Controlling Effects of Tight Reservoir Micropore Structures on Seepage Ability: A Case Study of the Upper Paleozoic of the Eastern Ordos Basin,China

In this study, the types of micropores in a reservoir are analyzed using casting thin section(CTS) observation and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) experiments. The high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI) and constant-rate mercury injection(CRMI) experiments are performed to study the micropore structure of the reservoir. Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), gas-water relative seepage, and gas-water two-phase displacement studies are performed to examine the seepage ability and parameters of the reservoir, and further analyses are done to confirm the controlling effects of reservoir micropore structures on seepage ability. The experimental results show that Benxi, Taiyuan, Shanxi, and Shihezi formations in the study area are typical ultra-low porosity and ultra-low permeability reservoirs. Owing to compaction and later diagenetic transformation, they contain few primary pores. Secondary pores are the main pore types of reservoirs in the study area. Six main types of secondary pores are: intergranular dissolved pores, intragranular dissolved pores, lithic dissolved pores, intercrystalline dissolved pores, micropores, and microfracture. The results show that reservoirs with small pore-throat radius, medium displacement pressure, and large differences in pore-throat structures are present in the study area. The four types of micropore structures observed are: lower displacement pressure and fine pores with medium-fine throats, low displacement pressure and fine micropores with fine throats, medium displacement pressure and micropores with micro-fine throats, and high displacement pressure and micropores with micro throats. The micropore structure is complex, and the reservoir seepage ability is poor in the study areas. The movable fluid saturation, range of the gas-water two-phase seepage zone, and displacement types are the three parameters that well represent the reservoir seepage ability. According to the characteristic parameters of microscopic pore structure and seepage characteristics, the reservoirs in the study area are classified into four types(Ⅰ–Ⅳ), and types Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ are the main types observed. From type Ⅰ to type Ⅳ, the displacement pressure increases, and the movable fluid saturation and gas-water two-phase seepage zone decrease, and the displacement type changes from the reticulation-uniform displacement to dendritic and snake like.     

Pore Characteristics of the Fine‐Grained Tight Reservoirs in the Yabulai Basin,Northwestern China

This work investigated the pore structure characteristics and reservoir features of the finegrained tight reservoirs in the lower member of the Xinhe Formation(J_2 x_1) in the Xiaohu subsag,Yabulai Basin based on core samples through various techniques. Interbedded silt/fine sandstones and mudstones are developed in the study area. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images were used to delineate different types of pores, including primary intergranular pores, secondary intergranular and intragranular pores, organic pores and fractures. The pore types were distinguished by pore size, pore area, location and formation process. The pore radii of the fine-grained rocks range from 1 nm to 1.55μm, mainly concentrated between 5 and 300 nm by low pressure N_2 adsorption and MICP analyses. The pore structure parameters of pore throat size and pore throat sorting coefficient are both positively correlated with porosity, while pore throat sorting coefficient has a negative correlation with permeability. The pore structures of the studied samples are much related to the mineral type and content and grain size, followed by TOC content. In these rocks with relatively low TOC and low maturity, the rigid minerals protect pores with pressure shadow from collapse, and dissolution-related pores contribute a lot to inorganic porosity. In contrast, these rocks with abundant TOC contain a large number of organic pores. The permeability of the fine-grained tight reservoir is mainly dominated by larger pore throats, while a large number of small pores(mostly 0.1 μm) contribute considerably to porosity. These results have deepened our understanding of the interbedded fine-grained tight reservoirs and can be applicable to fine-grained reservoirs in a similar setting.     

Depositional and Diagenetic Controls on Pore Structure of Tight Gas Sandstone Reservoirs: Evidence from Lower Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Kelasu Thrust Belts,Kuqa Depression in Tarim Basin of West China

