利用测井信息评价盐湖相烃源岩

盐湖相烃源岩富含膏、盐质成分,使其测井响应特征发生极大改变,给测井评价烃源岩带来困难。基于实测数据,分析了盐湖相烃源岩中普遍发育的纯泥岩、含膏(盐)泥岩和膏(盐)质泥岩有机碳含量的测井响应模式,发现纯泥岩和含膏(盐)泥岩TOC与AC和LogRt呈正比,与DEN呈反比,膏(盐)质泥岩TOC与DEN呈正比,与LogRt呈反比,并基于此建立了盐湖相烃源岩测井评价方法,即首先利用ΔGR区分岩性,再针对不同岩性建立TOC评价模型,最后根据实测S₁+S₂和TOC建立相关关系,就可以求取烃源岩的TOC和S₁+S₂。利用该方法对东营凹陷沙四下亚段烃源岩性质和展布进行分析,发现预测TOC与实测TOC吻合程度高,具有一定推广价值。     

中国昆明地区岩溶洞穴洞口带苔藓植物研究

为了研究中国西南岩溶洞穴植物区系与生物多样性特征, 作者曾两次对云南昆明地区12个岩溶洞穴进行了野外考察和苔藓植物标本采集工作。其中含昆明市石灰岩洞穴1个, 石林县石灰岩洞穴5个和宜良县白云岩洞穴6个。根据采自12个岩溶洞穴洞口带的164件苔藓植物标本研究, 本文首次报道昆明地区洞穴苔藓植物10科18属25种。昆明地区洞穴中分布较多的苔藓植物科有丛藓科( Po ttiaceae) 5属8种,凤尾藓科( Fi ssidentaceae ) 1属4种,柳叶藓科( Amblystegiaceae ) 3 属3 种和青藓(Brachytheciaceae ) 2属3种。溶洞中较常见的4种苔藓植物种类是萤光苔类植物光苔Cyathodiumcavernarum Kunze ( 见于6个溶洞中) , 小凤尾藓Fissidens bryoides Hedw ( 见于4个溶洞中) , 橙色净口藓Gymnostonum calcareum Nees et Ho rsch (见于3 个溶洞中)和长叶扭口藓Tortella tortuosa( Hedw ) Limp ( 见于3个溶洞中)。野外观察表明,受洞穴弱光环境生态因子的限制, 昆明地区洞穴苔藓植物主要生长于洞穴洞口0～ 26m带范围内; 2种丛集型藓类植物, 橙色净口藓Gymnostonumcalcareum Nees et Horsch, 和钩喙净口藓G.recurvirost re Hedw 参与洞口带钟乳石或石笋钙华沉积。      

Analysis on the deployment of mining research supported by the grant program of Deep Resources Exploration and Mining

The Deep Resources Exploration and Mining(DREAM) grant program, within the framework of The National Key Research and Development Program grants, is a pillar to implement China's science and technology strategy in the area of deep resources exploitation. To tackle the insufficient of theories and technologies for the 1000-meter-deep mining, a section of mining, covering the research of basic theories, general technologies and application demonstration, was arranged in the layout of DREAM under the principle of "whole chain design, integrated implementation". In the aspect of basic research, DREAM mainly focused on the deep rock mechanics and mining theory, such as the in-situ mechanical behavior of deep rock, deep high stress induction and energy regulation theory. For the general and key technologies, DREAM supported the research on the mine construction and hoisting, excavation, rock breaking, mining methods and mining safety according to the characteristics of coal and metal mines. For the demonstration application, taking green, safe and efficient as the starting point, DREAM aimed at the green, safe and high efficiency mining, and the demonstration and leading role projects such as the low-waste and high-efficiency back fill mining. Since 2016, 10 RD projects have been funded, and 122 institutional participants with a total budget of RMB 235 million from the central government and RMB 480 million from enterprises as well as local governments have been involved. It is expected that the mining section of DREAM would contribute to establishing the theory and technology system in the area of deep mining and promoting the ability of deep resource exploitation in China.     

