A CONVECTIVE RAINFALL ESTIMATE TECHNIQUE DEVELOPED BY NSMC OF CHINA*

In order to reveal the relation between strong convective cloud characteristics and rainfall rate,over 20000 hourly raingauge data from 333 weather stations and the corresponding 4000 convective cloud infrared images of GMS-4 during the period of 1992-1994 in Henan,Hubei and Sichuan Provinces were studied.The results show that cloud top temperature,temperature gradient,the growth of cloud,overshooting top and the normalized distance between a cloud covering pixels and the cluster center have certain relations to cloud precipitation.These relations can vary with different geographical regions.Based on the study above,a convective rainfall estimation technique was developed by the scientists in National Satellite Meteorological Center of China.Its average error is 30% for daily precipitation with a correlation coefficient of 0.69.     

都江堰短时强降水时空分布统计分析

根据气象观测站逐5 min雨量资料的统计结果,分析了四川都江堰地区短时强降水的时空分布变化特征,结果表明：①都江堰各年1 h雨量极值均出现在较高海拔的地区,且1 h雨量极值在当次降水过程总雨量中所占的比重很高,说明都江堰短时强降水的强度非常集中;②受地形与夜间云顶辐射冷却作用,都江堰短时强降水的夜雨特征突出,且后半夜比前半夜多;③都江堰地区夏季的对流过程一般是沿西北山脉迎风坡生成与发展的,随后对流系统发展到东南平原地区;④都江堰短时强降水主要集中在60～130 min,最长可持续210 min。     

甘肃东南部两次极端致灾暴雨对比分析

为了研究甘肃东南部相同气候背景条件下极端暴雨天气的成因,提高极端暴雨强度和落区预报的准确率,利用NCEP再分析、自动气象站降水、常规观测资料及卫星云图资料,对2013年8月7日和2017年8月7日发生在甘肃东南部两次极端暴雨进行对比分析。结果表明:两次极端暴雨天气过程都伴随着短时强降水等强对流性天气,具有降水量大、雨强强、灾害重的特点,其中冷空气的强度对暴雨落区、空间分布以及影响系统移动以及对流强度产生重要影响。在强冷空气和高空低槽、低层切变线影响下,暴雨区偏南,强降水区域小,持续时间短,不稳定条件更好,对流强度更强;在弱冷空气和高原槽、低层低涡、低空急流作用下,暴雨区偏北,强降水范围大,持续时间长,大气湿层厚度大,低层水汽辐合强度、涡度以及垂直速度更强,降水效率更高,但对流强度相对较弱。卫星云图上,在强冷空气的影响下对流发展旺盛,形成强中尺度对流云团,对流云团呈带状;在弱冷空气作用下对流云团尺度小,发展范围小,有暖云降水特征,降水效率高。     

云物理初始化对一次强对流天气数值预报的影响研究

基于第二代华东快速更新循环同化预报模式系统,针对2015年4月28日华东强对流天气,分析了云初始化对强对流数值预报的作用和影响。有无云初始化试验对比结果表明,在循环系统中使用云初始化,能够显著提高0~6 h的降水预报评分,强降水的位置预报更接近实况。云初始化能较好地改善初始场水凝物的质量分布,提供较准确的相关对流系统的初始信息,改进强对流区域内水凝物的预报效果,有效避免了模式初始阶段的降水滞后现象,缩短了模式由于初始微物理信息缺失引起的“spin-up”时间。而积分6 h以后的结果与无云初始化的结果差别不大。      

强对流降水云团的云图特征分析

对1992～1994年夏季四川、湖北、河南3省333个地面雨量站2万多个雨量观测数据以及与之相应的4千余幅GMS-4红外数字云图资料的分析结果表明，云顶温度、温度梯度、云团的膨胀、穿透性云顶的存在、云体相对于云团中心的偏离量与云的降水强度有着明显的对应关系。在不同的地区，这种对应关系有所不同。     

Variations of Precipitation Structure and Microwave Tbs During the Evolution of a Hailstorm from TRMM Observations

