The northwestern Argentina Tarija Basin: Stratigraphy, depositional systems, and controlling factors in a glaciated basin

The Tarija Basin, shared by Bolivia and Argentina, was subjected to glacial conditions during the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian. The Macharetí and Mandiyutí groups deposited during these times record in their facies advances and retreats of the Gondwanan ice cap. The lithostratigraphic subdivision of these groups presents stages with minor glacial influence in the basal formations of each group (Tupambi and Escarpment formations), whereas in the upper units, glacially related deposition prevails (Tarija and San Telmo formations). Typical facies deposited in relation to glacial settings are diamictites and mudstones mainly related to proglacial, lacustrine environments. During the stages of main ice retreat, deposition was dominated by fluvial and deltaic sandstones. Significant erosion and deep valley incision characterize the basal surfaces of both groups. Conversely, the stratigraphic surface that separates the sandy formations from the overlying diamictites tends to be rather flat. The dynamics of the glacial cap are not only reflected in the facies distribution but also were a key factor in creating accommodation space; the changes in the glacial-driven subsidence linked to the advance and retreat of the ice were its main control.     

柴达木盆地红柳泉-跃东地区新近系下油砂山组沉积体系展布特征及控制因素

在层序地层学研究的基础上,对柴达木盆地红柳泉-跃东地区新近系下油砂山组作了细致的沉积相分析研究。下油砂山组发育冲积扇相、扇三角洲相、辫状河三角洲相、湖泊相和浊积相等几种沉积相类型,分析了其发育特征及分布范围。以识别出的4个三级层序为单位,详细分析了沉积相的平面展布特征：Ⅰ层序沉积时期,西北地区为冲积扇和扇三角洲、中西部地区为辫状河三角洲发育区;Ⅱ层序沉积时期,沉积相分布格局与Ⅰ层序基本一致;Ⅲ层序沉积时期,西北地区的冲积扇、扇三角洲发育范围有所缩小,中西部地区辫状河三角洲发育范围持续扩张,分布范围较前期增大;Ⅳ层序沉积时期,西北地区依旧发育冲积扇,中西部地区辫状河三角洲沉积快速地向东推进,辫状河三角洲前缘亚相已达研究区中心。结合构造、物源、气候等因素分析了沉积相展布及演化的控制因素。     

松嫩盆地扶余地区白垩系嫩江组岩石地层与沉积环境

松嫩盆地白垩纪地层发育,其嫩江组沉积厚度大,呈盆地演化后期的沉积特征。本文从扶余地区嫩江组岩石组合、韵律变化、厚度及区域分布入手讨论其特点,对其影响因素(泥质、粉砂质、细砂质岩石)进行分析总结。根据岩石组合,该区嫩江组可划分成三段:下段黑色泥(页)岩—粉砂质泥岩互层;中段灰绿色粉砂质泥岩、泥质粉砂岩、细砂岩互层;上段杂色粉砂质泥岩互层。分析沉积岩石颜色、构造及韵律组合特征,推测嫩江组由下而上为半深湖—深湖—半深湖(浅湖)相交替变化—滨湖(湖滩)相演化过程。     

川西北中二叠统栖霞组白云岩储层特征及控制因素

本文以四川盆地西北部钻井岩心及露头剖面样品的镜下岩石学特征为基础,以微区多参数实验分析数据为依据,对四川盆地西北部中二叠统栖霞组白云岩储层进行了研究。认为栖霞组白云岩储层类型主要为结晶型白云岩及残余颗粒型白云岩。储集空间主要为晶间孔、晶间溶孔、粒间孔、溶蚀孔洞以及裂缝。白云岩储层的发育主要受到沉积微相、早期白云石化作用、晚期白云石化作用、溶蚀作用以及构造作用等因素控制。其中浅滩沉积微相是储层形成的环境基础;早期白云石化作用是储层保存的重要条件;溶蚀作用及构造裂缝是储层改善的关键因素;而晚期白云石的生成则对储集空间有一定的破坏作用。     

Reservoir characteristics and main controlling factors of oil sand in Houba area,northwestern Sichuan Basin,China

