东昆仑群力地区晚泥盆世A型花岗岩的年代学、地球化学和构造意义

报道了东昆仑群力地区正长花岗岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄和岩石地球化学特征,并对岩石成因及其构造意义进行了讨论。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明群力正长花岗岩体的形成时代为376.2Ma(MSWD=0.25),属晚泥盆世。岩石地球化学成分显示其属于高钾钙碱性、准铝质-弱过铝质系列花岗岩。岩体富硅(SiO_2=74.61%～77.85%)、富碱(Na_2O+K_2O=7.03%～7.94%)、高铁镁比(FeO~T/MgO=11.39～36.93)、贫钙(CaO=0.50%～1.01%)、贫镁(MgO=0.06%～0.20%);稀土配分模式表现为"海鸥型"分布特点,具有强烈的负铕异常(δEu=0.08～0.09);高镓含量(Ga=22.86×10~(-6)～27.06×10~(-6)),富集高场强元素组合(Zr+Ce+Nb+Y=720×10~(-6)～891×10~(-6))、亏损Ba、Sr、P、Nb、Ta、Ti等;同时岩体具有高的锆石饱和温度(991℃～1 201℃)。综合岩石地球化学特征表明群力正长花岗岩体属于A型花岗岩中的A_2型花岗岩,结合区域研究成果,认为群力正长花岗岩形成于始特提斯洋闭合后的伸展构造背景。这一结果将始特提斯洋闭合后的伸展作用时限从中泥盆世延长到晚泥盆世。     

伊犁盆地南缘琼博拉二长花岗岩锆石年代学及形成动力学机制

西天山造山带内琼博拉地区的长条状岩体位于伊犁盆地南缘,由二长花岗岩组成。为厘定该二长花岗岩的形成机制,本文对该二长花岗岩进行了详细的锆石U-Pb年代学、主量元素、微量元素以及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素研究。LA-ICP-MS锆石年代学研究揭示出琼博拉地区二长花岗岩成岩年龄为(330.5±2.2)Ma、(339.7±2.2)Ma、(351.2±3.0)Ma,为早中石炭世花岗岩,比伊犁盆地511矿床含矿砂体的U-Pb同位素等时线年龄(308±26Ma)老,表明该二长花岗岩体可能是该含矿砂体的一部分物质来源。岩石主量元素、微量元素和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素测试结果揭示该二长花岗岩具有以下特征:(1)SiO_2(70.15%~73.38%)含量高,碱质(K_2O+Na_2O含量为6.32%~7.88%)含量较高,A/CNK(0.82~1.03)较高,表明二长花岗岩为准铝质岩石,属于高钾钙碱性系列;(2)LREE(50.19×10~(-6)~87.92×10~(-6))相对富集,HREE(9.44×10~(-6)~12.08×10~(-6))相对亏损,无明显Eu异常(δEu为0.71~0.97);(3)富集Rb、Th、K、Pb和Sr等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、P和Ti等高场强元素;(4)初始锶同位素比值为0.7050~0.7082,143Nd/144Nd值为0.512217~0.512254,ε_(Nd)(t)为0.3~1.0,Nd模式年龄为1010~1098 Ma。二长花岗岩的Sr、Nd、Pb同位素组成表明该岩石是由幔源玄武质岩浆与地壳重熔形成的硅铝质岩浆混染形成。结合区域构造演化,本文认为二长花岗岩形成于板块的同碰撞构造环境。     

安徽金寨岩体地质和地球化学特征及LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄

安徽金寨岩体为一钾长花岗岩体,位于大别造山带北淮阳构造带,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年获得岩体侵位年龄为129.7±1.5Ma,属早白垩世岩浆活动产物。岩体周边发现有数个铅锌多金属矿点,与区域岩浆作用及其矿化一致。岩体富硅(SiO_2=72.47%~77.80%)、富碱(K_2O+Na_2O=7.48%~8.16%)、贫钙(CaO=0.15%~1.47%);稀土配分曲线呈现"海鸥式"分布特征,显示强烈的Eu负异常(δEu=0.18~0.40);微量元素特征显示具有较高的Ga(21.68×10~(-6)~24.12×10~(-6))、Zr(127.68×10~(-6)~196.75×10~(-6))、Nb(33.31×10~(-6)~60.53×10~(-6))和Y(14.57×10~(-6)~27.51×10~(-6))含量,较低的Sr(8.15×10~(-6)~138.52×10~(-6))、Ba(23.04×10~(-6)~332.63×10~(-6))含量,在微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图上显示明显的Ba、Sr、P、和Ti的负异常。以上特征表明金寨钾长花岗岩为A型花岗岩,可能是下地壳源岩部分熔融的产物。金寨钾长花岗岩是形成于造山后伸展环境下的板内A1型花岗岩,不是形成于非造山大地构造背景下的碱性花岗岩。     

