Meteorology and haze structure during AGASP-II,Part 2: Canadian Arctic flights, 13–16 April 1986

In April 1986, a well-instrumented NOAA WP-3D research aircraft conducted three flights in the Canadian Arctic tied to the Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service baseline station in Alert, Northwest Territories. Two of the flights were coordinated with the National Aeronautical Establishment of Canada Twin Otter and the University of Washington C-131 research aircraft. The haze observed in the Canadian Arctic was well-aged and mixed throughout the troposphere in concentrations well below those observed during the previous weeks in the Alaskan Arctic. Over the ice, beneath the surface temperature inversion, ozone was generally depleted to near zero. Over the coast at Alert, there is evidence that topography and downslope winds reduce the strength of the inversion, thus allowing lower tropospheric gases and aerosols to mix down to the surface. At the top of the troposphere, an aerosol-depleted region was observed. In the lower stratosphere, aerosol concentrations were elevated above those observed in the troposphere.     

黄山地区春夏季气溶胶离子组分及其对云微物理特征的影响

利用2009年5-8月在华东地区高山——黄山顶取得的气溶胶和云微物理参数观测资料以及同期气溶胶离子成分数据,结合多种化学组分气溶胶绝热气块分档云模式,研究了黄山地区多化学组分气溶胶对云凝结核和云微物理特征的影响.气团轨迹和气溶胶离子成分的分析结果表明,3种气团影响着黄山地区气溶胶的化学组分,即北方大陆气团气溶胶富含CaCO3,局地污染气团气溶胶以可水溶性无机盐((NH4)2SO4、NH4 NO3)为主,而变性混合海洋性气团气溶胶中NaCl较多.数值模拟结果显示,在气溶胶谱一定时,不同天气形势下黄山气溶胶的化学组分的差异会对云微物理特征产生不同的影响.同一上升速度下实际多组分气溶胶模拟的云滴数浓度大于纯硫酸铵,主要体现在云滴谱第1个峰值3.3 μm之前;气块上升速度低于0.7 m/s时,含有较多不可水溶物质的混合气溶胶对云滴数浓度的影响较大;上升速度大于0.7 m/s时,气块中可凝结水增多,海盐对云滴数浓度增加的效果更显著.多组分气溶胶模拟云滴谱较纯硫酸铵窄,其中,北方气团方案造成云滴谱变窄的程度高于混合气团方案;而模拟的云滴数目增多,造成云滴有效半径减小,云光学厚度和反照率增加,将会对暖云降水及辐射效应产生不同的影响.     

大兴安岭火区上空云和降水微物理结构特征个例研究

1987年5月24日云物理专业考查飞机对大兴安岭火区上空的云进行了水平观测。对此次观测结果的分析与研究表明:(1)来自空间状及空间技状区域的冰粒子(25—800μm)及降水粒子(200—6400μm)平均浓度较高;而来自枝状及枝星状区域的冰和降水粒子其平均浓度较低。(2)依据不同降水粒子形态所计算出的降雪强度以空间枝状为最大。     

An evaluation of Arctic cloud and radiation processes during the SHEBA year: simulation results from eight Arctic regional climate models

Eight atmospheric regional climate models (RCMs) were run for the period September 1997 to October 1998 over the western Arctic Ocean. This period was coincident with the observational campaign of the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) project. The RCMs shared common domains, centred on the SHEBA observation camp, along with a common model horizontal resolution, but differed in their vertical structure and physical parameterizations. All RCMs used the same lateral and surface boundary conditions. Surface downwelling solar and terrestrial radiation, surface albedo, vertically integrated water vapour, liquid water path and cloud cover from each model are evaluated against the SHEBA observation data. Downwelling surface radiation, vertically integrated water vapour and liquid water path are reasonably well simulated at monthly and daily timescales in the model ensemble mean, but with considerable differences among individual models. Simulated surface albedos are relatively accurate in the winter season, but become increasingly inaccurate and variable in the melt season, thereby compromising the net surface radiation budget. Simulated cloud cover is more or less uncorrelated with observed values at the daily timescale. Even for monthly averages, many models do not reproduce the annual cycle correctly. The inter-model spread of simulated cloud-cover is very large, with no model appearing systematically superior. Analysis of the co-variability of terms controlling the surface radiation budget reveal some of the key processes requiring improved treatment in Arctic RCMs. Improvements in the parameterization of cloud amounts and surface albedo are most urgently needed to improve the overall performance of RCMs in the Arctic.     