Houba oil sand in frontier Longmenshan Mountain is one of the most typically important unconventional resources. The basic reservoir characteristics of oil sand and the main factors affecting reservoir quality were examined in this article based on porosity, permeability, and mercury porosimetry measurements; thin section analyses; SEM observation; and X-ray diffraction analysis. This study shows that the oil-bearing sandstone reservoir is mainly medium?coarse-grained sublitharenite and litharenite. The main pore type is intergranular pores, including residual primary intergranular pores, dissolved intergranular pores, and dissolved intragranular pores; fractures are common in this study area. The quality of sandstone reservoir is of high porosity and high permeability with a high oil saturation of 89.84 %. It is indicated that the main controlling factors of the reservoir in the study area include deposition, diagenesis, and tectonism. Deposition laid a foundation to porosity evolution, and channel sand is the most favorable depositional facies for the reservoir. Diagenetic alterations are the keys to reservoir evolution; dissolution and chlorite coatings cementation play an effective role in the generation and preservation of pores. Compaction, carbonate cementation, and quartz overgrowth cause many damages to the reservoir porosity. Fractures caused by structural breakages can improve the reservoir permeability and they also can provide fluid migration pathways to the late corrosion, which formed a lot of corroded fissures as reservoir and percolation spaces.     

甘肃敦煌盆地侏罗纪原型盆地性质与沉积环境演化

为研究敦煌盆地侏罗纪原型盆地性质及沉积环境演化,本文利用地震资料、航磁资料、野外地质考察资料、同位素定量测年数据,基于前人在阿尔金断裂系构造理论成果,对敦煌盆地基底岩性组成、深部动力学背景、盆地发育时限和盆地性质做了系统研究,认为敦煌盆地与塔里木盆地、柴达木盆地、酒泉盆地的前侏罗纪基底组成不相同,是一个相对独立的盆地。敦煌地块的南部边界为红柳沟—拉配泉断裂,西部边界为民丰—且末断裂带,阿尔金主断裂为敦煌盆地的东部边界。三危山断裂是分割敦煌盆地南北凹陷的控凹断裂,民丰—且末断裂、红柳沟—拉配泉断裂、阿尔金主断裂是控盆断裂。青藏高原南缘的北向超深俯冲、北缘陆内南向的浅俯冲、深部地幔羽结构等多元驱动机制导致敦煌地块显生宙以来大部分时间处于隆升剥蚀状态,很少接受沉积,至侏罗纪塌陷形成敦煌湖盆。敦煌盆地在三叠纪和晚侏罗世—早白垩世青藏高原两次重大的碰撞造山之间的松弛拉张期形成了侏罗纪沉积盆地。敦煌盆地发育经历3个阶段：早侏罗世填平补齐阶段,中侏罗世断陷阶段和晚侏罗世坳陷阶段,其中中侏罗世断陷阶段为主成盆期。     

甘肃敦煌盆地侏罗纪原型盆地性质与沉积环境演化

为研究敦煌盆地侏罗纪原型盆地性质及沉积环境演化,本文利用地震资料、航磁资料、野外地质考察资料、同位素定量测年数据,基于前人在阿尔金断裂系构造理论成果,对敦煌盆地基底岩性组成、深部动力学背景、盆地发育时限和盆地性质做了系统研究,认为敦煌盆地与塔里木盆地、柴达木盆地、酒泉盆地的前侏罗纪基底组成不相同,是一个相对独立的盆地....     

焉耆盆地中生界层序地层和沉积体系分析

利用层序地层学原理和方法，建立了焉耆盆地中生界层序地层格架，将其划分为4个层序，继而分析了各个层序的地层特征、层序演化及各个体系域的沉积体系展布。研究表明，焉耆盆地中生代存在南北两大物源体系，盆地总体上以河流－湖泊沼泽相的浅水沉积为主，湖泊水体深度不大且分布范围有限；层序Ⅲ的水进体系域是湖盆发育的鼎盛时期，构成了本区良好的盖层；通过层序构成分析，探讨了隐蔽圈闭发育的有利层位及区带。     

