Dynamic analysis of offshore wind turbine in clay considering soil–monopile–tower interaction

A comprehensive study is performed on the dynamic behavior of offshore wind turbine (OWT) structure supported on monopile foundation in clay. The system is modeled using a beam on nonlinear Winkler foundation model. Soil resistance is modeled using American Petroleum Institute based cyclic p–y and t–z curves. Dynamic analysis is carried out in time domain using finite element method considering wind and wave loads. Several parameters, such as soil–monopile–tower interaction, rotor and wave frequencies, wind and wave loading parameters, and length, diameter and thickness of monopile affecting the dynamic characteristics of OWT system and the responses are investigated. The study shows soil–monopile–tower interaction increases response of tower and monopile. Soil nonlinearity increases the system response at higher wind speed. Rotor frequency is found to have dominant role than blade passing frequency and wave frequency. Magnitude of wave load is important for design rather than resonance from wave frequency.     

THE THEORY OF RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF FUZZY STOCHASTIC DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS WITH A SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM

Most real-life structural/mechanical systems have complex geometrical and material properties and operate under complex fuzzy environmental conditions. These systems are certainly subjected to fuzzy random excitations induced by the environment. For an analytical treatment of such a system subjected to fuzzy random excitations, it becomes necessary to establish the general theory of dynamic response of a system to fuzzy random excitations. In this paper, the theory of response, fuzzy mean response and fuzzy covariance response of a single-degree-of-freedom (sdf) system to fuzzy random excitations in the time domain and frequency domain is put forward. The theory of response analysis of an sdf system to both stationary and non-stationary fuzzy random excitations in the time domain and frequency domain is established. Two examples are considered in order to demonstrate the rationality and validity of the theory, and the models of stationary filtered white noise and non-stationary filtered white noise fuzzy stochastic processes of the earthquake ground motion are set up. Methods of analysis for fuzzy random seismic response of sdf systems are put forward using the principles of response analysis of an sdf fuzzy random dynamic system.     

RANDOM SEISMIC RESPONSES OF MULTI-SUPPORT STRUCTURES IN EVOLUTIONARY INHOMOGENEOUS RANDOM FIELDS

An efficient approach is proposed for analysing the non-stationary random responses of complex structures located in an evolutionary inhomogeneous stochastic field. The approach is a kind of complete CQC method because the cross-correlation terms both between the participant modes and between the ground joint excitations are included in the response calculations. The effect of the loss of coherency between ground joints is also taken into account. For non-proportionally damped structures with many degrees of freedom, the order of the equations of motion can be reduced by using only real modes while structural non-stationary random responses can still be computed conveniently and accurately. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑桩-弹性地基相互作用的单桩风机自振频率

考虑桩-弹性地基相互作用,采用集中质量法和柔度法对泥面线以上的单桩风机结构进行多自由度动力分析,确定单桩风机的自振频率。通过算例给出单桩风机的自振频率值,并与不考虑桩-弹性地基相互作用的单桩风机的自振频率值进行比较。     

Non-stationary random vibrations of a shear beam under high frequency seismic effects

Band-limited, non-stationary random vibrations of a shear beam are studied in order to investigate high frequency seismic effects on building structures. A solution for the evolutionary spectral density of the shear beam response to a time segment of band-limited white noise is given in a closed form. The root mean square (rms) and peak response of the shear beam are studied for two characteristic frequency bands: the conventional 1–4 Hz and higher frequency 4–16 Hz, characteristic for rockburst ground motion. Applying the criterion of equal excitation intensity with constant rms velocity, both responses are analyzed in detail and compared. The “switching off” fundamental mode for high frequency excitations results in characteristic overshoot of the stationary response level by the non-stationary rms response and an amplification of the response in the upper part of the shear beam.     

