚与离散过程,讨论了该盆地低地热状态成因、成盆机制和烃源岩热演化.盆地地壳伸展系数约为1.22,岩石圈地幔伸展系数约为1.06;由裂陷期（K₁3-E₂）至今,最高热流值仅由约76 mW/m2降低至约66 mW/m2,最高地温梯度仅由约37 ℃/km降低至约30 ℃/km,首次揭示低地热状态贯穿整个裂谷盆地发育阶段.低岩石圈地幔伸展系数、深部非镜像莫霍面分布、盆地发育阶段仅处于弧后远场拉张应力环境,均指示成盆过程中深部伸展上涌强度低,是导致其持续低地热状态的根本原因,深部热应力不是其主要成盆动力来源;依据高地壳伸展系数和控盆拆离断层演化,认为印支-燕山期先存逆冲断裂复活形成壳间拆离体系,并以简单剪切变形方式控制裂谷盆地发育,是其根本成盆机制;南、北部坳陷烃源岩主排烃期为三垛组二段沉积时期,自渐新世构造反转后热演化终止,古埋深和古地温场条件共同控制现今南、北部坳陷相同深度烃源岩热成熟度差异.      

准噶尔盆地热史恢复及其对早—中二叠世时期盆地构造属性的约束

大地热流是盆地动力学成因及构造演化过程的客观反映,不同时代、不同动力学背景形成的盆地,大地热流差异极大,因此盆地构造—热演化研究不仅能够揭示盆地不同演化阶段的地温场特点,而且能够有效地约束盆地在特定地质演化历史时期的动力学机制和构造属性。本文针对准噶尔盆地深层多期复杂热史的特点,在盆地现今地温场研究的基础上,采用镜质体反射率和裂变径迹等古温标,结合古地温梯度法和古热流法定量恢复了准噶尔盆地二叠纪以来的热历史,进而分析了早—中二叠世期间盆地构造属性。研究表明,准噶尔盆地从早二叠世开始呈现出热流持续降低的热流演化特征,二叠纪期间,盆地热流值很高,多数钻井的古热流在75~85m W/m~2之间,少数钻井揭示的古热流更高,超过了100mW/m~2;中—新生代,热流持续、逐渐降低,直至现今的42.5mW/m~2。早—中二叠世,盆地的最高热流地区在中央坳陷和南部坳陷。以早—中二叠世期间高古热流为切入点,结合区域地质、地球物理和地球化学等资料,论证了准噶尔盆地早—中二叠世期间的裂谷构造属性。这一认识不仅是重新认识准噶尔地区晚古生代碰撞造山和陆内盆山体制转换的基础,而且对于准噶尔盆地深层石炭系、二叠系烃源岩油气进一步勘探具有重要意义。     

东非裂谷系西支构造样式及其对油气成藏的控制作用

基于东非裂谷系西支地震地质综合解释对比研究,发现该生长型裂谷盆地受基底属性影响,主要发育陡断面地堑型盆地结构,沿边界主控断裂走向发育背离型和接近型两类主要调节构造,沿边界主控断裂倾向主要发育地垒式和地堑式两类调节构造。构造样式控制了主要成藏条件：陡断面地堑式裂谷能够形成沉积范围广、厚度大的湖相优质烃源岩;裂谷间走向调节构造属于一级调节带,控制长轴辫状河三角洲的展布;裂谷内错断的边界断裂带属于次级走向调节构造,控制中小型扇三角州的发育。倾向调节构造形成的断鼻、断块圈闭,为该类盆地的主要油气藏类型。     

陆相裂谷盆地构造沉积学特征:以松辽盆地伏龙泉断陷为例

构造沉积学不仅强调大地构造背景条件对盆地演化的控制作用,同时还注重盆地内部的构造特征与沉积充填特征之间的控制及响应关系研究。陆相裂谷盆地发育过程中,构造作用强烈,盆地沉积充填过程复杂,进行构造沉积学研究对揭示盆地构造沉积演化过程具有重要意义。以大量地震、钻测井资料为基础,结合大地构造背景资料,研究松辽盆地伏龙泉断陷发育过程中的构造、沉积演化特征,分析构造活动与沉积作用之间的响应及控制关系,并由此讨论半地堑陆相湖盆的沉积充填演化规律及其控制因素。研究表明,在伏龙泉断陷盆地演化过程中,早期的火山岩隆起对盆地初始裂陷期形态具有明显的影响作用;边界断层的分布及其生长速率特征则对盆地结构演化过程起着首要的控制作用。盆地裂陷期,研究区古气候环境比较稳定,构造因素是控制该陆相裂谷盆地地层序列与沉积特征的首要因素;断裂发育特征决定了盆地的古地貌特征,而盆地的古地貌特征直接影响着盆地内部的沉积充填类型与沉积体系展布格局;区域构造抬升与断块掀斜是该半地堑盆地内部发育不整合面的主要因素。在陆相裂陷盆地的构造沉积特征研究中,构造沉积学显示出了其必要性与适用性,有利于在揭示构造沉积现象的同时,合理解释其地质成因。     

