Engineering geological data in support of municipal land use planning—a case study in Analandia, southeast Brazil

This paper presents a method for transforming the information of an engineering geological map into useful information for non-specialists involved in land-use planning. The method consists of classifying the engineering geological units in terms of land use capability and identifying the legal and the geologic restrictions that apply in the study area. Both informations are then superimposed over the land use and a conflict areas map is created. The analysis of these data leads to the identification of existing and forthcoming land use conflicts and enables the proposal of planning measures on a regional and local scale. The map for the regional planning was compiled at a 1:50,000 scale and encompasses the whole municipal land area where uses are mainly rural. The map for the local planning was compiled at a 1:10,000 scale and encompasses the urban area. Most of the classification and operations on maps used spatial analyst tools available in the Geographical Information System. The regional studies showed that the greater part of Analandia’s territory presents appropriate land uses. The local-scale studies indicate that the majority of the densely occupied urban areas are in suitable land. Although the situation is in general positive, municipal policies should address the identified and expected land use conflicts, so that it can be further improved.     

Medium-scale engineering- and environmental-geology mapping of the perth metropolitan region,Western Australia

The need to present geological information in a form usable by planners, administrators, and the general public, prompted the preparation of medium-scale geology maps for the Perth Metropolitan Region. The thematic map approach is used to identify map units on the basis of lithology, morphology, slope category, hydrogeology, hydrography and soil and rock properties. The individual thematic maps are combined to delineate the map units: these are then assigned attributes of environmental significance. Their capabilities are evaluated in relation to human activities and land use practices. An information matrix presents geological data relevant to selected land uses. Attention to the geological factor in the formulation of land use planning policies allows optimum use of an area's natural resources with acceptable environmental impact.     

Assessment of the flash flood potential of Bâsca River Catchment (Romania) based on physiographic factors

The purpose of this paper is to identify areas with high flash-flood potential based on an evaluation of physiographic factors controlling the formation of surface runoff. The research method relies on the use of the Flash Flood Potential Index (FFPI), which incorporates physiographic characteristics from the catchment (terrain slope, profile curvature, land use and soil texture). The spatial distribution of the physiographic factors (which contribute to the creation, control and concentration within the drainage network of the overland flow) and the classified zoning of areas according to their hydrological response were achieved with GIS techniques. The results obtained show that physiographic factors on 227 sq km (29%) favor surface runoff on slopes and its localization towards the drainage network. Notably, the highest values of FFPI belong to the lower part of the catchment, where high human population density can be found, reflecting an increased vulnerability to floods and inundations of this area.     

三维城市地质信息平台

三维城市地质信息平台综合利用GIS、数字地质、现代数据库、计算机网络等技术,对研究范围的基础地质、水文地质、工程地质、环境地质、地面沉降、地球物理、地球化学、遥感、灾害地质等多专业的地质信息和成果进行集成和综合,实现对地质信息管理、更新维护、检索查询、分析评价、三维地质模拟和成果显示,在此基础上对城市地表与地下空间结构组织与空间资源、地质灾害、地下水资源与地质环境保护、地面沉降监测与防治、城市规划与建设、土地质量与后备资源等进行分析评价和预测模拟。     

Resource suitability analysis in regional planning—with special reference to Wisconsin,USA

The demands and needs of our presently increasing population require that the social decisions for land use must be based on the best and most reliable information that the decision-makers can obtain. Growing mass of natural resource information should be presented in a concise and practical form which the planners and public administrators can readily use without a need to learn about natural resources in detail. One of the means to present this information is a resource evaluation system which consists of four levels of maps: basic resource maps, single-factor maps, limiting-factor maps and final land suitability maps. The basic process used in the system is developing a series of individual maps showing specific kinds of information and superimposing them to identify a degree of suitability for a specific land use. The authors provide an overview of the use of land suitability maps in land use planning in the United States; show what natural resource data planners can require and put to use; outline the way in which earth scientists can evaluate and present the data needed; and finally demonstrate the land suitability analysis by case studies. Also briefly discussed is the need for information other than earth-science data. Land use planning and decision-making process is an intricate mixture of scientific, engineering, ecological, sociological, economic, cultural and political factors and forces. Obvious as it may seem this fact is nevertheless often ignored in practice resulting in misunderstandings and mutual disbelief of parties involved.     