In this paper, a hailstorm occurring on 9 May 1999 in Huanghuai region was studied by using the combined data from the precipitation radar (PR), microwave image (TMI), and visible infrared scanner (VIRS) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. According to the 3-orbit observations of 5-h duration from the TRMM satellite, the variation characteristics of the precipitation structures as well as cloud top temperature and microwave signals of the precipitating cloud were comprehensively analyzed during the evolution of hailstorm. The results show that the precipitation is obviously converted from early hail cloud with strong convection into the later storm cloud with weak convection. For hail cloud, there exists some strong convective cells, and the heavy solid precipitation is shown at the middle-top levels so that the contribution of rainfall amount above the freezing-layer to the column precipitation amount is rather larger than that within the melting-layer. However, for storm cloud, the convective cells are surrounded by the large area of stratiform precipitation, and the precipitation thickness gradually decreases, and the rainfall above the freezing-layer obviously reduces and the contribution of rainfall amount within the melting-layer rapidly increases. Therefore, the larger ratio of rainfall amount above the freezing layer to column precipitation amount is, the more convective the cloud is; reversely, the larger proportion of rainfall below the melting layer is, the more stable the stratiform cloud is. The different changing trends of microwave signals at different precipitation stages show that it is better to consider the structures and stages of precipitating cloud to choose the optimal microwave channels to retrieve surface rainfall.     

华南前汛期锋面对流系统与暖区对流系统的个例分析与对比研究

在2005年6月20日的一次华南暴雨过程中,影响两广地区局地强降水的两个主要的中尺度对流系统(MCS)在性质上有很大不同,初步分析断定,影响广西局地强降水的MCS1为锋面云团,而影响广东局地强降水的MCS2为暖性云团.通过对二者进行对流强度、维持机制以及湿位涡结构的比较分析发现,锋面对流系统MCS1与暖区对流系统MCS2的对流上升速度都很大.引起的局地降水量也相差不多.由于二者存在水汽条件的差异,因此不能排除微小差异主要足由水汽条件直接导致的,无法就此得出它们的对流强度强弱的比较结果;同时,对二者成熟阶段维持机制的对比分析得到,具有锋面特征的MCS1,中高层有很强的偏北气流进入,在对流区是以对流对称不稳定机制来维持对流运动的;而具有非锋面结构的MCS2由于没有偏北气流的进入,加上水汽条件充沛,主要由湿对流不稳定机制来维持对流运动.另外,湿位涡(MPV)结构的对比分析中得到如F结论:在VMP的结构上,二者均表现出中低层潜在对称不稳定结构特征;在VMP1的结构上,锋面对流系统MCS1表现出南北气流相瓦作用的特征,而暖区对流系统MCS2表现出高低空气流相互作用的特征;最后,在VMP2的结构上,MCS1反映了对流区南北两侧高低空急流的作用,而MCS2则反映了对流区内中高层干冷空气下滑的作用.     

2004年初夏一次云南暴雨过程的中尺度系统及其水汽特征分析研究

利用NCEP再分析资料、地面加密降水资料和风云-2卫星红外云图,对2004年云南初夏的一次强降水过程的大尺度环流背景、中尺度系统和水汽输送特征及来源情况进行了较为详尽的分析研究。结果表明:(1) 高低空环流的有利配置、印缅槽与东亚冷槽的相互作用,为此次云南地区暴雨的产生提供了有利条件;(2) 暴雨至少与四个连续生消的对流云团活动直接相关,强降水落区与云南的地形特征相关不大,只与低层辐合线有很好的一致性,而辐合线的发展演变与冷暖空气的势力对比相关;(3) 对降水区三维结构的分析表明,中尺度对流系统强烈发展区的低层为强辐合、正相对涡度,高层为辐散、负相对涡度;中低层有较强的上升运动,低层湿度较大、有不稳定能量的蓄积和释放;(4) 对云南水汽输送分析表明,直接影响此次云南强降水的水汽输送主要来源于孟加拉湾,并且引起此次云南强降水的水汽辐合是由风场辐合引起的,而水汽平流在这一地区为弱的干平流;同时,在较强的西南气流下,水汽辐合可存在于较高的气压层。      