叠合盆地深层构造—热演化研究方法:以四川盆地为例

与简单盆地和叠合盆地中-浅层相比,叠合盆地深层往往缺乏镜质体反射率等传统古温标,海相碳酸盐岩层次往往缺乏磷灰石、锆石等重矿物而无法开展裂变径迹和（U-Th）/He分析,而且经历了多期复杂热史,古温标早期热记录被后期构造-热事件叠加改造,因此单一古温标和单一的热史恢复模式难以满足叠合盆地深层构造-热演化研究。本文从沉积盆地构造-热演化基本研究方法入手,着重介绍了发展迅速的多种显微组分荧光分析（FAMM）和二元同位素技术。针对叠合盆地深层多期复杂热史恢复的难点,以四川盆地为例总结了开展叠合盆地深层构造-热演化研究的思路和工作方法。叠合盆地深层构造-热演化研究应坚持今古地温场并举、盆地热演化与区域构造演化相结合、地质-地球物理-地球化学三位一体的总体工作思路,多温标耦合,正、反演结合,既考虑岩石圈热演化的动力学规律,又考虑该演化过程对盆地基底沉降、地层发育、古温标热演化程度的影响,只有这样才能保证叠合盆地深层构造-热演化研究结果的可靠性。     

东海陆架盆地构造反转特征及成因机制探讨

通过对东海陆架盆地各二级构造单元内反转构造的梳理与分析,认为盆内新生代反转构造以形态各异的背斜为主,伴有逆断层发育。主要存在瓯江运动(T80)、玉泉运动(T30)、花港运动(T20)和龙井运动(T12)4期构造反转,在时间和空间上具有明显的差异性。在时间演变上：西部坳陷带构造反转从瓯江运动(T80)到花港运动(T20)有相对减弱的趋势,龙井运动(T12)特征不明显;东部坳陷带构造反转从玉泉运动(T30)、花港运动(T20)到龙井运动(T12)有相对增强的趋势。在空间演变上：东部坳陷带西湖凹陷和钓北凹陷龙井运动(T12)构造反转具有显著的自北向南减弱的趋势。东海陆架盆地新生代构造反转强弱分布、迁移演化是太平洋板块与欧亚板块、印度板块与欧亚板块之间汇聚俯冲速率和方向的变化在盆内叠加的局部响应。     

非洲Muglad多旋回陆内被动裂谷盆地演化及其控油气作用

非洲Muglad盆地经历多旋回陆内被动裂谷发育与叠合演化历史,具有不同于主动裂谷盆地、单旋回被动裂谷盆地以及跨越多个变革期的叠合盆地的演化特征。本文采用叠合盆地研究思路与方法,通过盆地演化过程中关键构造事件识别、盆地演化阶段划分,恢复和重建了各阶段原型盆地;基于不同期次裂谷作用发育程度、叠加过程及叠加方式的时空差异性,划分了不同凹陷的叠合类型,建立了不同叠合类型凹陷油气成藏模式。研究结果表明,受冈瓦纳大陆裂解、非洲大陆周缘大西洋、印度洋、红海张裂等构造事件的影响,该盆地经历了早白垩世Abu Gabra组(简称AG组,下同)沉积期、晚白垩世Darfur群沉积期以及新生代Nayil-Tendi组沉积期三大同裂谷作用阶段。早白垩世盆地原型为多个地堑及半地堑分隔式分布,为与大西洋张开有关的伸展应力场作用产物;晚白垩世Darfur群沉积时期盆地原型为地堑及半地堑继承发育,但沉积中心东移,为与印度洋张开有关的伸展应力场作用产物;新生代Nayil-Tendi组沉积时期原型盆地主要为发育在Kaikang坳陷的地堑、半地堑,为与红海张开有关的伸展应力场作用所致。依据三期裂谷作用在各凹陷的发育程度差异及构造沉降和沉积充填过程的不同,将各凹陷裂谷叠合方式划分为早断型、继承型与活动型三种类型。其中,早断型以Sufyan凹陷最为典型,其构造沉降与沉积充填具有"强-弱-更弱"特征;继承型以Fula凹陷最为典型,其构造沉降与沉积充填具有"强-较强-弱"特征,而活动型以Kaikang坳陷最为典型,其构造沉降与沉积充填具有"强-强-较强"的特征。三期裂谷作用在各凹陷内时空叠合差异控制了各凹陷油气成藏条件及富集规律的不同,早断型凹陷成藏组合以下部成藏组合为主,继承型则以中部成藏组合为主,而活动型凹陷则以上部成藏组合为主。这些多期叠加型被动裂谷盆地研究成果丰富了全球裂谷盆地构造特征与演化及其控油气作用的认识,深化了该类裂谷盆地油气分布规律研究,对于指导下一步勘探部署有重要借鉴意义。     