Development potential of Kappatagudda hill ranges in Gadag district, Karnataka

Gadag district in Karnataka, being drought prone with vast stretches of dry land, holds substantial prospect for overall development in general and gold resources in particular. The Kappatagudda hill ranges in the district can be a target of economic and environmental development initiatives as it encompasses huge gold reserves that are partially exploited and physiographic features that could be used for impounding river water pumped during rainy season for use in the dry seasons and development of medicinal plant reserves besides wind power.. The proposal to declare the Kappatagudda hill ranges as wildlife sanctuary may not be in the public interest of more than 100,000 population whose mainstay is agriculture. The cause of public opposition and also the better prospects of the region have to be understood before declaring a large area as wildlife sanctuary that imposes restriction for the development opportunity at a later date. This article presents an overview of the natural resources potential and opportunities for harnessing the same.     

Two tools for integrating geology into ecosystem studies

Increased interest in understanding ecosystems as a basis for land management requires new approaches for incorporating geology into the process. Limited work performed by geologists to ensure adequate information about geologic interrelationships with the biosphere is available to land managers and other earth scientists. This paper proposes two processes that will aid in increasing the amount and quality of geologic information available to land managers and other earth scientists. First, the geologic integration with ecosystem matrix is a computer data-base format presenting the chemical and physical interrelationships of geology with the biosphere. Second, the geologic terrane land unit hierarchy is an approach to segregating the earth's surface into a hierarchy of land units to simplify applying data-base information to the land.     

九江市城市建设用地地质环境质量评价

通过对九江市地质环境的调查与客观实际情况分析,选取地质灾害、已有资源和河流侵蚀作用等作为敏感因子;选取地形坡度、斜坡高度、基岩埋深等作为重要因子;采用层次分析法确定评价因子权重,采用多目标决策的敏感因子-模糊聚类综合评判法对九江市城市建设用地地质环境质量评价。评价共划分出1277个单元,评价结果显示:建设用地环境质量优越的单元占总评价面积的65.86%,较好、简单改善后可建设的单元占15.35%,中等、一般需要一定工程措施的建设用地占1.57%,其它较差的和不适于建设用地的单元仅占17.22%。这个结果对九江市城市规划、建设、管理提供相应的地质环境信息,最大限度实现城市建设与地质资源环境的优化配置,达到城市建设安全、合理、经济的目的。从而也证明了多目标决策的敏感因子-模糊聚类综合评判法对解决城市建设用地质量评价不失为一种好的理论方法和手段。     

映秀—卧龙公路沿线汶川地震地质灾害研究

映秀—卧龙公路是汶川地震灾区距震中最近、震害最为严重的一条公路,本文对沿线地震地质灾害进行了详细的调查研究。依据震害特征,将沿线震害划分为斜坡中上部强风化岩体及土层失稳、结构面切割岩体崩滑失稳、滑坡、泥石流等4类,并分析了沿线震害发育规律。调查表明:龙门山后山断裂两侧地震地质灾害呈现显著的差异性,主要是由深大断裂的消震隔震效应,地貌放大效应,地质结构等三方面因素决定的。通过134条实测剖面分析,研究了地震失稳斜坡坡度和失稳部位。地震诱发失稳斜坡坡度在33°~84°之间,主要分布在41°~65°之间,可以认为地震诱发斜坡失稳灾害主要发生在40°以上的斜坡。斜坡失稳部位主要分布在斜坡中上部以及地貌突出部位,主要失稳部位在0.4坡高以上。从研究斜坡动力失稳的角度,将沿线斜坡划分为基岩-土层及强风化层斜坡地质结构、不利外倾结构面基岩斜坡地质结构、块状构造基岩斜坡地质结构、块碎石土层斜坡地质结构等几种地质结构模型,分析论述了各种地质结构相应的地震地质灾害类型及特点。     

