Principles of Probabilistic Regional Mineral Resource Estimation

Five principal sources of uncertainty in quantitative mineral resource estimation are listed and illustrated by means of a simple example (mosaic model) and a case history study for large copper deposits in the Abitibi area of the Canadian Shield. Abitibi copper potential originally was estimated on the basis of 1968 estimates of production and reserves totalling 3.12 Mt Cu. This prognostication now could be evaluated on the basis of 2008 copper production and reserves totalling 9.50 Mt Cu. An earlier hindsight study performed on the basis of 1977 data (totalling 5.23 Mt Cu) showed seven new discoveries occurring either in the immediate vicinities of known deposits or on broad regional copper anomalies predicted from the 1968 inputs. By 1977, the global geographic distribution pattern of large copper deposits in the Abitibi area had stabilized. During the next 30 years, new copper was essentially found close to existing deposits, much of it deeper down in the Earth's crust. In this paper, uncertainties associated with copper ore tonnage are analyzed by comparison of 2008 data with 1968 data using (a) log-log plots of size versus rank, and (b) lognormal QQ-plots. Straight lines fitted by least squares on these plots show that 1968 slopes provide good estimates of 2008 slopes but 1968 intercepts are much less than 2008 intercepts. In each linear log-weight versus log-rank plot, the slope is related to fractal dimension of a Pareto frequency distribution, and in a lognormal QQ-plot it is determined by logarithmic variance. The difference between 2008 and 1968 intercepts represents the increase in copper ore production and reserves from 1968 to 2008. The Pareto model fits actual copper and massive sulphides increase over the past 40 years better than the lognormal frequency distribution model for 10 km×10 km cells on favorable environments in the Abitibi area.      

Geology and mineralization of the Tiegelongnan supergiant porphyry-epithermal Cu (Au,Ag) deposit (10 Mt) in western Tibet,China: A review

The Tiegelongnan Cu(Au,Ag)deposit in central Tibet contains more than 10 Mt of copper ranking 29 th in the world.It is characterized by typical porphyry-epithermal alteration and mineralization.In order to improve the understanding of porphyry-epithermal copper deposit in Tibet,new zircon U-Pb age and sulfur isotope data along with published data in the Tiegelongnan are presented to investigate the formation and preservation mechanism.Ore-related intrusive rocks in the Tiegelongnan including Early Cretaceous(about 120 Ma)granodiorite porphyry and diorite porphyry are closely related to the northward subduction of Bangongco-Nujiang ocean.Sulfur mainly comes from deep magma,and ore-forming fluid is affected by both magmatic and meteoric water.The metallogenic setting of Tiegelongnan is consistent with those of Andean porphyry copper deposits in South America.The cover of the Meiriqiecuo Formation volcanic rocks,Lhasa-Qiangtang collision and India-Eurasian collision have significance in the preservation and uplift of the deposit.The formation,preservation and discovery of Tiegelongnan play an important role in exploration of ancient porphyry-epithermal deposits in Tibet.     

Carbon cycle variability in tropical Atlantic across two Early Eocene hyperthermals

Early Eocene hyperthermals are geologically short-lived global warming events and represent fundamental perturbations to the global carbon cycle and the Earth’s ecosystem due to massive additions of isotopically light carbon to the ocean-atmosphere system.They serve as ancient analogs for understanding how the oceanic carbonate system and surface-ocean ecosystem would respond to ongoing and future climate change.Here,we present a continuous carbonate record across the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2(ETM2 or H1,ca.54.1 Ma)and H2(ca.54 Ma)events from an expanded section at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1258 in tropical Atlantic.The abundant calcareous nannofossils and moderate carbonate content throughout the studied interval suggest this record was deposited above the calcite compensation depth(CCD),but below the lysocline and under the influence of terrestrial dilution.An Earth system model cGENIE is used to simulate the carbon cycle dynamics across the ETM2 and H2 to offer insights on the mechanism of the rapid warming and subsequent recovery in climate and ecosystem.The model suggests moderate changes in ocean pH(0.1–0.2 unit)for the two scenarios,biogenic methane from a rechargeable methane capacitor and organic matter oxidation from thawing of the permafrost.These pH changes are consistent with a recent independent pH estimate across the ETM2 using boron isotopes.The carbon emission flux during the ETM2 is at least an order of magnitude smaller than that during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum(PETM)(0.015–0.05 Pg C yr^-1vs.0.3–1.7 Pg C yr^-1).The comparable pre-and post-event carbonate contents suggest the lysocline did not over deepen following the ETM2 at this tropical Atlantic site,indicating spatial heterogeneity in the carbonate system due to strong dilution influence from terrestrial weathering and riverine discharge at Site 1258.     