南秦岭随州地区正长花岗岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年代学与地球化学特征

随州北部正长花岗岩体呈岩脉出露,年代学研究表明,正长花岗岩中岩浆锆石SHRIMP U-Pb加权平均年龄为648.8±1.9Ma(MSWD=0.86),属新元古代。岩石地球化学成分显示其属于高钾钙碱性、准铝质系列花岗岩。岩体高硅(SiO_2=70.67%～75.75%)、富碱(K_2O+Na_2O=7.28%～8.53%)、铁镁比(FeO~T/MgO=26.37～35.50)较高、钙镁含量较低(CaO=0.60%～1.53%,MgO=0.07%～0.12%);稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾斜型,显示Eu负异常(δEu=0.33～0.56);1000Ga/Al值介于2.60～3.41,Zr+Nb+Ce+Y=552.48×10~(-6)～648.87×10~(-6);微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图显示,Rb、K和Th等大离子亲石元素明显富集,相对富集Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta等高场强元素,相对亏损Sr、P和Ti,以上特征表明随州北部正长花岗岩为A1型花岗岩。结合区域构造演化,认为随州北部正长花岗岩形成于板内伸展的构造环境,新元古代晚期,秦岭-桐柏-大别地区构造体制经历了重要的转变,在南秦岭东段由古秦岭洋的俯冲导致的挤压作用转换为弧后拉伸减薄作用。在伸展体制下,岩浆上涌形成本区A1型正长花岗岩。     

松嫩地块西缘前寒武岩浆事件——来自龙江地区古元古代花岗岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学证据

松嫩地块位于中亚造山带东段,该陆块是否具有前寒武纪结晶基底以及基底的规模和性质一直存在争议。我们在龙江地区识别出~1.8Ga的岩石,揭示了松嫩地块西缘古元古代结晶基底的存在。本文对其进行了岩石地球化学、锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素研究,为探讨松嫩地块西缘古元古代晚期构造演化提供了重要信息。研究结果表明,马山二长花岗岩中的锆石大多具有清晰的振荡生长环带,结合较高的Th/U比值(1.30~2.64),表明其为岩浆成因,岩浆锆石的~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb加权平均年龄为1808±14Ma,形成于古元古代晚期;马山二长花岗岩具有富硅(Si O_2=69.50%~75.11%)、碱(K_2O+Na_2O=5.30%~8.69%)和铁(Fe O~T=2.86%~4.53%),贫钙(Ca O=0.46%~1.87%)、镁(MgO=0.25%~0.93%)的特征。稀土总量较高(∑REE=357.2×10~(-6)~587.1×10~(-6)),具强轻稀土分异((La/Yb)_N为12.2~17.6)和负Eu异常(δEu为0.27~0.77)的"燕式"稀土分配模式。大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba等富集,亏损HFSEs(Nb、Ta、Ti)和P、Sr等元素。结合岩石的Zr+Nb+Ce+Y(772.1×10~(-6)~911.1×10~(-6))和10000×Ga/Al比值(2.41~3.17)较高,全岩锆石饱和温度为891~940℃,暗示其为A型花岗岩,具造山后A_2型花岗岩的特征。马山二长花岗岩锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值介于-9.2~-2.8之间,t_(DM2)=2992~3520Ma,与华北板块北缘~1.8Ga岩浆岩具有相似的锆石Hf模式年龄。上述结果表明,马山A型花岗岩起源于幔源岩浆底侵作用引起的中-新太古代地壳岩石的部分熔融,证明陆壳已转入伸展拉张构造环境,是Columbia超级大陆裂解事件在松嫩地块西缘的响应。综合资料发现,松嫩地块已经发现的新太古代-中元古代的岩浆事件在华北克拉通都有同期的构造地质事件响应,初步认为松嫩地块与华北克拉通具有一定的亲缘性。     