城市地质图的特点编图原则方法

论述了城市地质图的主要特点、编图原则和方法, 其主要内容概括如下: (1)编制城市地质图的重要意义首先在于为不断完善和适应城市建设和发展的需要, 更好地使地质工作为城市建设总体规划和政府决策服务, 同时为具体工程设计和施工提供基础资料。其次为合理地开发利用城市土地资源、保护城市地质环境提供科学依据。(2)城市地质图是一个具有以专业地质规划目标与工程地质要求、城市发展总体效益评估为内容的系列图件, 是一个分别具有适应于地质专业人员、城市规划设计工程师和政府决策管理官员需要的多功能特点的系统性图件。(3)城市地质图编制原则, 第一在于客观性; 第二为评价性; 第三为预测性; 第四为实用性。前三项是前提和基础, 后者为目的。力求做到内容准确、明晰可读、易懂, 紧紧围绕城市规划设计和政府决策对地质技术的要求进行。(4)城市地质图包容了基础地质图类、分析评价图类、效益决策评估类三个等级的功能各异的图件, 在制图方法和程式上体现了图件的等级内容性质用途的统一、技术性与管理决策的统一。     

Exploration and decision-making in geotechnical engineering – a case study

ABSTRACT

The paper presents methodologies for exploration planning under uncertain conditions based on virtual exploration and Bayesian updating. The process starts with site characterization using existing information to produce geologic profiles. Initial distributions of cost and time are obtained with a Bayesian network model that optimizes the construction strategy for particular geologic conditions. This is followed by the unique step to determine with a “virtual exploration” if additional exploration (e.g. borings) is warranted, and if so, where it should be best done. All this is then applied to the planned Abu Dhabi subway tunnels providing the transportation planners with necessary information for planning and design.     

基于GIS的土地利用规划辅助编制系统

土地利用规划方案调整工作过程复杂手、工制作工作量大, 因此传统解决方式只能制作很少的备选方案对相关因素进行定性分析来供领导决策, 以至周期长、风险大; 通过GIS技术将信息化管理引入土地规划编制业务领域, 利用计算机的海量存储能力解决大量规划编制成果的处理问题, 计算机的高速数字化处理能力解决规划方案调整过程中多方案生成与对比的问题, 利用先进的网络技术实现规划指标的动态管理及规划审批的自动规范化管理, 利用GIS技术实现多种专题分析工具, 方便规划因素的定量分析, 达到辅助规划编制的目的.实践表明, 过去需要一个月才能完成的任务现在只需要几天时间并且质量明显好于手工作业方式, 大大提高了工作效率.      

牛背至天水高速公路路域环境地质安全性评价方法探讨

天(水)宝(鸡)高速公路牛背至天水段工程通过地区地质构造复杂,岩土种类繁多,岩土工程和环境地质安全如果不加以重视,易造成道路的地质灾害,直接影响到工程建设的质量和安全性,也将给未来运营安全带来严重的隐患和经济损失.在野外地质调查的基础上,探讨了公路路域环境地质安全性评价的影响因素和安全性评估内容,通过遥感技术等方法对地质和岩土工程信息提取并进行安全性评价,对研究区进行了初步评价,并提出了应对措施.     

Etch and intracutaneous landforms and their implications

Many landforms, major and minor, and including plains of various types, inselbergs, boulders, flared slopes, Rillen and rock basins, are initiated beneath the land surface, at the weathering front. They have evolved in various lithological settings. Most are formed by differential moisture attack, either controlled, or strongly influenced, by bedrock structure. Such forms of subsurface derivation may be differentiated into etch or subcutaneous features that were initiated at the base of the regolith, and intracutaneous forms that had their origin within the weathering zone. Although the agent or agents responsible for eroding the regolith and exposing the bedrock forms have varied in space and time, the similarity of etch and intracutaneous forms is such that their basic morphology persists regardless of the climatic regime in which they now occur. As the regolith is widely developed on the land surface, the forms initiated beneath and within it cannot be taken as climatic indicators. Indeed, like structural forms, these convergent forms represent a varied but significant azonal element in the physiographic landscape.     

