鞍带石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus)♂×斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)♀杂交子一代青龙斑血液学及血液生理生化特性的比较研究

为探讨石斑鱼——鞍带石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus)♂×斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)♀杂交子一代青龙斑二倍体和三倍体的血液学及生化特征,采用显微观察、瑞士染色、生化指标检测等方法对青龙斑二倍体(2n=48)与三倍体(3n=72)的血细胞形态大小、血液生理生化指标以及它们的显微结构进行比较研究。结果表明,青龙斑三倍体的血细胞、红细胞、细胞核和白细胞均显著大于二倍体,容积比为3:2;红细胞数随倍性增加而减少,差异显著;在血细胞形态上,二倍体红细胞核短径/长径比值为0.79,略呈圆形,三倍体红细胞核短径/长径比值为0.69,呈椭圆形;在三倍体血细胞中存在一些异常形状的纺锤形和月牙形红细胞,在生化指标上,二倍体与三倍体存在显著性差异,其中三倍体血红蛋白、血小板含量明显小于二倍体;平均血细胞体积、平均血小板体积、血细胞压积的含量显著大于二倍体;二倍体与三倍体青龙斑鱼血液中各种无机盐的含量均在正常范围之内,但三倍体含量低于二倍体。     

小黄鱼(♀)×大黄鱼(♂)杂交子代遗传特征分析

通过对小黄鱼(♀)×大黄鱼(♂)杂交子代及其双亲染色体核型和线粒体COI基因序列的比较分析,旨在对其杂交遗传特性进行研究。其中染色体核型分析表明:小黄鱼的核型为2n=6sm+42t,NF=54;大黄鱼的核型为2n=2sm+22st+24t,NF=72;杂交子代为2n=8sm+12st+28t,NF=68。杂交子代和亲本在染色体数目上一致,但在组型上存在差异,可能是由于杂交过程中双亲染色体组发生了融合和重配。同时,对杂交子代及其亲本672bp的COI基因同源序列进行分析,表明杂交子代与其母本小黄鱼的序列几乎一致,利用Kitumra-2-Parameter-Distance双参数模型分析显示杂交子代与小黄鱼的遗传距离为0.011,该数值接近其种内平均遗传距离。基于COI基因片段序列构建的系统树显示,杂交子代与小黄鱼聚成一支。杂交子代在线粒体COI基因上表现出严格的母系遗传特征。     

三种贝类的核型分析

采用体内注射PHA和秋水仙素的方法,利用成体的鳃组织,对毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)、长竹蛏(Solen strictus)和菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarus)的核型进行了研究.结果表明毛蚶的2倍体数目为2n=38,核型为18m+16sm+2st+2t,NF=72.长竹蛏的2倍体数目为2n=38,核型为30m+6sm+2t,NF=74.菲律宾蛤仔的2倍体数目为2n=38,核型为28m+10sm,NF=76.     

真鲷、黑鲷及其杂交子代的染色体构成与AFLP分析

采用核型分析和AFLP技术对真鲷、黑鲷及其杂交子代进行遗传差异分析。结果显示真鲷、黑鲷和杂交子代均含有48条染色体,核型分别为2n=2st+46t,NF=48、2n=4m+4sm+2st+38t,NF=56和2n=30m+8sm+2st+8t=48,NF=86,杂交子代核型与其父、母本种均不一致。两对AFLP选扩引物组合在真鲷、黑鲷和杂交子代中共扩增到278个条带,其中黑鲷特异性条带93条、真鲷特异性条带108条;杂交子代中分别出现了21条父本种(黑鲷)特异条带和67条母本种(真鲷)特异条带,另出现了15条非双亲条带。杂交子代与真鲷、黑鲷的遗传相似系数和遗传距离分别为0.113、0.350和2.180、1.050,表明杂交子代总体上更偏向于母本种。染色体核型和AFLP条带分析结果表明真鲷(♀)×黑鲷(♂)所获得的杂交子代为含有48条染色体的异源二倍体,且父、母本遗传物质在杂交中发生了部分重组,杂交子代表现出一定的偏母系遗传特性。     

三种海产帘蛤目贝类的核型研究

以大竹蛏、紫石房蛤和中国蛤蜊的鳃组织为材料,经注射植物血球凝集素和秋水仙素处理,低渗作用后,采用滴片法和压片法制片,对3种贝的核型进行了研究.结果表明,3种贝类的二倍体染色体数均为38条,大竹蛏的核型为26m+6sm+2st+4t,NF=0;紫石房蛤的核型为32m+2sm+4st/t,NF=2;中国蛤蜊的核型为20m+16sm+2st/t,NF=4.在3种贝类的染色体中均未发现随体及性染色体.     