2014年夏季青藏高原云和降水微物理特征的数值模拟研究

为了加强对青藏高原（高原）云和降水微物理特征的深入认识,采用高分辨率中尺度数值预报模式（WRF）,对第三次青藏高原大气科学试验2014年7月3-25日发生的6次不同强度云和降水过程进行了数值模拟分析。研究结果表明:（1）青藏高原夏季云和降水过程具有独特性。高原夏季对流的促发机制主要是午后高原加热造成的,云和降水具有明显的日变化。午夜后,对流性降水一般转化为层状云降水,具有明显的0℃层回波亮带,并且会产生强降水。大部分对流云云顶高度超过15 km（海拔高度）,最大上升气流速度为10-40 m/s。（2）6次云过程中均具有高过冷云水含量,主要分布在0—-20℃层,冰晶含量主要分布在-20℃层以上的区域,强盛的对流云中,可出现在-40℃层以上区域;雨水集中分布在融化层之下,说明其主要依赖降水性冰粒子的融化过程;雪和霰粒子含量高,分布范围广,说明云中冰相过程非常活跃。（3）高原夏季云中水凝物的转化过程和降水的形成机理具有明显特点。霰粒子的融化过程是地面雨水的主要来源,暖雨过程对降水的直接贡献很小,但通过暖雨过程形成的过冷雨滴的异质冻结过程对云中霰胚的形成十分重要。霰粒子的增长主要依靠凇附过程以及聚并雪晶的增长过程。      

江淮之间夏季雨滴谱特征分析

分析了2011—2013年夏季(6—8月)滁州地基雨滴谱观测资料,根据雨强及其随时间的变化将降水分成对流降水和层云降水,分析不同降水类型的雨滴谱特征。结果表明:滁州地区对流降水的质量加权直径D_m和标准化参数lgN_w的平均值分别为1.67 mm和3.91 mm^-1·m^-3,层云降水D_m和lgN_w的平均值分别为1.18 mm和3.57 mm^-1·m^-3,对流降水雨滴平均尺度更大。N_w相比Γ分布参数N₀能更好地反映总数浓度N_t的大小。Γ分布3参数均随雨强的增大而减小,当雨强增长到一定程度时,μ(谱型)和Λ(斜率)趋于常数。研究了μ-Λ关系和Z(反射率因子)-R(雨强)关系。对流降水和层云降水的Z-R关系分别为Z=408R^1.20和Z=301R^1.21。新的Z-R关系和经典Z-R关系(Z=300R^1.40)反演的雨强相比实际观测值均偏小,但新的Z-R关系反演的雨强与实际观测值更接近。     

Retrieving microphysical properties and air motion of cirrus clouds based on the doppler moments method using cloud radar

Radar parameters including radar reflectivity,Doppler velocity,and Doppler spectrum width were obtained from Doppler spectrum moments.The Doppler spectrum moment is the convolution of both the particle spectrum and the mean air vertical motion.Unlike strong precipitation,the motion of particles in cirrus clouds is quite close to the air motion around them.In this study,a method of Doppler moments was developed and used to retrieve cirrus cloud microphysical properties such as the mean air vertical velocity,mass-weighted diameter,effective particle size,and ice content.Ice content values were retrieved using both the Doppler spectrum method and classic Z-IWC(radar reflectivity-ice water content) relationships;however,the former is a more reasonable method.     

Microphysical characteristics of monsoon clouds and cloud sublayers as revealed by the MONEX aircraft observations

The summer monsoon atmosphere was subjected to aerial cloud microphysical measurements by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)'s Electra as part of the Arabian Sea component of the Summer Monsoon Experiment (SMONEX). The Particle Measuring System (PMS )'s probes were mounted on these flights. This study documents vertical profiles and concentration counts of aerosols and precipitation size particles for the flights on 20 and 24 June 1979. These flights were selected because the meteorology associated with them was analyzed in detail by several investigators who were interested in the turbulence flux measurements which were unique to these flights. The samples on 20 June were collected mostly underneath clouds except once within a cloud. In contrast, they were gathered exclusively within clouds on 24 June. The observations on these two days were collected in four different locations over the Arabian Sea when organized convection was presented.Results show that the aerosol concentration counts as measured by the ASAS-probe were higher than those expected from measurements in suppressed convective conditions. The ASAS and FSSP readings were nearly constant in the boundary layer. The FSSP readings increased more than ASAS readings with height passing them at elevations greater than 1500 m. Some young clouds with a depth of 1600 m showed maximum updraft values occurring at a certain level (e.g., 1000 m). At this level, a maximum concentration of droplets belonging to a particular size group ( ≈ 15 μm) was found. Thus a positive association was seen between these droplets and the vertical velocity distribution.     