Upper Oligocene–Miocene clinoforms of the foreland Austral Basin of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina: Stratigraphy, depositional sequences and architecture of the foredeep deposits

The Upper Oligocene–Miocene deposits of the foreland Austral Basin of Tierra del Fuego represent the youngest foredeep fill, developed in front of the adjacent fold and thrust belt. They consist of superbly exposed, sub-horizontal clastic successions of more than 600 m of sedimentary thickness. The study of 11 sections by means of facies analysis and sequence stratigraphic criteria enabled the identification of five depositional sequences (SI–SV), bounded by unconformities (dI-dV) involving hiatuses of different magnitudes. The basal sequence (SI) includes two members: A, mudstone dominated, deposited by cohesive flows; and B, glauconite-rich, sandstone dominated, deposited by episodic turbidity currents. The remaining sequences (SII–SV) are composed of complex arrangements of fine conglomerates, coarse- to fine-grained sandstones, and mudstones that were deposited mainly by hyperpycnal flows. The basal unconformities of the SI to SIV involve minor hiatuses, while that of the SV is a major order unconformity. Two types of clinofom geometries are recognized in the foredeep sequences. Type a clinoforms present a wedge shaped geometry and characterize the foredeep infill during the compressional tectonic regime. Regarding this clinoform type, SI is situated closer to the orogen and shows variations in the bedding dip with development of internal unconformities. SII to SIV are situated towards the foreland and are characterized by subhorizontal conformable beds of large lateral extension. Type b clinoforms, with sigmoidal geometry, show a clear northeast progradation related to a progressive foredeep fill under tectonic quiescence. This clinoform type characterizes the deposits in SV. The recognition of hyperpycnites and different types of clinoform geometries in these sequences incorporates new concepts in reservoir prospects, which are critical for the evaluation of the petroleum system in the Austral Basin.     

准噶尔盆地西北缘克—百地区侏罗系储集层特征及主控因素分析

利用大量岩石薄片、铸体薄片、压汞数据及岩心观察等资料,对准噶尔盆地西北缘克—百地区侏罗系储集层特征进行了系统研究。侏罗系储集层的岩石学特征为：近物源、成分成熟度低、填隙物含量少、胶结物以碳酸盐为主、富含塑性易变形岩屑、分选中—好、磨圆次棱角状、结构成熟度中—好。储集层埋深浅,成岩作用简单,孔隙类型以原生孔隙为主,受断裂影响次生溶蚀现象普遍发育。与砂岩相比,砾岩粒内溶孔发育。研究区储集层孔隙结构受控于储集层岩石学特征,可划分为分选较好粗歪度、分选较好较细歪度和分选中等细歪度3类孔隙结构。岩石粒度、压实作用和溶蚀作用是储集层物性的主要控制因素。其中,压实作用决定储集层质量。     

Stratigraphy, depositional environments and level reconstruction of the last interglacial Lake Samra in the Dead Sea basin

In this paper we describe the stratigraphy and sediments deposited in Lake Samra that occupied the Dead Sea basin between ∼ 135 and 75 ka. This information is combined with U/Th dating of primary aragonites in order to estimate a relative lake-level curve that serves as a regional paleohydrological monitor. The lake stood at an elevation of ∼ 340 m below mean sea level (MSL) during most of the last interglacial. This level is relatively higher than the average Holocene Dead Sea (∼ 400 ± 30 m below MSL). At ∼ 120 and ∼ 85 ka, Lake Samra rose to ∼ 320 m below MSL while it dropped to levels lower than ∼ 380 m below MSL at ∼ 135 and ∼ 75 ka, reflecting arid conditions in the drainage area. Lowstands are correlated with warm intervals in the Northern Hemisphere, while minor lake rises are probably related to cold episodes during MIS 5b and MIS 5d. Similar climate relationships are documented for the last glacial highstand Lake Lisan and the lowstand Holocene Dead Sea. Yet, the dominance of detrital calcites and precipitation of travertines in the Dead Sea basin during the last interglacial interval suggest intense pluvial conditions and possible contribution of southern sources of wetness to the region.     

