南秦岭西乡群孙家河组火山岩形成构造背景及其大地构造意义的讨论

西乡群孙家河组火山岩形成于晚泥盆-早石炭世,组内火山熔岩主要为一套亚碱性玄武岩和安山岩,具有高Ba及显著的Nb、Ta亏损,其Th/Yb、Ta/Yb、Th/Ta、Nb/La和Ti/Zr、Ti/Y等不活动痕量元素组合指示其形成于大陆边缘弧(活动陆缘)环境.这套火山岩在区域上可能与勉略带相联,指示南秦岭泥盆-石炭纪期间一个古洋盆的存在和发育.     

青海鄂拉山地区陆相火山岩地球化学特征及构造环境

鄂拉山岩浆岩带晚三叠世火山岩为中-中酸性火山岩组合,由玄武安山岩、安山岩、英安岩、流纹岩及少量火山碎屑岩等组成,岩石蚀变强烈,成层性差,柱状节理发育,具典型的陆相喷发特点.火山岩属铝饱和类型,里特曼指数(δ)及岩石学等显示具钙碱性特征, (FeO/MgO)、K2 O/Na2O显示可能具有陆缘岛弧环境的特性;轻稀土元素分馏程度高且富集,δEu小于1,为弱负异常,稀土元素配分模式曲线与岛弧型稀土元素配分模式图相似;微量元素Rb、Ba、Th等元素明显富集,而Ti、Y、Yb、Sc、Cr等元素较亏损.Nb/Zr、La/Nb、Th/Ta、Th×Ta/Hf2等特征反映鄂拉山组火山岩产于陆缘火山弧环境.结合区域地质背景、岩石地球化学及构造环境等特征,认为鄂拉山地区晚三叠世火山岩产于大陆碰撞与陆缘弧并存的环境.     

新疆乌什塔拉地区晚泥盆世火山岩地球化学特征及构造意义

乌什塔拉地区晚泥盆世火山岩产于破城子组中下段,位于南天山造山带中部,主要由一套酸性火山岩和中性火山岩-沉积岩组成;岩性主要为英安斑岩、流纹斑岩及少量安山岩,呈北西向展布。对岩石地球化学研究,表明破城子组火山岩属钙碱性准铝-过铝质系列;富集轻稀土元素,相对亏损重稀土元素,具有弱的Eu(平均为0.68)负异常;大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Th等)明显富集,高场强元素相对亏损,具有明显的Ba、Nb、Ta、P、Ti负异常,且Th/Ta(9.04~14.37)值较高,Ta/Yb(0.27~0.69)值较低,暗示其具有陆缘岛弧火山岩的特征。87 Sr/86 Sr为0.713 14~0.725 07,比值较高,反映岩浆演化过程中有地壳物质的混染。结合南天山造山带的构造演化特征,认为晚泥盆世破城子组火山岩形成于活动大陆边缘环境。     

南秦岭勉略构造带中堂沟火山岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

通过对分布于勉略构造带中段三岔子西侧中堂沟地区的火山岩进行详实的野外地质剖面调查,发现其为一套绿片岩相浅变质火山岩,岩石组合以变安山岩为主,含有少量的变玄武岩和变英安岩,主体为钙碱性系列。岩石地球化学研究表明3类岩石均具有轻稀土富集型稀土配分曲线,并显示弱的Eu负异常;微量元素方面,岩石普遍富集大离子亲石元素Cs、Rb、Ba,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta,相对亏损P、Ti,不活动微量元素Zr、Hf、Tb、Y等既无明显的相对亏损也无显著的相对富集。在La-La/Nb、Nb-Nb/Th和La/Yb-Sc/Ni等环境判别图解中,变玄武岩和变安山岩样品点均落在岛弧火山岩范围内,并结合其岩石组合特征指示该套火山岩应形成于大陆边缘弧(活动陆缘)环境。其中变玄武岩和变安山岩岩浆起源于楔形地幔的部分熔融,且有陆壳物质的参与;变英安岩的形成则与壳源物质的部分熔融有关。     

新疆伊犁北部石炭纪火山岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

石炭纪火山岩广泛分布于西天山伊犁陆块周缘,其岩性复杂,并大多与陆源碎屑岩伴生或互层。其中伊宁阿希、尼勒克和那拉提3个剖面的火山岩岩石地球化学特征显示,这些火山岩属于钙碱性系列,由玄武岩、粗玄岩、玄武质安山岩、玄武质粗面安山岩、安山岩、流纹岩、英安岩和粗面岩组成。稀土元素含量较高,轻稀土元素较重稀土元素富集。这些火山岩亏损高场强元素Nb,Ta,Zr等,而富集大离子亲石元素Th,Rb等,因而这些岩石的形成与板块俯冲有关。微量元素地球化学图解进一步表明,这些岩石形成于大陆岛弧环境。与之共生的早、中石炭世浅海—滨海相沉积地层以及伊犁陆块北缘巴音沟—莫托沙拉沟晚泥盆世—早石炭世蛇绿岩带的存在,表明伊犁陆块北缘在石炭纪时其环境为活动大陆边缘,石炭纪火山岩的形成可能与晚泥盆世—中石炭世早期北天山洋盆向南的俯冲作用有关。     