Comparison of mixed-phase clouds over the Arctic and the Tibetan Plateau: seasonality and vertical structure of cloud radiative effects

Climate Dynamics - Abundant mixed-phase clouds exist over the Arctic and the Tibetan Plateau. Salient differences in their seasonal cycle and in their vertical structure and cloud radiative effects...     

Indo-Japanese lidar observations of the tropical middle atmosphere during 1998 and 1999

A state-of-the art Rayleigh and Mie backscattering lidar was set up at Gadanki (13.5N, 79.2E) in the Tropics in India. Using this system, regular observations of upper tropospheric clouds, aerosols at stratospheric heights and atmospheric temperatures in the range from 30 to 80 km were made. In this paper, the data collected during the period of 1998–99 were selected for systematic investigation and presentation. The Mie scattering lidar system is capable of measuring the degree of depolarization in the laser backscattering. Several tropical cirrus cloud structures have been identified with low to moderate ice content. Occasionally, thin sub-visible cirrus clouds in the vicinity of the tropical tropopause have also been detected. The aerosol measurements in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere show low aerosol content with a vertical distribution up to 35 km altitude. Rayleigh-scattering lidar observations reveal that at the tropical site, temperature inversion occurs at mesospheric heights. Atmospheric waves have induced perturbations in the temperatures for several times at the upper stratospheric heights. A significant warming in the lower mesosphere associated with a consistent cooling in the upper stratospheric heights is observed particularly in the winter season during the events of sudden stratospheric warming (SSW).     

黄淮西部地貌过渡区深对流云的时空特征及其天气意义

中国黄淮西部地貌过渡带(30°-38°N,109°-118°E,山区和平原过渡带)地形复杂,每年夏季强对流天气频繁发生.为了深入了解该地区的对流发展和分布特征,用1996-2010年5-8月静止卫星多通道资料及河南省地面观测的对流天气(雷暴、冰雹、短时强降水)资料,对该地区深对流活动的时空分布及天气意义进行了统计和对比研究.结果显示:黄淮西部地貌过渡带及其附近深对流活动的时空分布不仅与气候带关系密切,而且,明显受地形和天气系统影响.淮河流域是深对流活动高发区,豫北和豫西山区是深对流活动次高发区.豫北和豫西山区的深对流主要产生雷暴和冰雹,而淮河流域、南阳盆地等地势较低地区的深对流活动则较多地与雷暴和短时强降水有关.深对流活动随夏季风北进和副热带高压的北抬而具有显着的月际、日际变化及明显的阶段性特征.不同月份的深对流活动日变化特征显着不同,表现出两种性质的对流活动,一种为持续时间较短的热对流,一种为大尺度天气系统控制的持续性对流.豫北深对流活动日变化主要为单峰型,且具有自西北向东南方向传播的特征;豫南深对流活动日变化表现为双峰结构.     

Analysis of Simulated Heavy Rain over the Yangtze River Valley During 11-30 June 1998 Using RIEMS

RIEMS‘ ability to simulate extreme monsoon rainfall is examined using the 18-month (April 1997 September 1998) integrated results. Model-simulated heavy precipitation over the Yangtze River valley during 11-30 June 1998 is compared with the observation, and the relationships between this heavy rainfall process and the large-scale circulations, such as the westerly jet, low-level jet, and water vapor transport,are analyzed to further understand the mechanisms for simulating heavy monsoon rainfall. The analysis results show that (1) RIEMS can reproduce the pattern of heavy precipitation over the Yangtze River valley during 11-30 June 1998, but it is shifted northwestwards. (2) The simulated West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) that controls the East Asia Monsoon evolution is stronger than the observation and is extended westwards, which possibly leads to the north westward shift of the heavy rain belt. (3) The Westerly jet at 200 hPa and the Low-level jet at 850 hPa, both of which are related to the heavy monsoon rainfall,are reasonably reproduced by RIEMS during 11-30 June 1998~ although the intensities of the simulated Westerly/Low-level jets are strong and the location of the Westerly jet leans to the southeast,which may be the causes of RIEMS producing too much heavy rainfall in the north of the Yangtze River valley.     