塔里木盆地西北缘早二叠世后碰撞花岗质岩浆活动及其构造意义

塔里木地块西北缘的阔什布拉克钾长花岗岩富碱(Na_2O+K_2O平均8.36%8%),富钾(K_2O/Na_2O=1.27～1.47),准铝质(A/CNK=0.82～0.88),属于高钾钙碱性系列岩浆岩。岩石的稀土含量较高(∑REE=263.90×10~(-6)～445.75×10~(-6)),富集Th、U、Ta、Nb、Hf和Y等高场强元素和大离子亲石元素Rb,具有强的负Eu异常(δEu=0.003～0.019),富集高不相容元素(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y=368×10~(-6)～531×10~(-6)350×10~(-6)),高Ga(Ga/Al×10 000=4.17～4.722.6),显示出A型花岗岩的地球化学特征。岩石Th/U比值(平均为3.86)、Nb/Ta比值(平均为12.75)和Rb-Th富集、Ti亏损指示其壳源成因。对花岗岩进行的LA-ICP-MS微区原位锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,花岗岩的结晶侵位年龄为275.4±2.8 Ma。综合西南天山与塔里木盆地早二叠世花岗质岩浆活动的特点,认为早二叠世西南天山的后碰撞岩浆活动不仅在西南天山内部引起了强烈的花岗质岩浆活动,而且对塔里木地块西北边缘的花岗质岩浆活动也有显著的影响。阔什布拉克A型花岗岩也说明西南天山地区的碰撞造山作用在275.4±2.8 Ma之前已经趋于结束,以南天山洋盆为代表的古亚洲洋已基本结束了其演化历史。     

东昆仑祁漫塔格地区小尖山辉长岩地球化学特征、U-Pb年代学及其构造意义

东昆仑地区基性-超基性岩石的研究十分薄弱,对东昆仑西段小尖山辉长岩体进行岩相学、年代学、地球化学和构造环境分析,有助于丰富对东昆仑幔源岩浆活动及岩浆演化的整体认识。LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学指示该岩体侵位年龄为227.8±0.9 Ma。岩石具有较低的SiO_2(43.72%~50.92%,平均为47.07%)含量和较高的Mg~#(60~75)值,属于钙碱性系列岩石。微量和稀土元素分析结果显示,岩石具有较高的V(68.0×10~(-6)~182×10~(-6))和Cr(60.0×10~(-6)~430×10~(-6))含量,较低的Sr(456×10~(-6)~600×10~(-6),平均526×10~(-6))含量和Rb/Sr比值(0.03~0.10,平均值0.06);稀土总量低,稀土配分曲线为轻稀土富集的右倾型,具有弱正Eu异常(ΣREE=13.6×10~(-6)~62.5×10~(-6),La/YbN=3.95~6.17,δEu=1.08~1.68);富集大离子亲石元素(如Rb、Ba)和不相容元素(如Th、U),相对亏损高场强元素(如Nb、Ta)。地球化学特征显示小尖山辉长岩岩浆源区应为俯冲板片脱水交代的岩石圈地幔。结合区域构造背景综合分析,认为小尖山辉长岩形成于造山后伸展的构造环境,为印支晚期伸展体制下幔源岩浆活动的产物。     

甘肃大佛寺、金佛寺花岗岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf-O同位素和全岩地球化学特征及地质意义

走廊过渡带大佛寺花岗岩为弱过铝质(A/CNK=1.03~1.06),SiO_2(76.7%~78.9%)、全碱(Na2O+K2O=7.7%~8.3%)、Rb(303×10~(-6)~383×10~(-6))、Nb(32×10~(-6)~42×10~(-6))、重稀土(Yb~8×10~(-6))含量以及和FeOT/MgO(6.3~7.6)、Ga/Al(3×10-4)、Rb/Ba(3.0~6.2)比值较高,MgO(~0.1%)、CaO(0.5%~0.6%)含量较低,Ba、Sr、Eu、Ti强烈亏损,属A型花岗岩,其源岩可能为泥质岩。大佛寺花岗岩中锆石δ18O和εHf(t)值分别为7.8‰~8.6‰(平均8.24±0.13‰)和-4.8~-2.0,Hf同位素两阶段亏损地幔模式年龄1540~1717Ma,岩浆温度达到~820℃以上。北祁连造山带北缘金佛寺花岗岩为过铝质(A/CNK=1.0~1.1),SiO_2(65.5%~75.0%)、MgO(0.6%~2.2%)、Fe2O3(1.9%~5.2%)、TiO_2(0.3%~0.8%)含量变化较大,其主量和微量元素特征与北祁连造山带的柴达诺花岗岩相似,源岩可能包括杂砂岩和角闪岩。金佛寺花岗岩的锆石δ18O为7.4%~9.7‰(平均8.03±0.36‰),εHf(t)在-0.5~+1.9之间,Hf同位素两阶段亏损地幔模式年龄为1289~1439Ma,岩浆温度达到800~900℃。走廊过渡带大佛寺花岗岩、北祁连造山带北缘金佛寺花岗岩的锆石U-Pb SIMS年龄分别为426.1±2.8Ma、424.0±1.6Ma,不同构造单元发育同时期岩浆活动以及A型花岗岩的出现,表明在~425Ma北祁连洋盆已经闭合,北祁连造山带及邻区进入到后碰撞拉伸阶段。     