考虑离心刚化效应的旋转风力机叶片动力特性分析

风机叶片的动力特性直接影响到风力发电机组整体的动力特性,对旋转叶片动力特性的研究是必要的。叶片在旋转过程中由于重力和离心力的作用,将会产生离心刚化效应,从而改变叶片自身的动力特性。基于空间面的概念,本文应用有限元理论计算了随时间和转速二维坐标变化的叶片节点轴力面和叶片的前三阶自振频率面,同时引入刚化系数的概念,定量地描述了叶片的刚化程度,并给出了频率修正公式,结果分析表明本文采用的方法可以模拟旋转叶片产生离心刚化效应后的动力特性,更准确地反映叶片的实际动力特性。     

圆球减振装置对风力发电高塔的振动控制研究

本文提出了圆球减振装置对风力发电高塔振动控制的工作原理和计算方法,并对其控制效果进行了理论研究。首先利用拉格朗日方程推导得到圆球减振装置的自振频率及其对单自由度系统的被动控制力,并推广至多自由度系统。进而将风力发电高塔等效为集中质点模型,建立了风塔-减振装置体系的运动微分方程。用谐波叠加法模拟得到脉动风速时程,分析比较了风力发电高塔在无控及有控状态下的动力响应及疲劳寿命。计算结果表明,圆球减振装置是一种简单、经济和实用的减振装置,能够有效减小风塔的动力响应,延长其疲劳寿命。     

Vertical earthquake response of megawatt‐sized wind turbine with soil‐structure interaction effects

The dynamic response of a wind turbine on monopile is studied under horizontal and vertical earthquake excitations. The analyses are carried out using the finite element program SAP2000. The finite element model of the structure is verified against the results of shake table tests, and the earthquake response of the soil model is verified against analytical solutions of the steady‐state response of homogeneous strata. The focus of the analyses in this paper is the vertical earthquake response of wind turbines including the soil‐structure interaction effects. The analyses are carried out for both a non‐homogeneous stratum and a deep soil using the three‐step method. In addition, a procedure is implemented which allows one to perform coupled soil‐structure interaction analyses by properly tuning the damping in the tower structure. The analyses show amplification of the ground surface acceleration to the top of the tower by a factor of two. These accelerations are capable of causing damage in the turbine and the tower structure, or malfunctioning of the turbine after the earthquake; therefore, vertical earthquake excitation is considered a potential critical loading in design of wind turbines even in low‐to‐moderate seismic areas. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Shaking table test and numerical analysis of offshore wind turbine tower systems controlled by TLCD

A wind turbine system equipped with a tuned liquid column damper(TLCD) is comprehensively studied via shaking table tests using a 1/13-scaled model. The effects of wind and wave actions are considered by inputting responseequivalent accelerations on the shaking table. The test results show that the control effect of the TLCD system is significant in reducing the responses under both wind-wave equivalent loads and ground motions, but obviously varies for different inputs. Further, a blade-hub-tower integrated numerical model for the wind turbine system is established. The model is capable of considering the rotational effect of blades by combining Kane’s equation with the finite element method. The responses of the wind tower equipped with TLCD devices are numerically obtained and compared to the test results, showing that under both controlled and uncontrolled conditions with and without blades’ rotation, the corresponding responses exhibit good agreement. This demonstrates that the proposed numerical model performs well in capturing the wind-wave coupled response of the offshore wind turbine systems under control. Both numerical and experimental results show that the TLCD system can significantly reduce the structural response and thus improve the safety and serviceability of the offshore wind turbine tower systems. Additional issues that require further study are discussed.     

Statistical moment-based structural damage detection method in time domain

A novel structural damage detection method with a new damage index,i.e.,the statistical moment-based damage detection(SMBDD) method in the frequency domain,has been recently proposed.The aim of this study is to extend the SMBDD method in the frequency domain to the time domain for building structures subjected to non-Gaussian and non-stationary excitations.The applicability and effectiveness of the SMBDD method in the time domainis verified both numerically and experimentally.Shear buildings with various damage scenarios are first numerically investigated in the time domain taking into account the effect of measurement noise.The applicability of the proposed method in the time domain to building structures subjected to non-Gaussian and non-stationary excitations is then experimentally investigated through a series of shaking table tests,in which two three-story shear building models with four damage scenarios aretested.The identified damage locations and severities are then compared with the preset values.The comparative results are found to be satisfactory,and the SMBDD method is shown to be feasible and effective for building structures subjected to non-Gaussian and non-stationary excitations.     