4种石斑鱼染色体核型研究

以蜂巢石斑鱼(Epinephelus merra)、鲑点石斑鱼(Epinephelus fario)、点带石斑鱼(Epinephelus malabaricus)及黑边石斑鱼(Epinephelus fasciatus)为材料,胸腔注射PHA及秋水仙素溶液,取头肾细胞经空气干燥法制片。经核型分析,蜂巢石斑鱼与鲑点石斑鱼核型一样,2n=48=4m 6sm 4st 34t,NF=62;点带石斑鱼与黑边石斑鱼的核型一样,2n=48=48t,NF=48。由染色体数目2n=48可知,4种石斑鱼在鱼类系统中划分为高位类;由核型组成不同,可以将4种石斑鱼分为两大类：蜂巢石斑鱼与鲑点石斑鱼属于一大类;点带石斑鱼与黑边石斑鱼属于另一大类。此外,按总臂数多少来分,蜂巢石斑鱼与鲑点石斑鱼为特化类群：点带石斑鱼与黑边石斑鱼为原始类群。     

宽壳全海笋的染色体核型分析

以宽壳全海笋担轮幼虫为材料,采用热滴片法进行染色体核型分析.结果表明:宽壳全海笋二倍体染色体数目为2n=38,染色体臂数(NF)=70,核型公式为24m 8sm 6st,未发现性染色体和随体.与海螂目另一物种砂海螂相比,二倍体染色体数目多4条,亚端部着丝粒染色体(st)多6条,核型比砂海螂更具不对称,推测宽壳全海笋较砂海螂原始.     

平鲷不同发育类型的染色体核型分析

研究了平鲷（Rhabdosargus sarba）自然群体和人工诱导雌核发育的染色体核型,结果表明：平鲷自然群体和雌核发育二倍体的染色体没有明显的形态结构差异,数目均为2n=48,中部着丝点染色体2对,亚中部着丝点染色体1对,亚端部着丝点染色体2对,端部着丝点染色体19对,其核型公式为4m＋2sm＋4st＋38t,染色体总臂数（NF）54,染色体上未见随体、次缢痕,也未发现有明显异形的性染色体;雌核发育单倍体染色体数目n=24,中部着丝点染色体有2条,亚中部着丝点染色体1条,亚端部着丝点染色体2条,端部着丝点染色体19条,核型公式为2m＋1sm＋2st＋19t,染色体总臂数（NF）27,单倍体染色体数量是其二倍体染色体的一半,其形态和结构与同源的另一套染色体相似.根据鲷科几种主要鱼类的核型,结合它们之间的杂交后代的性状表现和遗传亲和力、个体发育及其基本生物学特征分析,在分类学上平鲷可以归入鲷属,与黑鲷（Sparus macrocephalus）和黄鳍鲷（Sparus latus）同为一属.     

斑石鲷(Oplegnathus punctatus)雌、雄鱼核型及Ag-NORs带型分析

为研究斑石鲷雌、雄鱼染色体的形态与结构,本文采用植物血球凝集素(PHA)及秋水仙碱体内注射法,取头肾细胞采用冷滴片结合空气干燥的方法获取了斑石鲷雌、雄鱼染色体的中期分裂相,分别对其进行了常规的吉姆萨和硝酸银染色并进行核型和带型分析。结果显示:(1)雄性斑石鲷核型为2n=47、1m+2sm+44t、NF=50,雌性斑石鲷核型为2n=48、2sm+46t、NF=50。(2)斑石鲷雌、雄鱼染色体相对长度分别为(2.30±0.37)—(6.87±0.42)及(2.28±0.30)—(10.33±0.86),雄性斑石鲷具有一条体型巨大的异形中部着丝粒染色体,其相对长度达到其它染色体的2—5倍。(3)染色体经银染后,发现含有2个Ag-NORs位点的分裂相最多,位点位于一对亚中部着丝粒染色体短臂末端,呈短棒状,且具有活性异形现象。(4)本研究中雄性斑石鲷具有一条异形性染色体,可能是性染色体Y,我们推测其染色体的性别决定类型可能为X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y型。本研究为鲈形目鱼类的细胞遗传学研究提供了基础资料,并将为进一步开展斑石鲷遗传育种等研究奠定基础。     

夏牙鲆(♂)与牙鲆(♀)人工杂交的细胞遗传学初步研究

于2004年11～12月在青岛薛家岛养鱼场采用夏牙鲆(Paralichthysdentatus)的精子与牙鲆(Paralichthysolivaceus)的卵子实施了多次人工杂交实验,并进行了父本母本鱼类个体、子代的染色体制片观察和细胞中DNA相对含量的流式细胞仪检测。结果表明,夏牙鲆染色体数为48,核型为2n=48t、臂数NF=48;子代的染色体数和核型与父母本的一样,也为2n=48t;子代的细胞中DNA的相对含量也表明其为二倍体。因此,可以明确其为杂交的后代,而不是雌核发育。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.