新疆东准噶尔绿石沟高Ba-Sr石英二长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、成因及地质意义

绿石沟岩体位于东准噶尔琼河坝矿集区,向东侵入到绿石沟铜矿赋矿围岩中泥盆统北塔山组火山岩中。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年显示该岩体形成于354±1Ma,为早石炭世。其主要岩石类型为石英二长岩,含有大量的基性微粒包体,具有较高的硅、钙、钾含量(SiO_2=62.31%~65.31%,CaO=3.71%~4.89%,K_2O=2.85%~3.54%),属高钾钙碱性系列。铝含量较高(Al_2O_3=15.44%~16.29%),属准铝质(A/CNK=0.93~0.99,A/NK=1.68~1.96)Ⅰ型花岗岩。稀土元素总量较低(ΣREE=90.82×10~(-6)~111.36×10~(-6)),轻稀土元素相对富集,Eu呈弱的负异常(δEu=0.68~0.87)。富集大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Ba、Sr等),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、P、Ti等),具有高Ba(758×10~(-6)~1113×10~(-6))、Sr(401.8×10~(-6)~512.5×10~(-6))含量和高的(La/Yb)_N、Sr/Y值,显示出高Ba-Sr花岗岩的特征,应是幔源基性岩浆与壳源岩浆混合的产物,可能形成于俯冲环境向造山后环境的构造转换阶段。     

内蒙古东乌旗巴彦都兰二长花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

为了解晚古生代西伯利亚板块南缘增生造山过程中的岩浆活动特征,对东乌旗巴彦都兰二长花岗岩岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、锆石Hf同位素和岩石地球化学进行了研究,并讨论了岩石成因和构造环境。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果为(277.2±0.7)Ma,以正的锆石εHf(t)(6.8~14.1)为特征,具有年轻的锆石地壳模式年龄(tcDM)(865~655 Ma),属于早二叠世晚期岩浆活动产物。二长花岗岩以高钾[w(K)=3.63%~4.95%,K2O/Na2O=0.91~1.47]、富碱[w(K2O+Na2O)=7.52%~9.16%]、准铝质-弱过铝质(A/CNK=0.96~1.15)为特征;稀土元素总量较低(38.82×10-6~193.20×10-6),(La/Yb)N为3.91~23.08,轻、重稀土元素分异较明显,呈弱负铕异常(δEu为0.34~1.17);富集部分大离子亲石元素(LREE、Rb、K等);Zr弱负异常、Hf弱正异常,亏损Sr、Nb、Ta、P、Ti,显示后造山花岗岩特征。综合分析表明,巴彦都兰二长花岗岩形成于伸展的构造环境中,是贺根山洋盆闭合后的后造山阶段产物,为865~655 Ma前洋壳俯冲形成的先成地壳部分熔融而成。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

海南长塘岭矿区大坡岩体岩石学、地球化学特征及其含矿性初探

海南大坡岩体位于五指山褶皱带内,主要受昌江—琼海构造带、琼西构造带与潭爷断陷构造带控制.岩石地球化学及岩石学研究表明,大坡岩体形成于海西-印支晚期,岩性单一,主要为中细粒似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩.岩体显示为Ⅰ型花岗岩与S型花岗岩的混合,主体以地壳物质部分熔融为主,形成过程有少量地幔物质加入.元素对的比值及稀土元素配分特征说明岩体钨锡等多金属含矿性可能较差.     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...