Random vibration of nonlinear structures with stiffness and strength deterioration by modified tail equivalent linearization method

In this research the tail equivalent linearization method(TELM) has been extended to study structures with degrading materials. The responses of such structures to excitations are non-stationary, even if the excitations are stationary. Non-stationary behavior of the system cannot be considered by conventional TELM. Applying the conventional TELM, the only distinction in the design point excitation for two stationary excitations with different durations is in the addition of a zero value part at the beginning of the design point of the longer excitation. This means that the failure probability is the same for the non-stationary systems under excitations with different durations. Therefore, this solution cannot be correct. In this study, in using TELM for systems with degrading materials, hysteretic energy is replaced by average hysteretic energy, calculated by averaging the obtained hysteretic energy of the structure subjected to a few random sample load realization. In this way, the degradation parameters under design point coincide with those under sample load realizations. Since the average of the hysteretic energy is converges very fast, the modified TELM only requires about tens to hundreds solutions of the response in addition to the ordinary calculations of conventional TELM.     

Contribution of tuned liquid column gas dampers to the performance of offshore wind turbines under wind,wave, and seismic excitations

The main intention of the present study is to reduce wind, wave, and seismic induced vibrations of jackettype offshore wind turbines (JOWTs) through a newly developed vibration absorber, called tuned liquid column gas damper (TLCGD). Using a Simulink-based model, an analytical model is developed to simulate global behavior of JOWTs under different dynamic excitations. The study is followed by a parametric study to explore efficiency of the TLCGD in terms of nacelle acceleration reduction under wind, wave, and earthquake loads. Study results indicate that optimum frequency of the TLCGD is rather insensitive to excitation type. In addition, while the gain in vibration control from TLCGDs with higher mass ratios is generally more pronounced, heavy TLCGDs are more sensitive to their tuned frequency such that ill-regulated TLCGD with high mass ratio can lead to destructive results. It is revealed that a well regulated TLCGD has noticeable contribution to the dynamic response of the JOWT under any excitation.     

运行状态下海上单桩风机系统自振频率分析

系统自振频率限制是海上风机结构设计中的一个关键因素。运行状态下风机动力荷载会引起基础的水平侧移,较大的水平侧移会导致基础刚度的降低,进一步影响风机系统的自振频率。该文基于有限元软件ABAQUS平台,建立单桩式海上风机结构系统的自振频率数值模型,并讨论运行状态下基础水平侧移对大直径海上风机系统自振频率的影响。模型中考虑了塔筒的变截面特性;桩-土相互作用通过p-y曲线方法模拟;桩和塔采用梁单元模拟;通过Pushover分析汇总出水平侧移引起的桩顶水平刚度。研究结果表明:桩基侧向位移会降低风机结构体系的自振频率;桩基侧向位移对基频的影响较小,对高阶频率的影响显著;大直径海上风机的频率计算中可忽略风机运行状态对体系自振频率的影响。     

基于新《电力设施抗震设计规范》的地震动随机模型参数研究

根据新《电力设施抗震设计规范》(GB50260-2013)对随机地震动功率谱参数的取值进行分析。介绍新《电力设施抗震设计规范》中设计反应谱,推导设计谱到功率谱的转换过程。选取常用的Clough-Penzien修正过滤白噪声模型作为拟合函数,通过功率谱参数拟合,得到不同场地类别、不同抗震设防烈度下的地震动模型参数。该研究成果可为电力工程抗震设计分析提供参考。     

均质土坝非平稳随机地震反应分析

考虑地震荷载的随机性及强度、频率的非平稳性,基于作者提出的适用于非平稳随机过程的一般随机地震动模型,采用虚拟激励法,建立了非平稳随机地震反应分析方法,并将其应用于某实际均质土坝动力分析中。土石坝及坝基体系采用整体有限元离散,坝体和坝基材料的动力非线性性能以等效线性化方法考虑。首先,基于目标加速度时程的强度和能量信息,确定了作为输入的加速度时—频演变功率谱密度;其次,比较了确定性时程动力分析和非平稳随机分析的结果,探讨了频率非平稳随机地震激励下的土石坝地震反应特性;最后,比较了2种不同坝基条件下的土石坝非平稳随机地震反应,探讨了频率非平稳随机激励下的土石—坝基动力相互作用。分析结果表明：地震动的频率非平稳性对土石坝动力反应有一定影响;坝体—坝基动力相互作用在地震过程中的不同阶段表现有所不同,主震阶段的相互作用显著。     

Observed dynamic soil–structure interaction in scale testing of offshore wind turbine foundations

