滇西北衙超大型金多金属矿床成因类型及成矿规律

北衙金多金属矿床的找矿工作近年取得了重大突破,使金矿储量达到超大型矿床规模,共、伴生铅锌、银、铜、铁、硫矿也达到大-中型规模.对北衙矿床的成因类型和成矿规律的综合研究及地质勘查工作成果表明,矿床受控于喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩与T2b碳酸盐岩的内、外接触带,属于与喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩有关的矽卡岩-热液型金多金属矿床.矿床类型包括矽卡岩型、层间破碎带型(含硅-钙面型)、裂隙脉型以及表生作用形成的风化-堆积型.喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩是矿床形成最关键的控矿因素,以斑岩体为中心,从斑岩内部→接触带→外带→远程,成矿元素有从Cu-Au→Au-Cu-Fe→Au-Fe→Au-Fe-Pb→Pb-Ag的分带规律.北衙地区构造-岩浆-流体活动强烈,成矿物质来源丰富,矿化期次复杂且类型多样,成矿空间范围广,成矿地质条件优越,深部及外围仍具有巨大的找矿潜力.     

滇西北北衙金多金属矿田的成岩成矿作用:对印-亚碰撞造山过程的响应

北衙金多金属矿田是藏东-金沙江-哀牢山新生代富碱斑岩成矿带中南段的代表性矿床之一,发育一个与富碱斑岩密切相关的金多金属成矿系统.本文较为系统地分析了矿田内的成岩成矿作用特征及其演化过程,并探讨其与印-亚碰撞造山过程的响应关系.富碱斑岩具有埃达克岩的地球化学亲合性,其源区是喜马拉雅期印-亚碰撞造山造成的软流圈向东挤出江聚使大规模走滑断裂活化,诱发玄武质下地壳部分熔融的壳幔过渡层,成岩年龄可分为第一期(65～59Ma)、第二期(36～32Ma)、第三期(26～24Ma)和最晚期(3.8～3.6Ma)等4期,其中第二、三期与富碱岩带北段的两期岩浆集中活动时期基本吻合,形成的斑岩对金多金属成矿较为有利.区内金多金属矿床可划分为三个矿床类型和七个矿床亚类,即与喜马拉雅早-中期斑岩有关的金多金属矿床(Ⅰ),包括接触带夕卡岩型、斑岩型和热液充填型(及熔浆型)金多金属矿床;与喜马拉雅第三期斑岩有关的金多金属矿床(Ⅱ),包括爆破角砾岩型和叠加热液改造型金多金属矿床;以及与喜马拉雅期表生作用有关的风化堆积型金矿床(Ⅲ),包括古砂矿型和红色粘土型金矿床.Ⅰ、Ⅱ类型矿床受富碱斑岩及伴生的NE到NNE向断裂控制,赋存于富碱斑岩体内、内外接触带及其附近围岩的层间破碎带或构造裂隙带中,在成因和空间上与斑岩及隐爆角砾岩等密切有行关.成矿物质和成矿流体主要来源于地幔,围岩地层只是提供了成矿的空间,不同类型的矿体之间呈"贯通式"的时间和空间关系,构成了一个统一的喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩-热液型金多金属成矿系统.先期形成矿床明显受后期岩浆热液的叠加改造,但矿化分布和成矿元素组合仍表现为以斑岩为中心,存在CuAu(Mo)多金属→FeCuAuPbZn多金属→AuPbZnAg多金属的分带特征.从最早期含金铁矿床形成之后,原生金矿的次生富集和表生成矿作用就已开始,并形成不同成因类型的风化-堆积型金矿床.其中,古红色粘土型金矿床的成矿主要发生在始新世到渐新世,河-湖相古砂金矿床形成于23～5Ma期间,红色粘土型(残坡积型)金矿床可从始新世一直延续至今.通过与区域斑岩成岩成矿演化时序的对比,提出与藏东-金沙江-哀牢山斑岩成矿带上的众多矿床一样,北衙矿田内的成岩成矿作也是喜马拉雅期印-亚陆陆碰撞造山带成岩成矿作用在东南缘构造转换带的远程效应,记录了印-亚大陆碰撞造山的详细过程.因而,该矿田深部及外围地区,仍存在巨大的找矿潜力.盐源-丽江断裂带可能也是一条与藏东-金沙江-哀牢山斑岩成矿带联系密切而又相对独立的富碱斑岩成矿带.     

