四川盆地侏罗系致密砂岩弹性特征及岩石物理建模

近年来围绕四川盆地侏罗系陆相致密砂岩已取得了勘探突破,其中川中—川西过渡带具备形成大气田的地质条件,但对该套致密砂岩弹性性质变化规律的研究还较少,致使利用地震方法进行"甜点"储层预测的精度不高.本文利用四川盆地侏罗系沙溪庙组32块样品开展了系统的声学测量,在此基础上,分析了样品弹性性质的变化规律.结合X射线衍射矿物组分分析、扫描电镜、铸体薄片和岩石薄片特征确定了不同成岩作用对岩石储集性能的影响.研究结果表明,研究区致密砂岩储层表现为孔隙型储层,受差异性成岩作用影响,黏土含量、钙质含量和硅质含量的差异以及它们分布特征之间的差异对岩石弹性性质造成了很大的影响.在研究区对岩石物性及弹性性质有明显影响的成岩作用包括早期的钙质胶结作用、压实作用和溶蚀作用,因此针对不同时期的成岩作用对岩石弹性及物性的影响,利用接触-胶结模型、微分等效模量模型和临界孔隙度校正的Hashin-Shtrikman上限模型建立了研究区致密砂岩的岩石物理模型.     

四川盆地侏罗系致密砂岩弹性特征及岩石物理建模

近年来围绕四川盆地侏罗系陆相致密砂岩已取得了勘探突破,其中川中—川西过渡带具备形成大气田的地质条件,但对该套致密砂岩弹性性质变化规律的研究还较少,致使利用地震方法进行"甜点"储层预测的精度不高.本文利用四川盆地侏罗系沙溪庙组32块样品开展了系统的声学测量,在此基础上,分析了样品弹性性质的变化规律.结合X射线衍射矿物组分分析、扫描电镜、铸体薄片和岩石薄片特征确定了不同成岩作用对岩石储集性能的影响.研究结果表明,研究区致密砂岩储层表现为孔隙型储层,受差异性成岩作用影响,黏土含量、钙质含量和硅质含量的差异以及它们分布特征之间的差异对岩石弹性性质造成了很大的影响.在研究区对岩石物性及弹性性质有明显影响的成岩作用包括早期的钙质胶结作用、压实作用和溶蚀作用,因此针对不同时期的成岩作用对岩石弹性及物性的影响,利用接触-胶结模型、微分等效模量模型和临界孔隙度校正的Hashin-Shtrikman上限模型建立了研究区致密砂岩的岩石物理模型.     

低渗砂岩储层渗透率各向异性规律的实验研究

应用1摩尔/升的盐水作为孔隙介质,采用液体压力脉冲法对采自鄂尔多斯盆地某油田三叠系延长组低渗砂岩样品进行了渗透率随有效应力的变化规律实验研究.在围压0～100 MPa,孔隙压力0～12 MPa范围内,样品的渗透率变化范围在0～60×10-18m2之间,实验结果表明样品的渗透率随有效应力的增加而减少.通过拟合实验结果,得到渗透率随有效应力的变化规律较好的符合幂函数关系,相关系数介于0.903～0.984之间.同时对同一样品的X,Y,Z相互垂直三个方向的渗透率随有效应力的变化进行了比较,结果表明渗透率的各向异性同样是压力的函数,且随着有效应力的增加,不同平面内的渗透率各向异性表现出了不同的变化规律.但在实验压力范围内,渗透率各向异性皆为正值,表明在有效应力为100 MPa范围内孔隙内流体的流动方向未发生改变.研究结果为鄂尔多斯盆地低渗(超低渗)油气田开发,特别是对深部油气田开发过程中开发方式的选择与设计,充分利用渗透率各向异性的特点,提高采收率提供了新的岩石物性资料.     