Geochronological and geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of late Mesoproterozoic mafic and granitic rocks in the southwestern Yangtze Block

Late Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks in the SW Yangtze Block are important for understanding the role of it in reconstruction of the Rodinia supercontinent.In the present study,we report new geochronological,geochemical,and Nd-Hf isotopic data for the Cuoke plagioclase amphibolites and granites in the SW Yangtze Block.Geochronological results show that the plagioclase amphibolites and granites have similar late Mesoproterozoic zircon U-Pb ages of 1168-1162 Ma,constituting a bimodal igneous assemblage.The plagioclase amphibolites have high and variable TiO2 contents(1.15-4.30 wt.%)and Mg#(34-66)values,similar to the tholeiitic series.They are characterized by enrichment in LREEs and LILEs,and have OIB-like affinities with positive Nb and Ta anomalies.The plagioclase amphibolites have positive whole-rockεNd(t)(+3.2 to+4.3)and zirconεHf(t)(+4.3 to+10.7)values,indicating that they were derived from an OIB-like asthenospheric mantle source.The granites belong to the reduced peralkaline A-type series and have negativeεNd(t)value of-6.0 andεHf(t)values of-5.8 to-13.8,indicating a derivation from the partial melting of ancient mafic lower crust.In combination with the~1.05-1.02 Ga bimodal igneous assemblage in the SW Yangtze Block,we propose that the Cuoke 1168-1162 Ma igneous rocks were likely formed in a continental rift basin and argue against the existance of Grenvillian Orogen in the SW Yangtze Block during the late Mesoproterozoic.     

Analysis of prospecting polymetallic metallogenic belts by comprehensive geophysical method

This paper is based on the analysis and research on the silver-lead-zinc polymetallic ore in New Ballyhoo Banner in southern Manzhouli of Inner Mongolia.Because metal mineralization brings rock formations,the geophysical features such as low resistivity,high polarization rate and uneven distribution of magnetization,the comprehensive geophysical methods are adopted including high-precision magnetic measurement,high-power induced polarization,IP field middle gradient and controlled source audio-frequency magnetotellurics.In the survey work of multi-metal ore deposits,from surface sweeping to single point measurement,and from single point to section going deeper layer by layer,the resolution of measurement is continuously improved,and various geophysical methods support and complement each other,so explorers can successfully predict the direction,scale and volume of the metallogenic belts in conjunction with geochemical exploration,geological survey and drilling.It has provided a strong basis for completing the exploration task of predicting the reserve volume of ore bodies.The research conclusions of this exploration case have thus a high reference value in the same type of exploration work.     

利用Grapher绘制彩色渐变剖面平面图

在物探扫面工作中,有大量的剖面数据需要绘制成剖面平面图,要求寻找一个高效快速的制图方法.通过对Grapher 自动化功能的分析和实践,编制程序实现了快速绘制彩色渐变剖面平面图的需求,说明利用自动化脚本能够在获得精美图件的同时,可以极大地提高作图效率.     