Deeply buried Lower Cretaceous Bashijiqike sandstones are important gas exploration targets in the Kelasu thrust belt, Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin in China. The sandstones are characterized by low porosity, low permeability and strong microscopic heterogeneity due to diagenesis during their geologic history. Mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical analyses combined with high‐pressure mercury injection analysis have been used to investigate the diagenesis, diagenetic minerals, and their impact on reservoir quality. This article addresses the controls exerted by depositional parameters and diagenetic modifications on pore‐network characteristics (porosity, pore types, sizes, shapes, and distribution), with the aim to unravel the formation mechanisms of this complex pore structures, and to improve the characterization and classification evaluation for the Bashijiqike sandstone reservoirs. The Bashijiqike sandstones are dominated by lithic arkoses and feldspathic litharenite. The pore system consists of intergranular macropores, intergranular micropores, and intragranular pores. Framework grains are generally heavily compacted. Authigenic quartz, authigenic feldspar, clay minerals and carbonates are the major pore‐filling constituents. The pore structure is characterized by small pore radius and poor interconnectivity. Entry pressure reflects the microscopic pore network and macroscopic reservoir property characteristics. Pore structure characteristics are linked to the depositional parameters, type and degree of diagenesis. Clays do not control reservoir pore networks alone, and pores and pore throats are wider in coarser grained sandstones. Entry pressure decreases with the content of the rigid quartz. Compaction and cementation continue to decrease the pore‐throat size, while dissolution enlarges pores and pore‐throats radius. Considerable amounts of microporosity associated with clay minerals and altered grains contribute to the high entry pressure. Comprehensive Coefficient of Diagenesis (CCD), which considers the integrative effect of diagenesis, shows strong statistical correlations with entry pressure. CCD is an integrative modulus of diagenesis and physical property, and generally the higher the values are, the better the pore structure. It is suitable for quantitatively characterizing pore structure in tight gas sandstones. The results of this work can help assess pore‐network characteristics like the Bashijiqike sandstones which had experienced strong diagenetic modifications during their geological history.     

Micropore structure characteristics and water distribution in a coalbed methane reservoir

Microscopic pore structure and water distribution are important and fundamental parameters for coalbed methane reservoir characterisation. These are closely related to the calculation/interpretation of other critical parameters, such as permeability and flow capacity. In this study, scanning electron microscopy, low-pressure nitrogen gas adsorption, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations were used to study the pore structure characteristics and water distribution of Zhaozhuang coal mine in the southeastern Qinshui Basin, PR China. The results show that the pore radius ranges from 2.066 to 594.045?nm, mainly classified as micropores and transitional pores. The micropores significantly contribute to the total pore volume. The adsorption pores (micropores and transitional pores) contribute the most to the total specific surface area. The T₂ spectrum distributions of saturated water samples show two peaks. The first T₂ spectrum peak is related to adsorption pores, whereas the second T₂ spectrum peak is related to seepage pores. The seepage pores were not well developed as the adsorption pores. Most adsorption pores are saturated with irreducible water that could not be discharged by centrifugation, whereas the seepage pores are saturated with movable water that could be completely discharged by centrifugation. The T₂ cutoff method was used to calculate the irreducible water saturation, and the irreducible water saturation of the sample was ≥90%. The irreducible water was mainly distributed in the micropores, and some of the irreducible water was distributed in the transitional pores. The irreducible water that remains in the pores can cause reservoir damage.     

苏里格气田南区莲102井区盒8段储层微观孔隙结构及气-水渗流特征

苏里格气田南区莲102井区盒8段储层孔隙结构复杂,气-水渗流规律不清,因此,运用铸体薄片、图像孔隙、扫描电镜、高压压汞等测试方法对研究区储层孔隙结构进行分析,利用气-水相渗流及可视化渗流实验方法,研究了成藏过程中的气-水渗流特征。研究结果表明,研究区盒8段储层孔隙以岩屑溶孔为主,粒间孔次之,晶间孔及粒间溶孔发育较少,喉道类型以片状喉道和弯片状喉道为主,平均喉道半径0.3 μm。根据孔隙度、渗透率、排驱压力及最大进汞饱和度,将盒8段储层孔隙结构分为3类,从Ⅰ类至Ⅲ类孔隙组合类型分别为粒间孔-溶孔、晶间孔-溶孔、溶孔-晶间孔; 孔喉半径分布由单峰型或左高右低双峰型转变为左低右高双峰型,主流喉道半径逐渐变小; 储层物性由好变差,孔隙连通性也逐渐变差。研究区目的层气驱水类型分为3类,分别为均匀驱替、网状驱替和指状驱替,不同气驱水类型的储层,气-水两相渗流束缚水饱和度及两相渗流区宽度差异较大。气-水渗流特征与物性和孔隙结构关系密切,从Ⅰ类至Ⅲ类气驱水由均匀驱替过渡为网状驱替再到指状驱替,两相共渗区域由宽变窄,等渗点由高变低,且束缚水饱和度逐渐增高,渗流能力由强变弱。基于储层渗流规律,预测研究区有利开发区域,为研究区勘探开发提供依据。     