乌鲁木齐冬季冷锋云带和锋下层积云的微物理结构及其降雪特征

本文根据1983年11月7日云物理专业考查飞机对乌鲁木齐冬季一次冷锋降水前期的云与降水微结构观测,进行了分析与研究,结果表明:在冷锋降雪初始阶段,云具有多层结构,锋上存在一条宽约5km的云带,估计云带中的上升气流大于0.8m·s~(-1),具有窄对流云带的某些特征。冰晶初始形成于温度为-17℃的锋上云带顶部。在锋上与锋下存在两个过冷水区,据此判断在冷锋降雪前期具有人工增雪条件。     

The Cloud Ice Mountain Experiment (CIME) 1998: experiment overview and modelling of the microphysical processes during the seeding by isentropic gas expansion

The second field campaign of the Cloud Ice Mountain Experiment (CIME) project took place in February 1998 on the mountain Puy de Dôme in the centre of France. The content of residual aerosol particles, of H₂O₂ and NH₃ in cloud droplets was evaluated by evaporating the drops larger than 5 μm in a Counterflow Virtual Impactor (CVI) and by measuring the residual particle concentration and the released gas content. The same trace species were studied behind a round jet impactor for the complementary interstitial aerosol particles smaller than 5 μm diameter. In a second step of experiments, the ambient supercooled cloud was converted to a mixed phase cloud by seeding the cloud with ice particles by the gas release from pressurised gas bottles. A comparison between the physical and chemical characteristics of liquid drops and ice particles allows a study of the fate of the trace constituents during the presence of ice crystals in the cloud.In the present paper, an overview is given of the CIME 98 experiment and the instrumentation deployed. The meteorological situation during the experiment was analysed with the help of a cloud scale model. The microphysics processes and the behaviour of the scavenged aerosol particles before and during seeding are analysed with the detailed microphysical model ExMix. The simulation results agreed well with the observations and confirmed the assumption that the Bergeron–Findeisen process was dominating during seeding and was influencing the partitioning of aerosol particles between drops and ice crystals. The results of the CIME 98 experiment give an insight on microphysical changes, redistribution of aerosol particles and cloud chemistry during the Bergeron–Findeisen process when acting also in natural clouds.     

基于旋翼无人机观测的雾天和霾天VOCs垂直分布特征研究

为研究雾和霾天气下VOCs时空变化特征,于2020年11月19日—2021年1月15日在江苏省东海国家气象观测站进行为期58 d的外场观测试验。利用自主研发的多旋翼无人机捕获2次辐射雾和2次霾天气过程,获得气温、气压、相对湿度、风向、风速、VOCs、O₃等7种要素100多条垂直廓线。结果表明：时间上,霾过程夜间VOCs体积浓度(0.225～0.253 ppm(parts per million, 1 ppm=10^-6))明显高于白天(0.191～0.205 ppm),雾形成前体积浓度(0.121～0.239 ppm)显著高于雾过程(0.056～0.209 ppm)。雾过程中VOCs体积浓度与雾强度变化相反,雾层高度与VOCs体积浓度剧烈变化高度一致,雾层(<200 m)中VOCs体积浓度(0.172～0.178 ppm)明显减小,显著低于雾形成前(0.195～0.240 ppm),雾层以上浓度变化大,雾结束后1 h内保持雾过程中分布特点。雾对逆温层中的水溶性污染物有清除作用,VOCs体积浓度和O₃质量浓度均下降。     

北京一次大暴雨过程视热源和视减湿特征分析

应用高分辨ＴＢＢ亮温资料和逐６小时一次的ＮＣＥＰ／ＮＣＡＲ再分析资料,分析了１９９８年７月５日北京地区发生的一次大暴雨天气过程。结果表明：北京地区雨量分布不均是由于西部山区出现两次对流活动而东部平原地区仅为一次,ＴＢＢ低值区右前方下沉区有利于其后部对流的发展;暴雨阶段视热源（Ｑ１）的视减湿（Ｑ２）局地变化项和平流项均非小项,两者具有反位相变化特征,垂直输送项是视热源和视减湿的主要贡献者;Ｑ１和Ｑ２     

Arctic hazes in summer over Greenland and the North American Arctic: II. Nature and concentrations of accumulation-mode and giant particles

Airborne measurements made during August 1985 over Greenland and its environs show that both accumulation-mode (0.1 m D2.0 m) and giant (D2 m) particles were present in relatively high concentrations in arctic haze layers and that the accumulation-mode particles dominated light scattering. Particles with diameters (D) between 1 and 4 m consisted predominately of mixed materials, small and dense inclusions, and probably organic compounds containing sulfur. Many of the particles from 0.1 to 1 m in diameter were also of mixed composition, with sulfuric acid, ammonium sulfate and organics probably the dominant constituents.