南秦岭柞水地区小磨岭杂岩基性岩类的地球化学特征及其地质意义

小磨岭杂岩主要由基性、中性和后期侵入的酸性岩类组成。基性岩类主要由变质玄武岩和辉绿岩组成,二者具有类似的元素地球化学特征,稀土元素配分曲线显示轻稀土元素富集的特征：MORB标准化的微量元素蛛网图显示“大隆起”型的配分形式,具有轻微Nb、Ta亏损及富集大离子亲石元素的特点．La／Nb、Th／Yb及Hf/Ta比值特征揭示岩浆源区受到陆壳混染作用的影响,显示板内伸展背景下幔源岩浆成因的特点。另外,相对高的Zr／Y、Ta／Yb和低Zr／Nb比值亦指示板内岩浆作用的特点。综合地质、地球化学研究结果认为,小磨岭杂岩中的基性岩形成于板内构造环境,在岩浆演化过程中受到了陆壳物质的混染,是南秦岭新元古代末陆内扩张背景下岩浆作用的产物。     

东天山阿奇山组火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄地球化学特征及意义

对东天山觉罗塔格构造带阿奇山组火山岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,获得谐和年龄为(331.8±3.4)Ma(MSWD=1.2),形成于早石炭世。岩石地球化学特征显示,阿奇山火山岩主体为钙碱性系列岩石,稀土元素分布图呈右倾模式,(La/Yb)N值为(2.64~3.70)、Eu负异常(δEu=0.78~0.95)。在微量元素蛛网图上,富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素(Ta,Nb,Ti),具较高Ta/Yb、Th/Ta比值,表明其为陆壳基底的岛弧环境。通过横向对比,认为阿奇山组火山岩与雅满苏组火山岩具同源岩浆演化特征,形成于活动大陆边缘陆缘弧环境。     

东天山卡拉塔格石炭纪安山岩地球化学、年代学研究及地质意义

通过对东天山卡拉塔格石炭纪安山岩进行详细岩石学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Lu-Hf同位素研究,精确厘定了该火山岩成岩时代,探讨了岩浆来源及构造背景,进一步约束了古亚洲洋闭合时限。卡拉塔格石炭纪地层为一套火山碎屑岩夹火山岩,其中火山岩以安山岩为主。对安山岩进行LA-ICP MS锆石U-Pb测年,获得年龄（309.0±3.3）Ma为晚石炭世。岩石地球化学特征显示,安山岩为钠质、过铝质、钙碱性系列;稀土元素富集LREE,(La/Yb)N为3.10～4.13,δEu呈弱的负异常;微量元素Zr/Yb(6.78～8.76)、Hf/Yb(1.47～1.83)、Zr/Nb(32.06～34.60)的值均接近于岛弧安山岩;元素蛛网图上具富集大离子亲石元素Rb,Ba,U,K等,亏损Nb,Ta,Ti特征,表明其形成于岛弧环境。样品εHf(t)变化范围较大为-13.1～+14.8,且具高Sr,Yb和Y含量,低Sr/Y值,Ba/La>13,表明安山岩源区以俯冲流体交代的地幔楔部分熔融为主。     

西天山乌孙山地区大哈拉军山组火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造环境

西天山乌孙山地区大哈拉军山组由玄武岩、安山岩、英安岩、流纹岩及相应的火山碎屑岩组成,安山岩和流纹岩分布最广。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,火山活动喷发的安山岩与安山质晶屑凝灰熔岩分别形成于353.9Ma±6.5Ma和356.3Ma±4.4Ma,属于早石炭世早期。通过区域对比,西天山大哈拉军山组的火山岩浆作用显示从伊犁中天山板块南北缘向伊犁盆地内部逐渐变年轻的特点,且火山岩喷发时代差别不大(约40Ma)。岩石地球化学研究表明,火山岩属钙碱性系列,富集轻稀土元素,相对亏损重稀土元素。中性火山岩富集大离子亲石元素(如Cs、Rb、Th、U),而相对亏损高场强元素,具有明显的Nb、Ta、Ti负异常,显示出岛弧火山岩的特征;酸性火山岩相对富集Rb、Th、U、Ta等元素,具有明显的Ba、Sr、P、Eu、Ti等元素的负异常。综合伊犁-中天山板块南缘的构造演化特征,认为大哈拉军山组形成于活动大陆边缘环境,产在板块俯冲-碰撞的最后阶段。     

南秦岭勉县─略阳结合带蛇绿岩与岛弧火山岩地球化学及其大地构造意义

南秦岭勉县-略阳结合带中超基性岩类主要为方辉橄榄岩和纯橄榄岩,稀土特征为轻稀土亏损,铕富集型;辉绿岩均为轻稀土富集型。变质火山岩可区分为两种组合：一为轻稀土亏损的洋脊拉斑玄武岩,其Ti／V．Th／Ta、Th／Yb、Ta／Yb表明其为MORB型玄武岩,代表本区消失了的洋壳岩石,指示本区晚古生代一早中生代期间的一个古洋盆。另一类为岛弧火山岩组合,除岛弧拉斑玄武岩外,甚至还有大量中、酸性岛弧火山岩,它们并非洋壳的物质组成,而是大陆弧岩浆活动的产物。这表明勉略洋盆在晚古生代-早中生代期间曾经经历过一个较完整的有限洋盆的发生、发展与消亡过程,这期间秦岭已成为一独立的岩石圈微板块,其南缘具有活动大陆边缘的构造属性,秦岭并非华北与扬子陆块之间的简单碰撞产物。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.