Principles of Probabilistic Regional Mineral Resource Estimation

Five principal sources of uncertainty in quantitative mineral resource estimation are listed and illustrated by means of a simple example (mosaic model) and a case history study for large copper deposits in the Abitibi area of the Canadian Shield. Abitibi copper potential originally was estimated on the basis of 1968 estimates of production and reserves totalling 3.12 Mt Cu. This prognostication now could be evaluated on the basis of 2008 copper production and reserves totalling 9.50 Mt Cu. An earlier hindsight study performed on the basis of 1977 data (totalling 5.23 Mt Cu) showed seven new discoveries occurring either in the immediate vicinities of known deposits or on broad regional copper anomalies predicted from the 1968 inputs. By 1977, the global geographic distribution pattern of large copper deposits in the Abitibi area had stabilized. During the next 30 years, new copper was essentially found close to existing deposits, much of it deeper down in the Earth's crust. In this paper, uncertainties associated with copper ore tonnage are analyzed by comparison of 2008 data with 1968 data using (a) log-log plots of size versus rank, and (b) lognormal QQ-plots. Straight lines fitted by least squares on these plots show that 1968 slopes provide good estimates of 2008 slopes but 1968 intercepts are much less than 2008 intercepts. In each linear log-weight versus log-rank plot, the slope is related to fractal dimension of a Pareto frequency distribution, and in a lognormal QQ-plot it is determined by logarithmic variance. The difference between 2008 and 1968 intercepts represents the increase in copper ore production and reserves from 1968 to 2008. The Pareto model fits actual copper and massive sulphides increase over the past 40 years better than the lognormal frequency distribution model for 10 km×10 km cells on favorable environments in the Abitibi area.      

Application of 3D Static Modelling in Reservoir Characterization: A Case Study from the Qishn Formation in Sharyoof Oil Field, Masila Basin, Yemen

Three-dimensional(3 D)static modelling techniques are applied to the characterization of the Qishn Formation(Fm.)in the Sharyoof oil field locating within the Masila basin,southeastern Yemen.The present study was initiated by the seismic structural interpretation,followed by building a 3 D structural framework,in addition to analysing well log data and from these,3 D facies and petrophysical models are constructed.In the Sharyoof oil field,the Qishn Fm.exhibits depth values within the range of 400-780 m below sea level,with a general increase towards the SSE.A set of high dip angle normal faults with a general ENE-WSW trend dissect the rocks.The strata are also folded as a main anticline with an axis that is parallel to the fault trend,formed as a result of basement uplift.According to the facies models,the Qishn Fm.comprises 43.83% limestone,21.53% shale,21.26% sandstone,13.21% siltstone and 0.17% dolomite.The Qishn Carbonates Member has low porosity values making it a potential seal for the underlying reservoirs whereas the Upper Qishn Clastics SI A and C have good reservoir quality and SIB has fair reservoir quality.The Upper Qishn Clastics S2 and S3 also have fair reservoir quality,while the Lower Qishn Clastics zone has good reservoir quality.The water saturation decreases towards the west and east and increases towards north and south.The total original oil in-place(OOIP)of the Upper Qishn clastics is 106 million STB within the SI A,SIC and S2 zones.Drilling of development wells is recommended in the eastern study area,where good trapping configuration is exhibited in addition to the presence of a potential seal(Upper Qishn Carbonates Member)and reservoir(Qishn Clastics Member)with high porosity and low water saturation.     

印度共和国地质构造与区域成矿

印度共和国位于南亚次大陆中部,陆地面积297.32万km2(不包括印控克什米尔地区与锡金),北部为喜马拉雅高山区,海拔平均为5500m;中部是印度河-恒河-布拉马普特河(在中国境内称雅鲁藏布江)平原,平均海拔100~200m,是印度经济最发达、人口最稠密地区;南部是印度半岛高原区,西高东低,     

多年冻土环境对寒区天然气管线稳定性的影响

Field investigations of several gas mains in different geosystems were carried out in Noviy Urengoy region (Eastern Siberia) in September, 2003. There were on ground pipelines covered with peat or sand. In case of small rivers pipelines were elevated by pile support on the shores. Because pipelines were applied in cryolithozone that means special secure methods used in pipeline systems functioning and operating. There are multiple sites of natural landscapes destructed or totally destroyed during building and exploiting of the pipelines. That causes negative cryogenic processes development. The most dangerous one is the heaving, that reaches up to several meters in humid landscapes. The complex thermoerosion, thermokarst and heaving occur very often at one site. The heaving of piles leads to pipe deformations and the emergency situations to occur. It is possible to predict negative cryogenic processes development and so far to reduce an emergency risk.     