伊拉克M油田白垩系Mishrif组沉积特征及控储机理

为明确伊拉克M油田白垩系Mishrif组碳酸盐岩储层成因,基于岩芯观察、铸体薄片、物性分析及测井资料,通过沉积微相分析确定研究区沉积环境,系统分析不同沉积相储层特征。结果表明:M油田Mishrif组为带障壁的缓坡环境,包括潟湖边缘坪、潟湖、台内滩、滩后、潮道、浅滩、滩前及开阔浅海。中、高渗储层主要发育于浅滩和滩前等高能沉积环境,储集层以粒间孔和粒间溶孔为主,发育大孔喉,生屑滩储集层和滩前储集层物性分布区间较大。潟湖边缘坪、潟湖、台内滩及滩后等低能沉积环境以低渗和特低渗储集层为主,孔隙度跨度大,孔隙类型主要为基质微孔、颗粒微孔、铸模孔和粒间孔,以微喉和中喉为主,喉道分选较好。综合分析认为:沉积相通过控制沉积物的结构组分控制了岩石的成岩演化。高能沉积型储集层以溶蚀作用和胶结作用为主,储集层物性是胶结物对孔隙和喉道充填封堵程度的函数;低能沉积型储层是生物多样性和差异成岩作用的结果,选择性溶蚀作用、与生物扰动相伴生的白云化作用、泥晶化作用、胶结作用、非选择性溶蚀作用和混合白云化作用形成的复杂孔隙控制了储集层物性。     

孔隙型储层的孔隙系统三维量化表征——以四川、塔里木盆地白云岩为例

以四川盆地和塔里木盆地孔隙型白云岩样品为例,通过CT扫描、数字岩心、分形与多重分形等方法,讨论了典型白云岩储层不同孔隙系统(如晶间孔、粒间孔、铸模孔等)的结构特征,并用定量化参数对孔隙结构进行数值表征。结果表明:晶间孔和粒间孔样品的孔隙形状多为三角形,孔隙相对细长,喉道发育,连通性较好;铸模孔样品的孔隙形状较为规整,二维平面上表现为圆形,三维空间上近似球体,这类样品往往孔隙较为发育,但是孔喉系统连通性差;由多种类型孔隙组成的"混合孔"样品则非均质性较强,受岩石组构特征影响显著。进一步利用分形与多重分形方法对孔隙的非均质性进行研究发现:不同孔隙类型的结构差异在分形盒子维数上有明确响应,维数的均值相对大小表现为:铸模孔粒间孔晶间孔混合孔。孔隙度可能也对盒子维数产生影响。     

坦桑尼亚恩泽加绿岩带隐伏金矿床综合找矿模型

恩泽加绿岩带是坦桑尼亚重要的成矿带之一,产出了高登普莱德(Golden Pride)等多个大型金矿。通过对坦桑尼亚恩泽加绿岩带已发现的隐伏金矿床进行分析研究,结果显示恩泽加绿岩带隐伏金矿床构造控矿作用明显;高精度磁法和激电中梯测量结果显示含矿构造蚀变带具有高磁、低阻、相对高极化的特征;土壤地球化学测量结果显示成矿元素Au异常在空间分布上大于相应的含矿构造蚀变带的分布范围,其浓集方向与含矿构造蚀变带展布一致,并与指示元素As、Sb的套合性较好。根据该区域隐伏金矿床的地质、地球物理及地球化学特征,对该区隐伏金矿床的找矿标志进行了总结,明确了各找矿标志与隐伏金矿床之间的关系,并在此基础上构建了恩泽加绿岩带隐伏金矿床的综合找矿模型,该模型的应用显示了多种技术手段联合实施在寻找绿岩带型隐伏金矿床的有效性。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长东区块本溪组砂砾岩储层孔隙及可动流体差异赋存特征

以鄂尔多斯盆地延长东区块本溪组砂砾岩储层为研究对象,通过铸体薄片、扫描电镜、高压压汞和核磁共振等方法分析储层孔隙与流体差异赋存特征,探讨流体差异赋存影响因素。结果表明：储层主要发育粒间溶孔和晶间孔,进一步分为裂缝-粒间溶孔型、晶间孔-溶孔型、溶孔型、微孔型储层,以裂缝-粒间溶孔型、晶间孔-溶孔型储层发育较好。储层可动流体饱和度为51.16%～86.82%,T₂谱为双峰态,呈左低右高型。孔隙发育差异对可动流体流体赋存呈现出不同特征,孔隙发育较差的溶孔型和微孔型储层仍具有较高的可动流体饱和度。粒间溶孔、最大连通孔喉半径、中值半径及最大进汞饱和度等影响储层可动流体饱和度,以裂缝-粒间溶孔型、晶间孔-溶孔型储层尤为显著。溶孔型、微孔型储层可动流体饱和度受铁白云石影响更为明显,铁白云石能够改善界面的润湿性,使流体在其纳米孔隙中仍具备较好的流动能力。     