Monopile foundations have been commonly used to support offshore wind turbine generators (WTGs), but this type of foundation encounters economic and technical limitations for larger WTGs in water depths exceeding 30 m. Offshore wind farm projects are increasingly turning to alternative multipod foundations (for example tetrapod, jacket and tripods) supported on shallow foundations to reduce the environmental effects of piling noise. However the characteristics of these foundations under dynamic loading or long term cyclic wind turbine loading are not fully understood. This paper summarises the results from a series of small scaled tests (1:100, 1:150 and 1:200) of a complete National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) wind turbine model on three types of foundations: monopiles, symmetric tetrapod and asymmetric tripod. The test bed used consists of either kaolin clay or sand and up to 1.4 million loading cycles were applied. The results showed that the multipod foundations (symmetric or asymmetric) exhibit two closely spaced natural frequencies corresponding to the rocking modes of vibration in two principle axes. Furthermore, the corresponding two spectral peaks change with repeated cycles of loading and they converge for symmetric tetrapods but not for asymmetric tripods. From the fatigue design point of view, the two spectral peaks for multipod foundations broaden the range of frequencies that can be excited by the broadband nature of the environmental loading (wind and wave) thereby impacting the extent of motions. Thus the system lifespan (number of cycles to failure) may effectively increase for symmetric foundations as the two peaks will tend to converge. However, for asymmetric foundations the system life may continue to be affected adversely as the two peaks will not converge. In this sense, designers should prefer symmetric foundations to asymmetric foundations.     

A readily available energy source for active vibration control in buildings

By equipping structures with appropriate actuators, sensors and microprocessors, it is possible to suppress actively the undesirable vibrations of the structures. Due to small energy requirements, the vibration suppression in large space trusses orbiting the Earth by controlling the elongations and contractions of length-adjustable bars of the truss has been shown to be feasible both theoretically and experimentally. This method of vibration suppression is part of the ‘adaptive structures technology’. It can be used for suppressing the vibrations of a building subjected to earthquake or wind excitations, provided that the much higher energy and power requirements are met. In this work the use of gravitational energy of the mass of the building is proposed for active vibration control.     

涡轮叶片X射线图像超分辨率重建技术

针对涡轮叶片X光无损检测系统精度低的缺点,提出一种X光DR数字图像的分辨率增强方法。该方法采用一组包含相对位移的叶片X光图像,通过一种频率域方法对它们进行亚像素精确配准,然后采用非均匀插值重建出一幅高分辨率图像。实验结果表明该方法具有提高涡轮叶片X光数字图像分辨率的能力,具有良好的应用价值。     

Torsional and coupled vibrations of embedded footings

An approximate analytical solution is presented for torsional vibrations of footings partially embedded into a semi-infinite medium or a stratum. Simple formulas derived for pure torsional motion make it possible to apply a correction for the effect of embedment to the known solutions of surface footings. The solution completes an approach to the analysis of all modes of footing vibrations, including the coupled modes. The approach to coupled modes is illustrated by the solution of coupled response involving horizontal translation, rocking and torsion. Formulas are presented for stiffness and damping coefficients that can be used in the analysis of embedded footings or structures supported by such footings Field experiments were conducted with concrete footings featuring circular, square and rectangular bases and variable embedment depths. The experimental results were compared with theoretical predictions of pure torsional vibrations.     

Rapid seismic analysis methodology for in-service wind turbine towers

The wind energy industry has been growing rapidly during the past decades.Along with this growth,engineering problems have gradually emerged in the wind power industry,including those related to the structural reliability of turbine towers.This study proposes a rapid seismic analysis methodology for existing wind turbine tower structures.The method is demonstrated and validated using a case study on a 1.5 MW tubular steel wind turbine tower.Three finite element(FE)models are developed first.Field tests are conducted to obtain the turbine tower's vibrational characteristics.The tests include(1) remotely measuring the tower vibration frequencies using a long range laser Doppler Vibrometer and(2) monitoring the tower structural vibration by mounting accelerometers along the height of the tubular structure.In-situ measurements are used to validate and update the FE models of the wind turbine tower.With the updated FE model that represents the practical structural conditions,seismic analyses are performed to study the structural failure,which is defined by the steel yielding of the tubular tower.This research is anticipated to benefit the management of the increasing number of wind energy converters by providing an understanding of the seismic assessment of existing tubular steel wind turbine towers.