冷生风化作用对边坡稳定性影响

The experiment shows that considerable influence on density rock properties are subjected by nival weathering conditions. The main parameter defining the rock suitability for solution various engineering and geological problems is its firmness limit on single axis pressing. The firmness properties of sandstone being in absolutely dry condition for Kabakta suite at the beginning of investigation was 64.7 MPa, for Nerungri suite sandstones it was 48. 7 MPa. The investigations showed how much the nival conditions of cryohypergenesis of rock sandstones in Kabakta and Nerungri suites have destructive influence in comparison with aquale and more over aerale conditions. In the aerale conditions sedimentary rock firmness of Kabakta suite decreased to 23.2 MPa, in aquale conditions to 16.5, and in the nivale conditions to 8.9 MPa. In Nerungri suite sandstones are according to 17.7 MPa, 11.1 MPa, and 6 MPa after 300 freezing and thawing cycles. The common sandstone firmness decrease of Kabakta suite was 25 %,of Nerungri suite it was 23.8%. Marlstone samples after 400 FTC decrease to 62% in the nivale conditions and to 33 % in the aerale conditions. After 3～5 years of exploitation marlstone will destruct due to structural and textural inhomogenesis up to gruss, i.e. it will not meet the requirements of durability.Judging by the results of carried out experiment it should be concluded that by cryogenic weathering the sedimentary rocks (sandstones) and rocks with schistose lithogenic texture (marlstone) are subjected to disintegration. The primary rock samples firmness considerably influences on the disintegration rate.     

《同一个地质计划》的进展与对策

《同一个地质计划（OneGeology）》最初由英国地质调查局于2006年2月提出,已得到全球地学组织的支持。到2007年底,国际地球科学联合会等10个全球学术团体与国际地学组织、2个跨国公司、2位知名人士和67个国家的地质调查局参加了该计划。《同一个地质计划》是各个国家的地质调查局贡献给国际行星地球年的、约1：100万比例尺的、可在网络上很容易取得最好世界地质图数据的计划。该计划的目标是：使可用的地质图数据能被更多的人使用,使需要的人受益,促进互操作能力的增强。《同一个地质计划》的实施,可以提升全球、大陆、行星、海洋地球科学图的编制和出版的合作能力。深化对一些地区地质问题的研究,并可作为国际地球行星年一个切实可用的成果,提升国家地质调查局的形象;运用管理地学知识的领导能力和经验,通过教育、科学、文化和交流。能够处理全球污染对社会、经济和环境的影响问题。促进全球环境保护公约的执行,减缓自然灾害,使全球经济可持续发展,人们的居住环境更安全、更繁荣。精神生活更丰富、更快乐。因此,实施该计划不仅有现实意义,更有重要而深远的政治意义。     

Cenozoic Sea‐land Transition and its Petroleum Geological Significance in the Northern South China Sea

The process of Cenozoic sea-land changes in the northern South China Sea(SCS)controlled the sedimentary filling pattern and played an important role in the petroleum geological characteristics of the northern marginal sedimentary basins.Under the control of the opening process of the SCS,the northern SCS Cenozoic transgression generally showed the characteristics of early in the east and late in the west,and early in the south and late in the north.The initial transgression occurred in the Eocene in the Taixinan Basin(TXNB)of the eastern SCS,while the transgression occurred until the Pliocene in the Yinggehai Basin(YGHB)of the western SCS.International Ocean Discovery Program(IODP)expeditions(Expeditions 367/368)revealed that the initial transgression of the SCS basin occurred at approximately 34 Ma,which was the initial opening time of the SCS.The period of drastic changes in the sedimentary environment caused by large-scale transgression corresponded to the opening time of the southwestern subbasin(approximately 23 Ma),which also represented the peak of the spreading of the SCS.The sea-land transition process controls the distribution of alternating continent-marine facies,marine facies source rocks and reservoirs in the basins.The marine facies source rocks of the basins in the northern SCS have a trend of gradually becoming younger from east to west,which is consistent with the regional process of gradual transgression from east to west.Regional sea-level changes were comprehensively influenced by SCS opening and global sea-level changes.These processes led to the early development in the east and south and late development in the west and north for the carbonate platform in the SCS.Carbonate platforms form another type of"selfgenerating and self-accumulating"oil-gas reservoir in the northern SCS.The sea-land transition controlled the depositional filling patterns of different basins and laid the foundation of marine deposits for oil and gas resources.The source-reservoircap assemblage in the northern SCS was controlled horizontally by provenance supply and sedimentary environmental changes caused by sea-land transition and vertically by the tectonic evolution of the SCS and regional sea-level changes.     