Hydrologic factors controlling groundwater salinity in northwestern coastal zone,Egypt

The aim of this article is to assess the main factors influencing salinity of groundwater in the coastal area between El Dabaa and Sidi Barani, Egypt. The types and ages of the main aquifers in this area are the fractured limestone of Middle Miocene, the calcareous sandstone of Pliocene and the Oolitic Limestone of Pleistocene age. The aquifers in the area are recharged by seasonal rainfall of the order of 150 mm/year. The relationship of groundwater salinity against the absolute water level, the well drilling depth, and the ability of aquifer to recharge has been discussed in the present work. The ability of aquifer to locally recharge by direct rainfall is a measure of the vertical permeability due to lithological and structural factors that control groundwater salinity in the investigated aquifers. On the other hand, the fracturing system as well as the attitude of the surface water divide has a prime role in changing both the mode of occurrence and the salinity of groundwater in the area. Directly to the west of Matrouh, where the coastal plain is the narrowest, and east of Barrani, where the coastal plain is the widest, are good examples of this concept, where the water salinity attains its maximum and minimum limits respectively. Accordingly, well drilling in the Miocene aquifer, in the area between El Negila and Barrani to get groundwater of salinities less than 5000 mg/l is recommended in this area, at flow rate less than 10 m³/hr/well. In other words, one can expect that the brackish water is probably found where the surface water divide is far from the shore line, where the Wadi fill deposits dominate (Quaternary aquifer), acting as a possible water salinity by direct rainfall and runoff.     

草湖地区侏罗系层序地层及沉积体系特征

基于测录井资料对比,结合区域构造演化特征,将草湖凹陷侏罗系划分为两个三级层序J-SQ1与J-SQ2。J-SQ1时期气候温暖潮湿,层序发育完整的上升半旋回和下降半旋回沉积,发育辫状河体系和湖泊体系;J-SQ2时期气候逐渐转为炎热半干旱,层序发育不完整,只发育上升半旋回沉积,主要由氧化型湖泊体系构成,发育滨浅湖砂滩、泥滩互层沉积。其中,J-SQ1早期辫状河河道砂体叠置厚度大,储层物性好,上覆中厚层湖相泥岩沉积,是本区有利的储集层段。     

塞内加尔盆地北部次盆白垩系被动大陆边缘深海扇演化特征及主控因素

被动大陆边缘深海扇是当今海洋深水油气勘探的热点.识别深海扇,明确其时空演变特征,总结关键地质因素对其发育的控制作用,对于建立深海扇成因与预测地质模型具有重要意义.本文通过地震与钻井资料综合解释,分析塞内加尔盆地北部次盆白垩纪被动大陆边缘时期的构造-沉积演化特征,识别深海扇体,并分析其岩性、形态与规模的演变特征;然后分析...     

Geomorphic positioning and depositional dynamics of river systems in Lower Siwalik basin,Kumaun Himalaya

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of river systems in the Lower Siwalik sequence has enabled characterization of channel patterns, river metamorphosis and resulting sandstone body evolution in time and space. Processes related six lithofacies repeat to generate 8–10 m thick multistoried sandstone complexes deposited in perennial channel belts. Based on lateral mapping of the sandstone bodies, the surfaces of genetic significance ranging from 3^rd, 4^th and 5^th order, suggest presence of meandering, braided and anastomosing river patterns that were responsible for the Lower Siwalik sedimentation. Variation in local base-level in response to allogenic factors including climate and tectonics forced river systems to acquire different patterns. Eustasy seems to control large-scale basin level changes. Quantitatively reconstructed morphological parameters and their comparison with modern and ancient analogues, supported by other independent evidences such as stratigraphical position of sandstone bodies in vertically measured columns and mineralogical characteristics of channel sandstones, enabled to decipher the geomorphic positioning of the Lower Siwalik channels in distal parts of megafan and interfluve areas within the foreland basin setting.     