鄂尔多斯盆地定边—志丹地区延长组致密砂岩储层裂缝测井识别

裂缝是影响致密砂岩储层高产及稳产的关键,目前,对致密砂岩储层裂缝定性识别与表征仍很困难.在对致密砂岩裂缝研究现状系统调研的基础上,以鄂尔多斯盆地定边—志丹地区延长组岩芯、成像测井、常规测井资料为基础,分析裂缝发育类型,利用岩芯和成像测井标定,明确裂缝测井响应特征,优选对裂缝响应敏感的测井参数,建立有效的裂缝测井识别方法.研究表明:(1)定边—志丹地区裂缝按成因分有天然构造裂缝、钻具诱导裂缝、井眼崩塌裂缝、应力释放裂缝,按角度大小分为垂直裂缝、高角度裂缝、低角度裂缝、水平裂缝;(2)常规测井系列中对裂缝反映灵敏的参数依次为微电极、八侧向电阻率、声波时差、自然伽马、自然电位、双感应电阻率、井径;(3)通过裂缝敏感测井参数,分别构建曲线变化幅度参数(FIA)、曲线变化率参数(FIG),进而构建裂缝识别综合指数(FFA),结合电阻率侵入指数,在此基础上,采用人工判识方法,排除泥质条带、钙质砂岩等岩性变化所造成的影响,最终确定裂缝可能发育段,裂缝综合识别率为80.6％,能够对致密砂岩储层裂缝进行识别和预测.     

Impact of chlorites on the wettability of tight oil sandstone reservoirs in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,China

Wettability is an essential property of reservoirs that is of great importance for enhancing oil recovery(EOR) and oil migration. The wettability of reservoirs is generally believed to be strongly affected by mineral compositions but it is not always the case. An integrated study of petrography and wettability was carried out to determine the impact of chlorite minerals on the wettability of the sandstone reservoirs in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation. Chlorites are found to be commonly present in the reservoir sandstones as detrital grains, rim-shaped cements, and biotite-chloritized forms with the pore peripheries being largely coated by chlorite, which is the main mineral in direct contact with pores. At pore scale, the wetting state of chlorites can either be oil-wet or water-wet in the tight sandstone reservoirs depending on wettability alteration by oil charge. Chlorites in contact with pores occupy a large of proportions of oil-wet pore walls and are crucial for the formation of oil-wetting state of reservoir sandstones. At core scale, the contents of chlorites in direct contact with pores do not correlate well with the AmottHarvey index due to other factors such as heterogeneity, oil-bearing degrees of samples.     

The first extra-large helium-rich gas field identified in a tight sandstone of the Dongsheng Gas Field,Ordos Basin,China

Science China Earth Sciences - Helium gas is a scarce but important strategic resource, which is usually associated with natural gas. Presently, only one extra-large helium-rich gas field has been...     

The distribution rule and seepage effect of the fractures in the ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir in east Gansu Province,Ordos Basin

To study the impact of the fractures on development in the ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir of the Yangchang Formation of the Upper Triassic in the Ordos Basin,data on outcrops,cores,slices,well logging and experiments are utilized to analyze the cause of the formation of the fractures,their distribution rules and the control factors and discuss the seepage flow effect of the fractures. In the studied area developed chiefly high-angle tectonic fractures and horizontal bedding fractures,inter-granular fractures and grain boundary fractures as well. Grain boundary fractures and intragranular fractures serve as vital channels linking intragranular pores and intergranular solution pores in the reservoir matrix,thus providing a good connectivity between the pores in the ultra-low perme-ability sandstone reservoir. The formation of fractures and their distribution are influenced by such external and internal factors as the palaeo-tectonic stress field,the reservoir lithological character,the thickness of the rock layer and the anisotropy of a layer. The present-day stress field influences the preservative state of fractures and their seepage flow effect. Under the tec-tonic effect of both the Yanshan and Himalayan periods,in this region four sets of fractures are distributed,respectively assuming the NE-SW,NW-SE,nearly E-W and nearly S-N orientations,but,due to the effect of the rock anisotropy of the rock formation,in some part of it two groups of nearly orthogonal fractures are chiefly distributed. Under the effect of the present-day stress field,the fractures that assume the NE-SW direction have a good connectivity,big apertures,a high permeability and a minimum starting pressure,all of which are main advantages of the seepage fractures in this region. With the development of oilfields,the permeability of the fractures of dif-ferent directions will have a dynamic change.     