2005年6月华南致洪暴雨过程中FY-2C卫星TBB场分析

利用水平分辨率1°×1°经纬度的FY-2C卫星相当黑体亮度温度（TBB）网格资料，探讨了2005年6月18—22日华南致洪暴雨过程中TBB的平均场分布特征及其演变特点，以求得华南地区对流云带（团）生消与暴雨的内在联系。结果表明：TBB场能较直观地反映暴雨过程中积云对流活动、降水的分布和强度特征，TBB低值带与华南地区强暴雨落区有很好的对应关系；强盛的西南季风对华南地区强对流云系的生成、发展和维持起了主导作用；对流云带（团）以缓慢东移为主，随着云带（团）TBB值降低，降水强度逐渐加大；TBB有明显的日变化，同时伴随着雨强的日变化。     

台风麦莎与赤道穿透对流云团的初步比较分析

利用TRMM卫星的测雨雷达、微波成像仪、可见光和红外扫描仪资料详细分析比较了麦莎台风和位于南海南部的赤道穿透对流云团(EPCC)的云高以及降水结构特征.首先,对热带地区对流层到平流层的过渡带(TTL)以及进入TTL的穿透对流云团进行了阐述和定义.然后,分析对比了赤道穿透对流云团和台风麦莎不同生命史阶段的云高、降水结构特征,分析对比结果表明:(1)在强降水区:麦莎台风和EPCC的云顶上部均出现了冰粒子散射现象,但EPCC的散射强度强,微波亮温值均低于180 K,并且其雷达云高和红外云顶亮温云高相差较大、云顶亮温曲线平缓.(2)EPCC的深对流数量四分比、穿透对流数量百分比、尤其是穿透对流数量占深对流数量比,都比麦莎台风各阶段的高;在麦莎台风和EPCC(10-20 km)云体中大部分云高集中在10-12 km,但EPCC(10-20 km)的云高谱相对具有连续性、相对较宽.(3)麦莎台风以层云降水为主,对总降水量的贡献中也是从云降水贡献大,但是EPCC中却是对流性降水的贡献大,且EPCC对流降水与层云降水的像素数量比值和降水量比值也比麦莎台风的3个时次都高.(4)EPCC的降水廓线深度无论是从云降水还是对流降水都比麦莎台风深,层云廓线深度达11 km,对流廓线深度达18 km.另外,从EPCC的穿透对流数量百分比比麦莎台风多,层云、对流降水廓线比麦莎台风深这几方面,一定程度上说明了EPCC的局部垂直对流强度比麦莎台风强.     

A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE CLOUD CLUSTERS IN TYPHOONS AND MESOSCALE HEAVY RAINS

1INTRODUCTIONHeavyrainsassociatedwithtyphoonsareoneoftheimportantmeteorologicaldisastersintheFujianProvince,whichbringsaboutgreaterdamageinshort-lived,severeprecipitation.Muchdocumentationhasbeenreportedonthestudyofthemesoscaleconvectionsystemsandmesoscaleconvectivecomplex(MCC)andassociatedprecipitation[1-3].UsinglandfallcasesoftropicalcyclonesFrankie(No.9607),Gloria(No.9608),Joy(No.9610),Winnie(No.9714)andanunnamedtyphoon(No.9802)andhourlyinfraredcloudimagery,thecurrentworkstudiesth…     