The Cretaceous paleorift in northwestern Argentina: A petrologic approach

The development of the Cretaceous-early Eocene basin of northwestern Argentina can be divided into three main magmatic phases on the basis of preliminary petrologic data. The oldest phase (130-100 Ma) is divided into an early stage of anorogenic plutonism, with subalkaline, alkaline, and minor peralkaline granitic intrusives, and a volcanic stage in which alkaline rocks characterized by trachytes, basanites and foidites prevail. The second phase (80-75 Ma) is characterized by an alkaline suite with basanites, hawaiites and tephriphonolites. The last phase (65-60 Ma) consists of lamproitic sills and basic lava flows. The two first phases correspond, respectively, to prerifting and initial rifting stages. According to the magmatic, tectonic, and sedimentary features observed, it is suggested that this basin is a foreland paleorift, of low volcanicity type, that developed along the western side of South America from the Early Cretaceous to the Eocene—at which time the rift basin was closed by the Incaic diastrophic phase.     

Sedimentary aspects and paleoenvironmental evolution of a rift basin: Salta Group (Cretaceous–Paleogene), northwestern Argentina

The rift history of the Salta basin is related to the evolution of the Central Andes and to the activity of the Pacific margin, owing to its geographic location. Sedimentation occurred from the Neocomian to the Paleogene, with deposits reaching up to 5,000 m in thickness. Paleoenvironmental analysis reveals an evolutionary history controlled by tectonic and climatic changes. Isolated grabens characterized the early synrift stage; differential subsidence provoked distinct environments in the southern and northern subbasins. In the southern subbasins, alluvial-fan, fluvial-fan and lacustrine deposits prevail, whilst in the northern subbasins eolian and fluvial environments dominate. During the Maastrichtian, two major factors controlled the basin fill: the decrease in tectonic subsidence and a relative sea-level rise as recorded in South America. An extensive and shallow Atlantic marine ingression installed a carbonate system coincident with mainly humid conditions until the Danian. Until the Middle Eocene, the fluvial and lacustrine environmental evolution of the sag basin was controlled especially by the alternation of temperate with dry and humid periods. Paleontological records reflect these climatic changes and show their relationship to the sedimentation regime.     

Geochemical processes controlling silica concentrations in groundwaters of the Salado River drainage basin, Argentina

Chemical analyses of dissolved silica in the shallow groundwater of the lower part of the Salado River drainage basin indicate that silica values averaged 60 ppm. The groundwaters are oversaturated in relation to quartz, Na-plagioclase, K-feldspar, and the weathering of quartz and aluminosilicates appear to have little control on silica concentrations in solution. Groundwater is undersaturated with respect to amorphous silica present in the loessic sediments, and these sediments are specially important in the control of the groundwater composition. The sources of amorphous silica are volcanic glass shards and biogenic silica derived from plant (silicophytoliths, diatom frustules) or animal remains (sponge spicules) also present in the Pampean loess. Silicophytoliths and diatoms have also been reported in A soil horizon samples. The dissolution of amorphous silica most likely controls the high dissolved silica concentrations in groundwater.     

被动裂陷盆地油气分布规律及主控因素分析——以塔木察格盆地塔南坳陷为例

塔南凹陷为典型的被动裂陷盆地,构造演化历经了4个阶段:即被动裂陷阶段、主动裂陷阶段、断一坳转化阶段和坳陷阶段,形成两套含油气系统:即被动裂陷含油气系统和主动裂陷含油气系统,油气主要富集在被动裂陷含油气系统中.油气分布的主控因素概括为3个方面:1)是区域性盖层和长期发育的断层控制油气聚集的层位,盆地发育南一段上部和大一段...     

龙川江盆地上第三系芒棒组沉积体系与层序地层分析

龙川江盆地是造山带内部发育的新生代小型山间断陷盆地。本文结合该盆地晚新世构造、火山活动与沉积作用，对盆地盖层芒棒组沉积体系与层序地层进行了分析。通过分析，建立了龙川江盆地晚新世沉积模式，认为晚新世早期断陷带内快速堆积，主要以发育冲积扇沉积体系为特征，中、晚期冲积扇快速人湖，由此而形成冲积扇一扇三角洲一湖泊沉积体系组合；提出了龙川江盆地芒棒组层序的形成受多期构造活动控制的观点，并建立了3个构造层序，划分了体系域。