Characteristics of bleaching of sandstone in northeast of Ordos Basin and its relationship with natural gas leakage

Bleaching of sandstone has significant applications to tracing hydrocarbon pathways and evaluating the scale of natural gas seepage. Bleaching of sandstones in the northeast of Ordos Basin is mainly distributed in the Mesozoic Yan’an Formation. Studying on petrology, major elements, REEs and trace elements of bleached sandstones and comparing with adjacent sandstones, combining with geologic-geochemical evidences of gas seepage in the northeast of the basin, the bleached sandstones are formed in the acid environment and reducing fluids. Characteristics of petrology show that the contents of kaolinite are high and the color of margin of ferric oxide minerals is lighter than that of the center. Major elements of sandstone samples show high contents of Al₂O₃ and low ratio of Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺. The TFe₂O₃ content of the bleached sandstone is lower than that of red rock. REE data show that bleached sandstones have low ΣREE contents and Eu-depleted and slightly Ce-enriched. Trace elements show that the bleached sandstones enrich in Co, deplete in Sr, and slightly enrich in Zr and Hf which are close to the values for the green alteration sandstones, and slightly lower than ore-bearing sandstones. Geochemical characteristics of oil-bearing sandstone in the northern basin suggest that the oil-shows are formed by matured Carboniferous-Permian coal bed methane escaping to the surface, and natural gas in field could migrate to the north margin of the basin. The δ ¹³C (PDB) and δ ¹⁸O(PDB) values of calcite cement in the study area range from ?11.729‰ to ?10.210‰ and ?14.104‰ to ?12.481‰, respectively. The δ ¹³C (PDB) values less than ?10‰ imply the carbon sources part from organic carbon. Comprehensive study suggests that the gas leakage has occurred in the northeastern basin, which is responsible for bleaching of the sandstone on top of the Yan’an Formation.     

Characteristics of bleaching of sandstone in northeast of Ordos Basin and its relationship with natural gas leakage

Bleaching of sandstone has significant applications to tracing hydrocarbon pathways and evaluating the scale of natural gas seepage. Bleaching of sandstones in the northeast of Ordos Basin is mainly distributed in the Mesozoic Yan'an Formation. Studying on petrology, major elements, REEs and trace elements of bleached sandstones and comparing with adjacent sandstones, combining with geologic-geochemical evidences of gas seepage in the northeast of the basin, the bleached sandstones are formed in the acid environment and reducing fluids. Characteristics of petrology show that the contents of kaolinite are high and the color of margin of ferric oxide minerals is lighter than that of the center. Major elements of sandstone samples show high contents of Al2O3 and low ratio of Fe3 /Fe2 . The TFe2O3 content of the bleached sandstone is lower than that of red rock. REE data show that bleached sandstones have low ∑REE contents and Eu-depleted and slightly Ce-enriched. Trace elements show that the bleached sandstones enrich in Co, deplete in Sr, and slightly enrich in Zr and Hf which are close to the values for the green alteration sandstones, and slightly lower than ore-bearing sandstones. Geochemical characteristics of oil-bearing sandstone in the northern basin suggest that the oil-shows are formed by matured Carboniferous-Permian coal bed methane escaping to the surface, and natural gas in field could migrate to the north margin of the basin. The δ13C (PDB) andδ18O(PDB) values of calcite cement in the study area range from -11.729‰ to -10.210‰ and -14.104‰ to -12.481‰, respectively. Theδ13C (PDB) values less than -10‰ imply the carbon sources part from organic carbon. Comprehensive study suggests that the gas leakage has occurred in the northeastern basin, which is responsible for bleaching of the sandstone on top of the Yan'an Formation.     