Styles of tectonic inversion within syn-orogenic basins: examples from the Central Apennines, Italy

The geometry of several thrust-related folds in the Central Apennines of Italy results from a switch in deformation regime, from extension to contraction. This switch in tectonic regime occurred during the deposition of syn-orogenic sediments, and the emplacement and migration of the thrust belt–foredeep system towards the foreland in Neogene time. The styles of positive tectonic inversion result from normal faults that were steepened, rotated and truncated by thrusts, with local development of minor folds due to buttressing. Normal fault-controlled escarpments are also locally preserved in the forelimbs and backlimbs of thrust-related anticlines. The location and amplitudes of contractional structures across the belt reflects the distribution of pre-thrusting normal faults within precursor syn-orogenic basins, a result that may improve our understanding of the evolution of Apennine, as well as other thrust belt–foredeep systems.     

乍得Bongor强反转裂谷盆地高酸值原油成因

乍得Bongor盆地是受中非剪切带影响发育起来的中、新生代陆内强反转裂谷盆地,反转和走滑构造是盆地最显著的构造特征。所发现的原油主要为中质油(重度为20°～34°API),其次为重质油(重度小于20°API),普遍高含沥青质、高含蜡、高酸值、低含硫。为了探讨高酸值原油的成因,作者选择了该盆地15个不同酸值的原油样品,尝试应用高分辨率质谱分析原油有机酸的组成。分析结果表明,高酸值原油的有机酸主要由环烷酸组成;环烷酸碳原子数分布范围较宽,且以一环、二环、三环环烷酸为主。生物降解作用是形成高酸值原油的主要原因,而构造反转造成盆地抬升,则加速了生物降解作用的发生。     

A model for the three-dimensional evolution of continental rift basins,north-east Africa

Large areas of north-east Africa were dominated by regional extension in the Late Phanerozoic. Widespread rifting occurred in the Late Jurassic, with regional extension culminating in the Cretaceous and resulting in the greatest areal extent and degree of interconnection of the west, central and north African rift systems. Basin reactivation continued in the Paleocene and Eocene and new rifts probably formed in the Red Sea and western Kenya. In the Oligocene and Early Miocene, rifts in Kenya, Ethiopia and the Red Sea linked and expanded to form the new east African rift system.This complex history of rifting resulted in failed rift basins with low to high strain geometries, a range of associated volcanism and varying degrees of interaction with older structures. One system, the Red Sea rift, has partially attained active seafloor spreading. From a comparison of these basins, a general model of three-dimensional rift evolution is proposed. Asymmetrical crustal geometries dominated the early phases of these basins, accompanied by low angle normal faulting that has been observed at least locally in outcrop. As rifting progressed, the original fault and basin forms were modified to produce larger, more through-going structures. Some basins were abandoned, others experienced reversals in regional dip and, in general, extension and subsidence became focused along narrower zones near the rift axes. The final transition to oceanic spreading was accomplished in the Red Sea by a change to high angle, planar normal faulting and diffuse dike injection, followed by the organization of an axial magma chamber.     