TRMM卫星对青藏高原东坡一次大暴雨强降水结构的研究

利用热带测雨卫星（TRMM）探测资料,NCEP、ERA-Interim再分析资料,结合C波段多普勒雷达和其他地面观测资料,研究了2013年7月21日发生在青藏高原东坡的一次大暴雨强降水结构。结果表明,高能、高湿的不稳定大气在700 hPa切变线及地面辐合线的触发下产生了此次大暴雨,降水具有明显的强对流性质。从水平结构来看,降水系统由成片的层云雨团中分散分布的多个对流性雨团组成,对流样本数远少于层云,但平均雨强是层云的4.7倍,对总降水的贡献达到25.6%;以超过10 mm/h雨强为强度标准,3个20-50 km、回波强度在45-50 dBz的β中尺度对流雨团零散地分布在主雨带中,对应 < 210 K的微波辐射亮温区和≥ 32 mm/h的地面强降水;对流降水的雨强谱集中在1-50 mm/h,其中20-30 mm/h的雨强对总雨强的贡献最大,这与中国东部降水有着显著区别,而90%的层云降水的雨强均小于10 mm/h。从垂直结构来看,对流降水云呈柱状自地面伸展,平均雨顶高度随地面雨强的增强而不断升高（5-12 km）,强降水中心区域的质心在2-6 km;降水廓线反映出强降水系统中降水主要集中在6 km以下高度范围,且降水强度在垂直方向分布不均匀,对流降水和层云降水的强度随高度升高的总趋势是趋于减弱,但在一定高度范围内,对流降水强度随高度升高而增大,并且在多个地表雨强廓线中都有体现。此外,地基雷达的探测结果也表明了强降水的低质心特点及显著的逆风区演变特征,这是对TRMM PR探测的验证和补充。      

Convective and Stratiform Cloud Rainfall Estimation from Geostationary Satellite Data

The Bayes Decision (BD) method was used to distinguish the corrective and stratiform components of cloud sys-tems from GMS-4 satellite data. A technique originally developed by Adler and Negri (1988, hereafter abbreviated AN) was improved for estimating the convective and stratiform cloud precipitation areas and rates of cloud systems from GMS satellite imagery. It has been applied to a tropical cyclonic cloud cluster observed over east coast area of China on September 23, 1992, which brought about flood disaster in that region. Overlaid 6-hour surface rainfall ob-servations show that the rainfall areas and amounts match with results from improved AN technique. The successful application of the Adler and Negri’s technique to convective and stratiform clouds provides encouragement for the use of this method over large region of mid-latitude China where radar data are not fully covered.     

“2004.7”沙澧河流域特大暴雨成因分析

应用常规、加密气象资料及卫星云图,分析了2004年7月16～17日沙澧河流域特大暴雨成因.结果表明：高、低空急流耦合区中西南低涡及MCC特征云团的形成和维持是造成此次特大暴雨的直接影响系统.提出利用逐时的中尺度辐合中心、卫星红外云图云顶亮温及雷达回波降水率做中尺度雨团量级预测思路.     

利用FY-3A卫星云图对一次暴雨过程的特征云参数分析

利用FY-3A卫星MERSI资料,结合高空常规观测、地面雨量资料,对2009年6月28日湖北梅雨期暴雨过程的卫星云图和特征云参数进行综合分析。结果表明：楔状云（V型云）是强对流产生的标志,楔尖是云顶最冷、云顶温度梯度最陡之处;短时强降水通常发生在上升运动剧烈的位置,即在高分辨率的可见光图像上可清晰识别出上冲云顶、纹理及暗影等强对流云特有结构的区域;利用模糊C均值聚类方法得到的自动化云分类结果显示,此次强对流云主体被划分为“积雨云”类,其平均隶属度系数达0．81;地面小时雨量与云顶黑体亮温呈负相关,而与云光学厚度、云粒子有效半径呈正相关。     

High-resolution Simulation of an Extreme Heavy Rainfall Event in Shanghai Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model: Sensitivity to Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterization

In this study,an extreme rainfall event that occurred on 25 May 2018 over Shanghai and its nearby area was simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model,with a focus on the effects of planetary boundary layer(PBL)physics using double nesting with large grid ratios(15:1 and 9:1).The sensitivity of the precipitation forecast was examined through three PBL schemes:the Yonsei University Scheme,the Mellor?Yamada?Nakanishi Niino Level 2.5(MYNN)scheme,and the Mellor?Yamada?Janjic scheme.The PBL effects on boundary layer structures,convective thermodynamic and large-scale forcings were investigated to explain the model differences in extreme rainfall distributions and hourly variations.The results indicated that in single coarser grids(15 km and 9 km),the extreme rainfall amount was largely underestimated with all three PBL schemes.In the inner 1-km grid,the underestimated intensity was improved;however,using the MYNN scheme for the 1-km grid domain with explicitly resolved convection and nested within the 9-km grid using the Kain?Fritsch cumulus scheme,significant advantages over the other PBL schemes are revealed in predicting the extreme rainfall distribution and the time of primary peak rainfall.MYNN,with the weakest vertical mixing,produced the shallowest and most humid inversion layer with the lowest lifting condensation level,but stronger wind fields and upward motions from the top of the boundary layer to upper levels.These factors all facilitate the development of deep convection and moisture transport for intense precipitation,and result in its most realistic prediction of the primary rainfall peak.     