Origin of gray-green sandstone in ore bed of sandstone type uranium deposit in north Ordos Basin

Dongsheng sandstone-type uranium deposit is located in the northern part of Ordos Basin, occurring in the transitional zones between gray-green and gray sandstones of Jurassic Zhiluo Formation. Sandstones in oxidized zone of the ore bed look gray-green, being of unique signature and different from one of ordinary inter-layered oxidation zone of sandstone-type uranium deposits. The character and origin of gray-green sandstones are systematically studied through their petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry. It is pointed out that this color of sandstones is originated from secondary oil-gas reduction processes after paleo-oxidation, being due to acicular-leaf chlorite covering surfaces of the sandstone grains. To find out the origin of gray-green sandstone and recognize paleo-oxidation zones in the ore bed are of not only theoretical significance for understanding metallogenesis of this kind of sandstone-type uranium deposit, but also very importantly practical significance for prospecting for similar kind of sandstone-type uranium deposit.     

Origin of gray-green sandstone in ore bed of sandstone type uranium deposit in north Ordos Basin

Dongsheng sandstone-type uranium deposit is located in the northern part of Ordos Basin, occurring in the transitional zones between gray-green and gray sandstones of Jurassic Zhiluo Formation. Sandstones in oxidized zone of the ore bed look gray-green, being of unique signature and different from one of ordinary inter-layered oxidation zone of sandstone-type uranium deposits. The character and origin of gray-green sandstones are systematically studied through their petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry. It is pointed out that this color of sandstones is originated from secondary oil-gas reduction processes after paleo-oxidation, being due to acicular-leaf chlorite covering surfaces of the sandstone grains. To find out the origin of gray-green sandstone and recognize paleo-oxidation zones in the ore bed are of not only theoretical significance for understanding metallogenesis of this kind of sandstone-type uranium deposit, but also very importantly practical significance for prospecting for similar kind of sandstone-type uranium deposit.     

鄂尔多斯盆地致密油储层启动压力梯度对比分析

为探讨非常规致密砂岩油藏储层启动压力梯度问题,以鄂尔多斯盆地HQ、HS地区长6、长8储层为研究对象,开展启动压力实验,对比分析不同储层的启动压力梯度.研究表明,单相水状态水相、束缚水状态油相,均具有随渗透率降低,拟启动压力梯度、真实启动压力梯度升高的趋势.当渗透率低于0.3×10-3 μm2,拟启动压力梯度、真实启动压...     

黏声介质平面波有限差分叠前深度偏移及在莺歌海盆地的应用

莺琼盆地诸探区中存在底劈现象,深层气源产生的气体沿底劈产生的裂隙通道向上漫溢.漫溢过程中,一是充填在遇到的砂体中形成气藏;二是弥漫在上溢通道中,使得通道中的纵波速度发生变化,进而纵波波阻抗差异变小,反射变弱.另外,通道中气体的存在,会加强地层的吸收衰减,使得地震波振幅变弱、高频成分损失导致同相轴分辨率降低.利用OBC数据进行多波地震勘探和利用黏声介质的叠前深度偏移都是改善模糊区成像质量的重要方法技术.为此,本文提出用黏声介质平面波有限差分法叠前深度偏移成像方法改善气体充填区域的成像质量.黏声介质成像目的是补偿地震波的吸收衰减;平面波偏移成像目的是适应海上单炮数量巨大,提高波动方程叠前深度偏移成像的效率;有限差分法叠前偏移的目的是适应该区浅层气分布局域性极强、Q值的空间变化大的情况.在莺歌海某探区的实际数据上的黏声介质平面波有限差分叠前深度偏移试验证明,本方法是改善模糊区成像质量的较为有效的途径.     

基于扩径校正和新的气敏感因子的杭锦旗致密砂岩气层识别方法

杭锦旗地区十里加汗区带是中石化高度关注的地区,但其下石盒子组和山西组存在储层井眼条件差、储层致密物性差、岩性复杂、地层水矿化度变化较大等问题,导致气水层识别难.分析了前人研究工作存在的问题,提出削弱或排除井眼扩径影响,突出流体贡献,构建流体识别的气敏感因子和综合多种敏感测井参数进行综合识别的思路和方法,并将其应用于十里...     