Last Glacial loess in the conterminous USA

The conterminous United States contains an extensive and generally well-studied record of Last Glacial loess. The loess occurs in diverse physiographic provinces, and under a wide range of climatic and ecological conditions. Both glacial and non-glacial loess sources are present, and many properties of the loess vary systematically with distance from loess sources. United States’ mid-continent Last Glacial loess is probably the thickest in the world, and our calculated mass accumulation rates (MARs) are as high as 17,500 g/m²/yr at the Bignell Hill locality in Nebraska, and many near-source localities have MARs greater than 1500 g/m²/yr. These MARs are high relative to rates calculated in other loess provinces around the world. Recent models of Last Glacial dust sources fail to predict the extent and magnitude of dust flux from the mid-continent of the United States. A better understanding of linkages between climate, ice sheet behaviour, routing of glacial meltwater, land surface processes beyond the ice margin, and vegetation is needed to improve the predictive capabilities of models simulating dust flux from this region.     

Spatial distribution of the probability of occurrence and the value of petroleum: Kansas, an example

This paper suggests a new formulation for exploration-decision models useful in predicting the economics of exploring for petroleum in the United States. The methods used to date have been based on the premise of exploring for entire deposits. This approach may be unrealistic if exploring for petroleum in the United States because land ownership has so fragmented the surface that there is only a small probability that an entire deposit will be contained in any land tract held by a single exploration interest. As a result, it is suggested here that petroleum exploration-decision models intended for use by a single exploration interest should be based on frequency distributions of the probability of occurrence and value of petroleum occurring within land tracts. To achieve this goal, these distributions have been investigated in a 69,120-sq mi area in Kansas.     

美国Zion国家公园红层地貌发育研究

随着中国红层和丹霞地貌研究逐步走向国际,国内学者走出国门去认识和了解国外的红层及其地貌发育显得尤为必要。Zion国家公园是美国西部红层的典型代表,在干旱气候环境下发育了高原-峡谷景观。本文通过野外考察和岩样分析,从地质构造、岩性特征和外动力等方面来探讨Zion公园的红层地貌发育机制。研究表明:Zion公园为科罗拉多高原西部边缘的断块山地,公园内褶皱很少,断层稀疏,但节理密集,控制了峡谷群的发育。公园内地貌发育的主体地层为红层,主要形成于侏罗纪,其沉积环境复杂多变,兼具滨/浅海、河流、湖泊和沙漠等。岩性特征上,Zion公园的红层以细砂岩和粉砂岩为主。其中,形成崖壁的主要为风成相石英砂岩,但各段岩石的胶结特性不同,导致其岩石强度和颜色有较大差异。此外,还发现Zion公园红层的岩石强度和山体坡度并不呈正相关关系,它还与岩性是否均一有关。细粒均一的风成相砂岩和河流相Springdale段砂岩发育成陡崖,其余含有软岩夹层的岩层只能形成缓坡。外动力方面,流水下切是主导因素,同时流水侧蚀和地下水的基蚀作用等对Zion公园的地貌发育也有重要影响。     

Phyto-geomorphic classification of the landscape

The subdivision of landscape into phyto-geomorphic units forms a useful basis for land resource surveys and for providing a holistic approach to potential biological productivity. This paper explains the natural basis for such units, justifies their subdivision into a hierarchy and gives definitive criteria for each categoric level. The main levels are the land zone, land division, land province, land region, land system, land catena and land facet, of which the province, system and facet are the more important. Most bear some analogy with categories recognized in pedology and plant ecology. Vegetation varies in importance in relation to landforms in land unit definition both regionally and categorically, being most important in forested areas and for certain other land categories. Sample areas in the United Kingdom, Australia and Jordan illustrate complete hierarchies of land units for different climatic zones. A simple procedure based on critical path analysis and using remotely sensed imagery, maps and other data can give a landscape analysis suitable for planning at a variety of scales.     

Integration of local participatory and regional planning: A GIS data aggregation procedure

This paper presents an approach for GIS integrating local participatory land management information used for regional planning, and contributing to a bottom-up approach to land use planning. In participatory planning, the integration between local and regional levels should facilitate the communication and co-operation among the parties at both levels, for an efficient use of available resources. For coherently linking these two levels it is necessary to transform the data produced at one level, in order to be usable by the other. This transformation consists of a spatial procedure, which allows scaling-up the local participatory rural appraisal (PRA) information for regional purposes and scaling down the regional information for local use, using a GIS. Such an integration procedure is presented and discussed using data from a case study in south-western Burkina Faso.