Geochemical Characterizations of Source and Depositional Environment of Hydrocarbons in the Lake Albert Rift Basin

Despite the upsurge in hydrocarbon exploration in the Lake Albert Rift Basin(LARB)over the past three decades,systematic characterization of hydrocarbon compositions remains lacking,leading to uncertainties in source rock and oil generation determination.We characterized crude oil compositions and oil sand samples in the northern and southern subbasins of LARB.The relative abundance of normal and branched linear alkanes,hopanes,steranes,and aromatic hydrocarbon suggest that northern and southern hydrocarbons were deposited in anoxic to suboxic lacustrine environments and share similar biological source compositions(i.e.,a mixture of plants and aquatic algae and bacteria).Relative to southern samples,northern samples show more negative δ¹³C values for oils,saturates and aromatics,indicating longer migration paths,and exhibit higher MPI-1,DNR-1 and 4-/1-MDBT ratios,indicating higher maturity.Between the two possible sets of source rocks(upper Miocene and Jurassic strata),the positive δ¹³C values of saturated hydrocarbons(average=-20.5‰)suggest that the upper Miocene lacustrine shale is the most likely candidate.Oleanane index(<5% in our samples)does not exclude either source rock possibility,and C₂₈/C₂₉ regular sterane(average=0.63)may be biased by high terrestrial inputs in a lacustrine setting.Together,our data show that northern and southern oils originate from the same source rocks but different oil kitchens.Given the similar geochemical characteristics of southern and northern oils,previous exploration successes in the northern subbasin likely suggest similar potential in the southern sector,while other elements influencing exploration success must be also evaluated.     

浙东南遂昌湖山萤石矿田成矿构造地球化学特征

本文以浙东南遂昌湖山萤石矿田为例,对此类浅成低温热液矿床成矿构造地球化学特征,进行了初步研究与探讨;进一步揭示了萤石矿成矿物质组分的分配、迁移、分散、富集特征与控矿构造之间的内在联系。     

云南省祥云县存得村矿区冷风箐矿段与相邻矿区的类比分析

存得村矿区冷风箐矿段位于马厂箐杂岩体南接触带,其产出的铜钼多金属矿总体受宝兴厂-铜厂向斜南翼斑岩脉（体）与围岩接触带附近的挤压破碎带控制,该挤压破碎带（碎裂岩带）为该矿段矿液的运移、矿体的赋存提供了良好的通道和赋存空间,并严格控制了铜、钼矿脉（体）的空间就位。但由于多期构造活动及多期次侵入岩体的影响使得该区地质情况复杂,加之工作年限短,地质工作程度低等因素使得如何取得找矿突破成为该区的首要目标。本文参照宝兴厂-铜厂铜钼矿、乱硐山铜钼矿的找矿成果及经验,同冷风箐矿段进行类比,结合2011工作成果进行综合分析,为下步地质工作提供了参考。     

新疆阿希金矿I号矿床矿石特征及其成因意义

通过对阿希金矿Ⅰ号矿床的矿石物质组分研究，划分了矿石类型和矿石结构构造。查明了矿石的化学组分和矿物组成，详细研究了金矿物和主要载金矿物的矿物特征和标型特征。根据矿物共生组合及成因特征，结合石英包裹体测温和氢氧同位素研究，认为阿希金矿Ⅰ号矿床为以低温为主的中－低温火山热液型金矿床。     

铀矿选矿及其在铀水冶中的作用

本文研究了我国各类型铀矿床矿石的可选性及适宜的选矿方法;对不同的矿石用不同选矿或选矿-水冶联合流程,可有效地提高水冶供矿品位和回收伴生元素,降低水冶成本。最后,作者就如何提高矿床经济效益提出了结论和建议。     

浅谈金山金矿床成矿地质条件及成矿规律

从矿床构造、岩浆活动和含矿地层等方面论述金山金矿床形成的地质条件、矿床成因和成矿作用 ,揭示该矿床沿北东东向韧性剪切带及其伴生的次级构造成矿规律 ,指出了今后的找矿方向     

赣东北乐华-德兴铜金多金属成矿带成矿特征及找矿预测

在收集区内地质找矿和科研资料的基础上,分析了乐华-德兴成矿带的地质背景和矿产分布特征,阐述了铜金成矿作用特征和成矿规律,指出这一重要的铜金成矿带内仍具较大的找矿潜力.     