基于OBS的正演模拟与初至识别研究

在深部壳幔结构研究中,采用OBS接收到深部构造的折射、反射信号并通过层析成像反演地下结构是当前最为有效的方法.初至识别则是层析成像处理OBS资料最重要的工作之一,而基于OBS的正演模拟对于初至的正确识别具有重要的指导作用.本文利用二维声波波动方程实现了基于OBS的数值模拟,获得了水平层状、倾斜模型条件下的OBS共接收点道集.通过研究OBS共接收点道集反射波、折射波在不同地质模型下的规律,对OBS初至识别方法进行总结,并在实际资料处理中加以应用.结果表明,利用OBS共接收点道集的多图对比可以较简便地实现初至识别,其中水平层状地质模型初至必然呈现对称性,而倾斜模型的初至则需要综合考虑反射波、折射波的规律进行判断.     

基于岩石物理转换模型的苏里格致密砂岩储层测井评价与产能预测

苏里格地区致密砂岩储层勘探开发难度很大,测井解释遇到了储层参数计算和产能预测不准确的问题.本文针对这些难点,基于已有的转换模型,推导并验证了T₂-I和T₂-K_r转换模型,提出了采用转换模型应用于测井综合解释和产能预测的方法.基于实验数据设定孔径大于1 μm的孔隙为大孔,中孔孔径在1 μm和0.03 μm之间,小孔孔径为0.03 μm以下.并建立了不同孔径范围模型中关键参数α与核磁参数T_2lm的关系,这为转换模型在测井解释中的应用提供了必要条件.本文在苏里格西区分别应用T₂-I和T₂-K_r转换模型求取含水饱和度和相对渗透率曲线,并进行产能预测,处理结果显示该方法具有很好的应用效果.

     

深度震相sSmS特征及其在震源深度确定中的应用

通过一系列理论地震图模拟,研究了莫霍面超临界反射深度震相sSmS的特征,分析了影响该震相的各种因素。结果表明,SmS和sSmS属于高频波,一般情况下在高频段(1Hz左右)可被清晰地观测到;而在更长周期的地震图上,SmS和sSmS的强度比S波或者S多次波弱,不易辨认;地壳结构复杂地区且震源深度较浅时,sSmS震相也不容易被观测到。本文以2011年6月20日腾冲MS5.2地震为研究实例,利用sSmS深度震相确定其震源深度为6km,与其它方法所得结果一致。在利用深度震相测定震源深度的研究中,sSmS震相可以作为震源深度精确测定的手段之一。     

致密砂岩气储层的岩石物理模型研究

根据鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田以往实测和新测的共17口井51块岩样超声波实验数据,得到304组不同孔隙度和不同含水饱和度下对应的纵横波速度、泊松比等弹性参数.重新优选计算体积模量和泊松比与含气饱和度的关系,表明苏里格气田上古生界二叠系石盒子组盒8致密砂岩储层的模型与Brie模型（e=2）相似度最高.由此建立的苏里格气田储层岩石物理模型,更好的表征了致密岩石储层物理参数随含气饱和度变化规律,为该区储层预测提供了理论依据.致密储层岩石物理模型研究成果应用于苏里格气田多波地震资料气水预测中,实际例子表明该模型适用于该区的储层和含气性预测,并取得了较好的效果.     

鄂尔多斯盆地定北地区致密砂岩储层AVO研究及应用

AVO技术是利用振幅随炮检距(或入射角)变化的规律,求取地下地层的岩性信息.鄂尔多斯盆地是典型克拉通盆地,构造平缓(倾角不到1°),断层不发育,非常适用AVO理论假设反射层为水平层这一基本条件.根据工区的地震地质特征,在AVO分析的基础上,对用钻井地质、测井资料设计的模型进行AVO正演研究,总结了一套在现有地震分辨率条件下的鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界致密砂岩储层AVO响应特征,即:无论砂岩储层是否含气,其底部反射振幅随入射角增加,均会出现从强到弱一极性反转一从弱到强的现象,只是反转的角度有所差异;在梯度剖面上,含气砂岩与不含气砂岩的亮点特征差异小于较大,据此响应特征预测了有利的储集区.