Magmatic and hydrothermal zircon growth during multiple orogenic cycles in an evolving mantle wedge

The Hongseong area of the Hongseong-Imjingang Belt in the central-western Korean Peninsula forms part of a subduction-collision system that is correlated with the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu Belt in China. Several serpentinized ultramafic bodies carrying blocks of metamorphosed mafic rocks occur in this area. Here we investigate zircon grains in serpentinites from Bibong(BB) and Wonnojeon(WNJ), and high-pressure(HP) mafic granulite from Baekdong(BD) localities based on U-Pb, REE and Lu-Hf analyses. The zircons from BD HP mafic granulite show distinct age peaks at 838 Ma, 617 Ma and 410 Ma, with minor peaks at1867 Ma, 1326 Ma and 167 Ma. The Neoproterozoic age peaks in these rocks as well as in the serpentinites suggest subduction-related melt-fluid interaction in the mantle wedge at this time. The older zircon grains ranging in age from the Early to Middle Paleoproterozoic might represent detrital grains from the basement rocks transferred to the wedge mantle through sediment subduction. The BD HP mafic granulite shows a Middle Paleozoic age peak(Devonian; 410 Ma). The 242-245 Ma age peaks in the compiled age data of zircon grains serpentinites from BB and WNJ correspond to a major Triassic event that further added melts and fluids into the ancient mantle wedge to crystallize new zircons. In the chondrite normalized rare earth element diagram, the magmatic zircon grains from the studied rocks show LREE depletion and HREE enrichment with sharply negative Eu and Pr anomalies and positive Ce and Sm anomalies. The REE patterns of hydrothermal zircons show LREE enrichment, and relatively flat patterns with negative Eu anomaly. Zircon Hf signature from the WNJ serpentinite show negative εHf(t)(-18.5 and-23.5) values indicating an enriched mantle source with TDM in the range of 1614 Ma and1862 Ma. Zircons from the BD HP mafic granulite also show slightly negative εHf(t)(average-4.3) and TDM in the range of 1365-1935 Ma. Our study provides evidence for multiple zircon growth in an evolving mantle wedge that witnessed melt and fluid interaction during different orogenic cycles.     

Advanced reliability analysis of slopes in spatially variable soils using multivariate adaptive regression splines

This study aims to extend the multivariate adaptive regression splines(MARS)-Monte Carlo simulation(MCS) method for reliability analysis of slopes in spatially variable soils. This approach is used to explore the influences of the multiscale spatial variability of soil properties on the probability of failure(P_f) of the slopes. In the proposed approach, the relationship between the factor of safety and the soil strength parameters characterized with spatial variability is approximated by the MARS, with the aid of Karhunen-Loeve expansion. MCS is subsequently performed on the established MARS model to evaluate Pf.Finally, a nominally homogeneous cohesive-frictional slope and a heterogeneous cohesive slope, which are both characterized with different spatial variabilities, are utilized to illustrate the proposed approach.Results showed that the proposed approach can estimate the P_f of the slopes efficiently in spatially variable soils with sufficient accuracy. Moreover, the approach is relatively robust to the influence of different statistics of soil properties, thereby making it an effective and practical tool for addressing slope reliability problems concerning time-consuming deterministic stability models with low levels of P_f.Furthermore, disregarding the multiscale spatial variability of soil properties can overestimate or underestimate the P_f. Although the difference is small in general, the multiscale spatial variability of the soil properties must still be considered in the reliability analysis of heterogeneous slopes, especially for those highly related to cost effective and accurate designs.     

Analysis on the law of occurrence of shallow geothermal energy in Zhoukou City of Henan Province,China

In this paper,through data collection and field investigation,the development and utilization status of shallow geothermal energy in Zhoukou urban area was discussed.Based on the analysis of hydrogeological conditions,rock and soil structure characteristics and field test research,the spatial distribution characteristics of rock and soil in the study area were summarized.The study shows that Zhoukou City is located in the alluvial plain of Huanghuai,and the loose deposits of river alluvial genesis range 0-200 m.These loose deposits and groundwater stored in their pores are the main carriers of shallow geothermal energy.In the central part of the Yinghe River in the middle of the study area,the aquifer thickness is within 200 m,the particle size is coarser,the water-bearing degree and recharge capacity is better.On this basis,the paper uses AHP to evaluate the suitability of shallow geothermal energy development and utilization to guide the rational development and utilization of shallow geothermal energy resources.     