湖北一次大暴雨过程两个强降水时段的诊断分析与数值模拟

根据NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、常规观测和加密观测站资料以及FY-2C TBB资料,对2008年8月28-30日湖北暴雨过程两个强降水时段的大尺度环流背景和中尺度对流系统进行诊断分析。在此基础上,利用中尺度数值模式WRF的模拟结果对影响大暴雨过程两个强降水时段的中尺度对流系统和其他物理量场深入分析。结果表明：湖北大暴雨过程存在明显的两个降水增强阶段,它们发生与结束的时间近乎一致,并且第二阶段的强降水要比第一阶段强度更大;强降水第一阶段是由低涡切变与地面暖湿气流影响造成的,强降水第二阶段是由低涡切变、中低纬短波槽和地面冷空气共同影响造成的。两个强降水时段逐小时的降水与云团特征表明,雨团与云团的活动规律一致,其增幅均出现在晚上到凌晨时段。同时表明,β中尺度对流云团与此次暴雨过程关系密切;暖切变线自南向北影响第一时段降水增幅,西南涡中伸展出的冷切变线自西向东影响第二时段降水增幅,模式结果表明由冷切变线引起的第二时段降水增幅更大;两个强降水时段雨区上空均有较强的能量,强的水汽通量辐合贯穿整个降水过程,地面降水中心与其上空湿位涡大值中心有较好的对应关系。     

A Diagnostic Case Study on the Comparison Between the Frontal and Non-Frontal Convective Systems

Two major mesoscale convective clusters of different characters occurred during the heavy rainfall event in Guangxi Region and Guangdong Province on 20 June 2005,and they are preliminarily identified as a frontal mesoscale convective system(MCS1;a frontal cloud cluster) and a non-frontal MCS(MCS2;a warm sector cloud cluster).Comparative analyses on their convective intensity,maintenance mechanism, and moist potential vorticity(MPV) structure were further performed.The convective intensity analysis sugges...     

Surface rainfall and cloud budgets associated with mei-yu torrential rainfall over eastern China during June 2011

Surface rainfall and cloud budgets associated with three heavy rainfall events that occurred over eastern China during the mei-yu season in June 2011 were analyzed using 2D cumulus ensemble model simulation data.Model domain mean rainfall showed three peaks in response to three prescribed ascending motion maxima,primarily through the mean moisture convergence during the torrential rainfall period.Prescribed ascending motion throughout the troposphere produced strong convective rainfall during the first （9 June） and third （17-18 June） rainfall events,whereas strong prescribed ascending motion in the mid and upper troposphere and weak subsidence near the surface generated equally important stratiform and convective rainfall during the second rainfall event （14 June）.The analysis of surface rainfall budgets reveals that convective rainfall was associated with atmospheric drying during the first event and moisture convergence during the third event.Both stratiform and convective rainfall responded primarily to moisture convergence during the second event.An analysis of grid data shows that the first and third mean rainfall maxima had smaller horizontal scales of the precipitation system than the second.     

2005年8月16日天津大暴雨成因分析

运用FY-2C卫星资料和由NCEP/NCAR再分析资料计算的多种物理量场,初步分析了2005年8月16日天津大暴雨的成因：此次大暴雨发生在低槽冷锋前部,对流层中层低槽和副热带高压的维持、对流层低层切变线的出现、近地面层冷空气的扩散侵入、对流层中低层强盛的不稳定能量以及充沛而又深厚的水汽等天气条件的有效合理配置,造就了这次历史罕见的大暴雨。降水显著的中尺度特性与中尺度云团相对应。同时,对比分析了15日发生在河北东北部、京津地区的另一个降水较弱、对流天气强的对流云团,结果显示它们形成发展中存在差异,为今后两类天气的预报提供了一些线索。