滇西北衙超大型金多金属矿床勘查模型

滇西北衙超大型金多金属矿床通过先后开展五期详查,获得了找矿重大突破,金矿规模达到超大型,共伴生铅、锌、银、铜、铁、硫矿也达到大型—特大型规模。文章在近十年的勘查工作实践及综合研究矿床模型的基础上,总结了矿床的成矿地质条件、地球物理勘查模型、地球化学勘查模型和地质找矿标志。研究表明:喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩是矿床形成最关键的控矿因素,马鞍山断裂控制了区内喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩的产出,北衙向斜控制了矽卡岩矿体和其他矿体的产出,矿床定位受控于喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩与三叠系中统北衙组(T2b)碳酸盐岩接触的矽卡岩带以及内、外接触带,属于与喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩有关的矽卡岩-热液型金多金属矿床,并在此基础上进一步划分为"二型五类"。矿区1∶10 000岩石地球化学勘查模型显示,矿区分布有强金元素异常,浓集中心明显,并有与Ag、Pb、Zn、As、Hg等元素相伴产出的综合异常。1∶10 000地球物理勘查模型显示,磁异常面积大、强度高,极大值2000多n T,异常形态规则,总体形态呈椭圆形,梯度变化较大,正负异常相伴,南正北负。斑岩显示为低磁异常,接触带为高磁异常,环状的高磁异常带构成了斑岩与围岩接触带矽卡岩型矿化体,围岩碳酸盐岩为低磁异常。激电在斑岩、矽卡岩型矿体上形成低阻高极化异常,矽卡岩型矿体分布区视极化率5%~8%,视电阻率50~120Ω·m。大功率激电、可控源音频大地电磁测深对斑岩体及斑岩与围岩接触带(蚀变带)可进行较准确定位。     

滇西北衙金多金属矿床成矿构造特征及地质勘查意义

通过对北衙矿区构造地质特征和侵入体构造特征的野外详细调查,并结合前人的科研成果,系统总结了北衙金多金属矿床成矿构造和成矿结构面的特征,构建了矿区成矿构造的空间格架,建立了成岩成矿构造有序、配套的矿床成矿构造系统.研究认为燕山期-喜马拉雅早期形成的SN向北衙向斜和断裂、EW向隐伏断裂、层间破碎带、富碱斑岩侵位形成的接触带...     

滇西北北衙斑岩型金多金属矿田构造体系及其控矿作用

北衙斑岩型金多金属矿床是西南"三江"多金属成矿带新生代斑岩型矿床的典型代表,是滇西北新生代构造-岩浆-成矿事件的产物。北衙金多金属矿田构造发育,构成一套褶皱-断裂-节理控岩控矿构造系统,控制和形成了"五位一体"矿床类型组成两大成矿系统:Ⅰ斑岩成矿系统,(1)受斑岩体内断裂、节理裂隙及爆破角砾岩筒控制的斑岩型Cu-Au-(Fe)矿床,(2)受斑岩与围岩接触带构造控制的夕卡岩型Au-Fe-(Cu)矿床,(3)受围岩层间断裂破碎带、断裂、节理裂隙控制的热液脉型Au-Fe矿床,(4)沿北衙组灰岩与青天堡组砂泥岩界面及北衙组层间断裂破碎带产出的中低温热液型Pb多金属矿床;Ⅱ氧化淋滤成矿系统,(5)受岩溶洞穴和不整合面控制的氧化淋滤富集型Au矿床。通过构造形迹的几何学、运动学分析和力学性质鉴定,笔者认为该矿田自燕山晚期—喜马拉雅早期印度-欧亚板块碰撞以来主要经历了四期构造活动,其主压应力分别经历了近EW向→近SN向→NW向→近EW向的转变过程,依次形成了南北构造带、东西构造带和北东构造带,分别归属于三江—滇中经向构造体系金沙江—程海南北构造带、云南纬向构造体系汤丹—鹤庆—兰坪东西构造带和丽江北东构造带。笔者认为,早南北构造带构成矿田控岩控矿构造格架,东西构造带是控制与喜马拉雅中期富碱斑岩有关的斑岩成矿系统的主导性构造体系,晚南北构造带既对先前形成的金多金属矿体产生破坏或(和)改造富集,又是控制喜马拉雅晚期氧化淋滤成矿系统的主导性构造体系。     

大理鹤庆北衙金矿富碱斑岩成岩成矿作用

北衙富碱斑岩是"三江"区喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩带的一部分,金矿成矿与其同期或稍晚。同位素、包裹体、稀土研究认为:矿源来自最初地幔流体,与富碱斑岩密切相关,且受SN向及EW向构造控制,应是后生改造热液金矿。     