世界油页岩资源利用和发展趋势

世界油页岩资源丰富, 其探明储量换算成页岩油,远大于世界原油的探明储量。美国油页岩储量居世界首位, 其次则为俄罗斯、扎伊尔、巴西、加拿大、约旦、澳大利亚和中国。油页岩干馏制取页岩油始于19世纪上半叶的法国、英国、德国、西班牙等西欧国家。而后页岩油生产由于廉价原油的开采而衰落, 又由于世界石油危机而兴起; 100多年来、油页岩工业几经波折; 如今中国、爱沙尼亚和巴西拥有页岩油的工业生产。此外、爱沙尼亚、德国、中国和以色列则拥有油页岩燃烧产蒸汽发电的工业装置。当前、由于世界原油价格上涨,页岩油的生产在不少国家已有利可图, 中国、爱沙尼亚等国家正扩建、新建页岩油工厂; 蒙古、约旦等国正考虑筹建页岩油厂, 美国也计划对其丰富的油页岩资源进行加工利用。     

油页岩资源开发利用回顾、现状及前景

介绍了国内油页岩资源和利用概况,预测短时间内大规模开发利用油页岩资源尚不可行.随着我国能源特别是石油需求量不断上升,国际油价长期高位运行,油页岩这种可作为石油替代资源的非常规油气资源越来越受到重视,油页岩的开发利用似乎正准备“东山再起”.     

全球页岩油形成分布潜力及中国陆相页岩油理论技术进展

全球非常规页岩层系油气资源丰富,富有机质页岩主要沉积在劳亚构造域和特提斯构造域的上侏罗统、渐新统—中新统、白垩系和上泥盆统4套页岩层系内。交汇分析北美典型页岩油区块产量与R_o数据关系,提出R_o为0.7%作为低熟页岩油和中高熟页岩油的界限,系统评价了全球116个盆地157套页岩层系中高熟页岩油、低熟页岩油技术可采资源量约2 512亿t,主要分布在北美洲、南美洲、北非和俄罗斯,以前陆盆地中新界、克拉通盆地古生界、裂谷盆地和被动大陆边缘盆地的中生界为主。海相页岩油受显生宙以来的海侵影响,富集在稳定克拉通和前陆等类型盆地中,具大面积稳定分布、成熟度适中等特征;陆相页岩油受暖室期气候影响,主要在坳陷、断陷等类型盆地中发育,以微纳米级无机孔隙和微页理裂缝为主要储渗空间通道,具有沉积相横向变化大、“甜点区段”局部富集等特征。中国石油工业正经历从“陆相页岩生油”向“陆相页岩产油”转变,初步形成源岩油气“进源找油”地质理论、陆相页岩油高效勘探及低成本开发技术体系,推动中国陆相页岩油取得重要突破。着力加强应用基础理论研究与关键技术攻关,构建地质-工程一体化模式,...     

吉林省桦甸油页岩中稀土元素和微量元素的研究

对桦甸油页岩及其灰渣的矿物成分、主量元素、稀土元素和微量元素含量进行测定。结果表明：油页岩中稀土元素含量低于北美页岩(NASC)中的平均含量,REE球粒陨石标准化的分布模式曲线表现为负斜率,(La/Yb)_N的平均值大于1,属于轻稀土富集型;REE北美页岩标准化的分布模式曲线较平缓,（La/Yb）_S的平均值接近于1,轻重稀土分馏不明显。与球粒陨石和北美页岩相比,Eu有较严重的正异常。油页岩中的微量元素与北美页岩和地壳的平均值相比较,Sb、Nb、Cs、Zn、Bi、W等元素具有较高的富集度。油页岩灰渣中稀土元素和微量元素富集度均高于油页岩。     

油页岩生产技术研究

总结了世界上从油页岩中制取页岩油的两大类生产技术方法:即地面干馏方法和地下转化方法,并总结了各方法的优缺点。根据我国油页岩资源的特点,认为应在发展和改进目前地面干馏技术的同时着力发展地下转化技术,为开采油页岩油进行技术改进。     

抚顺油页岩开发利用条件分析

对抚顺油页岩样品的容重测定、工业分析、低温干馏、元素分析、发热量测定、灰分成分分析及灰熔点测定,可知油页岩容重为1.4～2.7 t/m³、含油率为1.17%～20.70%、发热量为0.45～11.18 MJ/kg。油页岩的颜色多为浅褐-深褐色,条痕为褐色,颜色越深含油率越高。低温干馏时,温度控制在510℃,焦油率最高。油页岩有机质主要由C、H、O、N元素组成,无机物主要由Si、Al、Fe、Ca、Mg等元素组成,其伴生元素主要为Ti、Zr、Ge和Ga;油页岩灰分主要由SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、CaO、MgO和SO₃组成,其中SiO₂的含量最高,Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃次之。     