龙头山金矿构造控矿作用及找矿方向

龙头山金矿的主要矿体受火山机构构造、断裂构造和雏形断裂构造三种成矿构造控制。火山机构构造控制了产于火山与围岩的接触带部位的火山岩型金矿,该类金矿以Ⅸ号矿体最为典型,表现为矿体围绕火山机构引起的塌陷式断裂产出,矿体的形态和品位变化受火山机构构造发育程度的影响;断裂构造控制了产于泥盆系砂岩中的断裂裂隙充填型金矿,以Ⅰ号矿体最为典型,表现为矿体沿NW向断裂分布,其产状与断裂一致,向SE方向侧伏明显;雏形断裂控制了矿区南部含金富矿体的就位,表现为矿区花岗斑岩南部的富矿体沿近EW向断续展布。矿体的形成与定位都离不开这三种控矿构造,因此在靠近火山机构一定范围内,向SE方向的深部及在已知富矿体的东西两侧具有较好的找矿前景。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定铜铅锌矿石中的微量锗

样品经硝酸-氢氟酸-硫酸混合酸溶解,磷酸提取,用原子荧光光谱法测定铜矿石、铅矿石和锌矿石中的微量锗,干扰少,灵敏度高。实验确定了介质最佳酸度,对干扰元素的允许量进行了试验。方法检出限为20.64 ng/g,测定范围为0.20~100μg/g。经全国不同地区7家实验室采用铜矿石、铅矿石和锌矿石国家标准物质验证,方法精密度好,准确度高。     

广西河池北香银多金属矿床同沉积断层的厘定及其发现意义

广西河池北香银多金属矿床已经进行了20多年的找矿勘探,基本探明了1～6号脉状矿体,但在找矿理论、矿床资源量上均未能取得实质性的突破,矿床资源也因此未能获得开发利用.通过工作,在矿区内发现了一组具有长期持续活动并控制着矿区内的沉积作用和后期构造活动特征的北西向同沉积断层,已知矿体的产状、空间分布均明显受到该同沉积断层的控制,因此该组构造具有控岩控矿特征.对比显示本矿区同沉积断层与大厂矿田的同沉积构造及其控矿特征具有相似性,在该组同沉积断层的上盘尤其与南北向、北东向构造交汇的部位是成矿的有利地段,脉状矿体的下部可能存在层状矿体.该组同沉积断层的发现开拓了北香地区找矿思路,为今后找矿勘探指明了方向.     

中国航磁异常特征与铁矿床空间分布关系

中国航磁调查已基本覆盖全国,尤其是近二十年来开展了大面积1∶5万高精度航磁调查,为铁矿的成矿规律研究及找矿预测提供了重要的基础数据。文章基于全国航磁编图（1∶100万）和大比例尺（≥1∶5万）航磁数据集,开展区域、矿集区、矿床3个不同尺度的研究,旨在总结4种主要类型铁矿在区域和局部磁场上的响应模式,指导找矿应用。研究表明,不同类型的铁矿在区域磁场上呈现出不同的特征,沉积变质型铁矿主要位于条带状磁异常边部负背景场中的局部高磁异常,岩浆型铁矿主要位于线性磁异常带,接触交代-热液型铁矿（矽卡岩型）主要沿带状或等轴状磁异常边缘分布,火山岩型铁矿通常沿带状磁异常分布。不同的区域磁异常特征通常反映了特定的控矿要素,主要刻画了火山-沉积建造、基性-超基性杂岩、中酸性侵入岩、火山岩由浅部至深部的分布特征,为成矿地质背景研究提供了大量深部信息。岩浆活动强烈的构造带,会导致地壳内基底隆起和较高的地温梯度,呈现出磁性基岩深度和居里面深度较浅的特征,有利于铁矿物的富集成矿。大比例尺航磁资料（≥1∶5万）大都能够直接反映矿体或含矿地质体的特征,磁异常都对应了铁矿体或矿化的中心,但矿体的规模、产状、埋深、品位等特征的变化都会造成磁异常幅值、形状、大小的变化,通过约束条件下2D和3D正反演计算获得深部矿体或含矿地质体的特征,对找矿勘查最具指导意义。概括来讲,中小比例尺航磁资料主要用于成矿地质背景研究,分析成矿控矿要素,达到区域成矿预测的目的。大比例尺航磁资料可用于隐伏矿体或含矿地质体预测,建立深部矿体或含矿地质体二维或三维模型,指导勘探工作。