构造活动盆地沉积层序形成过程模拟——以断陷和前陆盆地为例

应用二维层序地层模拟系统开展了构造活动盆地沉积层序的形成过程的动态模拟分析,揭示了同沉积断裂活动、湖平面变化及沉积物供给量变化相互作用对沉积层序形成的控制作用。模拟表明,快速的构造沉降、相对高的湖平面和大量的沉积物供给是形成相对深水扇三角洲的必要条件;而沉积物的供给量变小或构造沉降量加大时有利于形成近岸湖底扇或水下扇。模拟揭示出断陷湖盆陡坡边缘断裂形成的古地貌坡折控制着低水位域浊积扇或湖底扇的发育部位,同时对水进或高位域的三角洲前缘的沉积中心的分布具控制作用。断裂坡折带的构造沉降是控制可容纳空间变化的关键因素。在陆内前陆逆冲构造边缘,层序发育早期（底部）发育冲积扇和河流沉积,但由于相对快的构造沉降形成水进序列;在快速沉降的晚期沉降速率减小,碎屑体系向盆地方向推进,形成广泛河流三角洲沉积。由隐伏逆冲断裂形成的构造坡折带对低位域的分布具控制作用。在构造坡折带下的低位域砂体与上覆的水进域泥岩组合可形成重要的地层油气藏。     

Scale,governance and the management of river basins: A case study from Central Iran

Aquatic socio-ecological systems show pervasive cross-scale interactions and problems of fit between ecosystems and institutions. Nested bio-hydrological processes within river basins are prone to third-party impacts, and equitable/sustainable management of water resources requires adequate governance patterns that both cover relevant scalar levels and handle cross-scale interactions. This paper provides the example of the Zayandeh Rud basin, in central Iran, and describes the historical evolution of water use at three different nested scales. It shows how the gradual overallocation of water resources (basin closure) and the manipulation of the hydrological cycle by the state and other actors have resulted in a constant spatial and social redistribution of water use and associated benefits and costs. State-centered modes of governance characterized by the priority to large-scale infrastructure, vested political and financial interests, lack of attention to local processes and hydrological interconnectedness, and the neglect of environmental degradation, must give way to forms of comanagement that better articulate the different levels of control and governance.     

A tectonic model for the Tertiary evolution of strike–slip faults and rift basins in SE Asia

Models for the Tertiary evolution of SE Asia fall into two main types: a pure escape tectonics model with no proto-South China Sea, and subduction of proto-South China Sea oceanic crust beneath Borneo. A related problem is which, if any, of the main strike–slip faults (Mae Ping, Three Pagodas and Aliao Shan–Red River (ASRR)) cross Sundaland to the NW Borneo margin to facilitate continental extrusion? Recent results investigating strike–slip faults, rift basins, and metamorphic core complexes are reviewed and a revised tectonic model for SE Asia proposed. Key points of the new model include: (1) The ASRR shear zone was mainly active in the Eocene–Oligocene in order to link with extension in the South China Sea. The ASRR was less active during the Miocene (tens of kilometres of sinistral displacement), with minor amounts of South China Sea spreading centre extension transferred to the ASRR shear zone. (2) At least three important regions of metamorphic core complex development affected Indochina from the Oligocene–Miocene (Mogok gneiss belt; Doi Inthanon and Doi Suthep; around the ASRR shear zone). Hence, Paleogene crustal thickening, buoyancy-driven crustal collapse, and lower crustal flow are important elements of the Tertiary evolution of Indochina. (3) Subduction of a proto-South China Sea oceanic crust during the Eocene–Early Miocene is necessary to explain the geological evolution of NW Borneo and must be built into any model for the region. (4) The Eocene–Oligocene collision of NE India with Burma activated extrusion tectonics along the Three Pagodas, Mae Ping, Ranong and Klong Marui faults and right lateral motion along the Sumatran subduction zone. (5) The only strike–slip fault link to the NW Borneo margin occurred along the trend of the ASRR fault system, which passes along strike into a right lateral transform system including the Baram line.     

Driving environmental certification: its impact on the furniture and timber products value chain in South Africa

In this new globalised era there is an increasing demand in the developed world for environmental certification (Forestry Stewardship Council) of furniture and timber products. The imposition of this requirement has major implications for producers in developing countries. This paper examines this issue from a value chain perspective, exploring how certification requirements are driven through the links of the global furniture value chain. It does so by focusing on the dynamic underlying the spread of FSC certification through the furniture and timber industry in South Africa, and investigates the role of the various organisational ‘drivers’ of the system. In doing so it explores how developing country firms relate to these opportunities and pressures, drawing out the logistical implications, the costs and benefits, as well as the future for FSC certification. It concludes with a discussion of the role of buyers, agents, certification agencies and manufacturers in driving FSC certification through the wood products value chain in South Africa.