不同边界条件对油页岩原位转化开采的影响及启示

借助于烃源岩生排烃模拟技术,开展了加热温度、加热速率、恒温时间、水质量分数等不同边界条件对油页岩原位转化开采影响的模拟实验。结果表明:升高转化温度、降低升温速率、延长恒温时间均有利于提高原位转化出油率和改善油品;流体压力过度升高对油品稍有改善,但出油率有所降低,且过高的流体压力(如超过开采层上覆岩层压力)会对地面工程产生破坏影响;高温地层水可能作为催化剂、反应物和溶剂参加反应,促进非共价键的断裂,提高出油率。在此基础上,提出了在干馏转化过程中加入额外的供氢物质或高温水中加入适量的水溶性催化剂提高油页岩原位转化开采出油率的方法。     

油页岩原位开采温度-时间-转化率判识方法及应用

油页岩原位转化开采加热的最终温度、加热时间和最终油气转化率与原位开采的经济成本息息相关。利用Rock-Eval 6型岩石热解分析仪分别获取不同升温速率下的油页岩烃产率-转化率和烃产率-活化能之间的关系,以烃产率为桥梁,建立活化能与转化率的对应关系;在此基础上,依据化学动力学反应原理,将油页岩有机质（干酪根）演化生成油气的过程近似为具一级反应特征的热裂解反应,获取不同转化率条件下温度倒数（1/T）与时间对数（ln t）的关系式,建立油页岩原位转化温度-时间-转化率关系图。以广东茂名盆地油柑窝组油页岩为例,通过上述方法建立了油页岩原位转化开采温度-时间-转化率关系图。由判识关系图可知：加热至350℃开采该区油页岩,转化率达90%需要98 a;加热至200℃开采该区油页岩,在不采取其他措施的情况下即使转化10%也需要147 a。实际情况下,地下油页岩原位受热具有非均质性,加热开采能耗大,通过添加催化剂降低油页岩原位油气转化所需的温度、改善油气产物品质可能是油页岩原位开采技术的一种发展方向。     

川东地区东岳庙段沉积环境演化及其页岩油气富集主控因素分析

川东地区下侏罗统自流井组东岳庙段富有机质泥页岩发育，且在局部地区已获工业页岩油气流，但尚未实现规模开发，其页岩油气富集机理研究滞后于生产实践。本文在野外调查和测试分析的基础上，对其沉积环境演化及页岩油气地质条件进行分析，并探讨其页岩油气富集主控因素，以期为实现东岳庙段页岩油气突破提供有益借鉴。结果显示：川东地区东岳庙段发育一个完整的水进水退沉积旋回，富有机质泥页岩主要发育于中部半深湖相，厚约15~30m，TOC平均为1.79%，以II型有机质为主，热演化程度较高，达凝析油—湿气阶段。以黏土矿物粒间孔和有机质孔为主，脆性矿物含量中等，脆性指数平均为62.1%。平均孔隙度为8.85%，而渗透率极低，均值仅0.239mD，呈现出“高孔低渗”特征，层内油气以侧向运移为主。其页岩油气的富集主要受富有机质泥页岩分布、热演化程度和裂缝发育条件的控制。推论垂向富有机质泥页岩连续发育的现今油气低势区是川东地区东岳庙段潜在的页岩油气高产区。     

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔地区二叠系芦草沟组油页岩地球化学特征与成矿条件

【研究目的】本文旨在通过对比准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔地区二叠系芦草沟组高品位和低品位油页岩的品质和成因差异,揭示高品位油页岩的特殊成矿条件。【研究方法】对吉木萨尔地区两个剖面采集的露头样品,进行TOC、热解、含油率、微量、稀土元素测试,从而开展高品位和低品位油页岩有机地球化学特征,微量稀土元素特征及成矿条件差异分析。【研究结果】研究区高品位油页岩有机质类型为I型;低品位油页岩有机质类型为I-II1型。高品位和低品位油页岩中B、Ba、Cr、Nb、Sr、V、Zr等微量元素含量差异明显,高品位油页岩中各稀土元素平均含量和各样品稀土元素分布区间都小于低品位油页岩,且外源元素富集程度也相对更低,显示了更少的陆源碎屑输入。微量元素比值显示,研究区油页岩形成于温暖湿润气候,淡水—半咸水,还原环境。高品位油页岩与低品位油页岩相比,形成时水体盐度值更大,有机质生产力更高。【结论】温暖湿润气候背景下,相对较少的陆源碎屑供给,减少了对有机质的稀释和氧化破坏,同时较高的水体盐度值更利于水体分层,从而形成一个长时间的还原环境,再加上更高的有机质生产力,从而形成了高品位油页岩。