滇西北衙金多金属矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄及其地质意义

北衙金多金属矿床产出于滇西北富碱斑岩-多金属成矿带内。矿床严格受富碱斑岩及其成生的深大断裂构造控制,并发育热液交代现象,且在围岩内以产出充填型矿脉(囊)、交代型条带矿(似层状)为主,构成斑岩-矽卡岩成矿系统,具超大型金矿床规模。本文利用Re-Os同位素定年方法首次对北衙铁金多金属矿床全矿段金属硫化物成矿年龄进行精确测定,获得5件辉钼矿样品的模式年龄为37.46~39.44 Ma,其加权平均年龄为(38.48±0.54)Ma,等时线年龄为(37.9±2.5)Ma,两者在误差范围内一致,与区域及区内富碱斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄基本保持一致;辉钼矿中Re含量主体26.84×10-6~43.15×10-6之间,指示其成矿物质来源于上地幔和下地壳,为壳幔混合源;两者均指示成矿作用与该时期具幔壳混合源性质的富碱岩浆浅成侵入关系密切。     

滇西北衙金多金属矿床成矿作用特征标志

文章通过对北衙金多金属矿床成矿作用特征标志的系统总结,认为从岩体内部到外接触带,矿化样式以"脉-块体-层-脉"的内外多元结构模式产出:岩体内部Au-Fe(Cu)矿体呈透镜状脉、平行脉沿断层破碎带陡倾斜产出;岩体接触带附近的矽卡岩带围绕岩体呈环状分布,Au-Fe-Cu矿体以大透镜状、块体状在矽卡岩带中断续产出;外带Au-Fe、Pb-Ag矿体呈似层状、透镜状,沿层间破碎带产出;远程带Au-Fe矿体呈小透镜状脉、平行脉沿断层破碎带陡倾斜产出。矿体对应的矿物组合、成矿元素和蚀变分带具有自高温到低温的分布规律和矽卡岩型矿床的特征。矿床的热液成矿作用阶段可划分为早矽卡岩、晚矽卡岩、磁铁矿、石英硫化物以及碳酸盐五个热液阶段,各阶段流体包裹体划分为富液相包裹体、富气相包裹体、含子晶矿物包裹体、富含CO_2三相包裹体等四类。成矿年龄为36.46 Ma—39.44 Ma,与石英正长斑岩的成岩年龄35.00 Ma—36.72 Ma基本一致。矿床成矿深度范围为0.7~2.2km。矿床类型为斑岩-矽卡岩型金多金属矿床。北衙组碳酸盐岩(T_2b)+多期断裂构造系统(接触带构造、岩性界面及层间破碎带、断裂裂隙、不整合面构造)+喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩侵位构成了"三位一体"的成矿系统和成矿模式。     

滇西北衙金多金属矿床锆石U-Pb和辉钼矿Re-Os年龄及其地质意义

北衙金多金属矿床位于金沙江-哀牢山富碱斑岩带中段,近年来在矿产勘查中取得重大突破,金储量已达超大型矿床规模,并伴生铁、铜、银、铅、锌等金属矿种.本文通过对矿区内石英正长斑岩进行锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年,确定其成岩年龄为36.48±0.26Ma;并对矽卡岩型矿体中的辉钼矿样品进行Re-Os同位素定年,首次获得北衙金多金属矿床高精度的成矿年龄为36.87±0.76Ma,测试结果显示成岩与成矿年龄基本一致.辉钼矿中Re含量指示成矿作用与岩浆壳幔混合作用有关.北衙金多金属矿床成岩和成矿年龄与哀牢山-金沙江富碱斑岩成矿带的成岩与成矿作用年龄相一致(40 ～ 35Ma),表明其形成受控于相同的地球动力学背景,是在印度与欧亚大陆碰撞背景下,构造体制发生转变,导致加厚下地壳或上地幔的部分熔融而引起的岩浆-热液-成矿事件.     

滇西北衙铁金多金属矿床成矿地质特征及其两阶段成矿过程研究——以万硐山矿段为例

滇西北衙铁金多金属矿床为西南三江富碱斑岩-多金属成矿带中南段典型矿床之一,成矿严格受富碱斑岩及其相关的深大断裂控制,伴随多期富碱斑岩脉体侵入、热液交代与围岩蚀变、矿物质富集及次生富集过程,构成了复杂的斑岩-矽卡岩成矿系统和地表次生成矿系统。文章以万硐山露天采场区大比例尺地质填图为基础,重新厘定和梳理各地质体及其间相互关系,取得了万硐山矿段详细的成矿地质特征及原生矿化的两阶段成矿新认识。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of