鄂尔多斯盆地瓦窑堡油田中山川区长2油层组储层特征

在长2储层岩性特征、沉积特征研究的基础上,以压汞实验、薄片鉴定、物性测试、扫描电镜等方法为实验手段,对储层岩石学特征、孔隙结构、物性特征及其影响因素进行分析研究。结果表明,长2储层主要以浅灰色、灰绿色块状细砂岩为主,孔隙类型都以残余粒间孔为主,次为粒间溶孔,其余为粒内溶孔、填隙物内溶孔及晶间微孔,少量的铸模孔、云母溶缝、微裂缝。其储层的孔喉分布类型主要有单峰正偏态细孔喉型、多峰分散型和单峰负偏态微孔喉型3种。影响本区储层孔隙类型的因素为沉积相、成岩作用、裂缝改造,其中沉积相及成岩作用是主要因素。     

缝洞型碳酸盐岩气藏多类型储集层孔隙结构特征及储渗能力——以四川盆地高石梯-磨溪地区灯四段为例

为全面表征缝洞型碳酸盐岩气藏多类型储集层的孔隙结构特征及储渗能力,借助多种测试技术对四川盆地高石梯-磨溪地区灯四段储集层样品进行分析与研究。首先利用铸体薄片和扫描电镜技术定性刻画了储集层的岩性、物性、储集空间和喉道特征,然后根据高压压汞得到的毛管压力曲线对储集层进行分类,最后基于多尺度CT扫描定量表征了3类样品的二维、三维孔隙结构特征。结果表明：研究区储集空间既有受组构控制的粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔和晶间溶孔等,又有不受组构控制的溶洞、溶缝和构造缝;喉道以缩颈、片状和管束状为主;根据毛管压力曲线特征,储集层可划分为缝洞型、孔洞型和孔隙型;缝洞型大孔隙与溶洞发育,分布均匀且连通性好,喉道粗大且数量较多,微裂缝与溶洞串接呈串珠状分布,沟通了孤立的储集空间,具有最好的储渗能力;孔洞型多尺度孔隙与溶洞发育,储集能力强,喉道粗大但数量较少,连通性较差,各储集空间无法有效沟通,渗流能力受限;孔隙型细小孔隙发育且分布不均,大部分区域被岩石骨架占据,喉道数量少且连通性极差,储渗能力弱。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘玛湖凹陷三叠系百口泉组砂砾岩储层孔隙结构及渗流特征

玛湖凹陷斜坡区三叠系百口泉组属于致密砂砾岩储层,为讨论该套储层的孔隙结构类型及其与含油性的关系,利用铸体薄片、高压压汞、核磁共振、可视化水驱油等实验方法对研究区内岩石学特征、孔隙结构特征、渗流特征及含油性方面进行研究。结果表明：砂砾岩储层孔隙类型可分为剩余粒间孔、粒内溶孔、晶间孔及微裂缝;孔隙喉道类型主要为片状和点状吼道,以及管束状吼道等;综合两者关系由好到差将研究层段的孔隙结构划分为4类,随着孔隙结构的由好变差其含油性逐渐变差,渗流能力也对应变差。     

AH5井区八道湾组砂质和砾质储层孔隙结构特征及评价

准噶尔盆地AH区块侏罗系八道湾组属于低饱和度、特低孔特低渗储层,孔隙结构研究较为模糊,导致储集层产能评价认识不清。为对研究区目的层孔隙结构进行定量化描述及识别,利用岩心观察、普通、荧光、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、高压压汞、岩心油水饱和度、相渗及物性分析等资料对孔隙结构复杂特征进行定量表征及分类,并对相渗特征进行分析。结果表明:八道湾组储层可分为砂质和砾质储层,储层孔隙类型包括剩余粒间孔、粒间和粒内溶孔、铸模孔、微裂缝以及晶间孔,喉道类型包括孔隙缩小型、缩颈型、片状、片弯状以及管束状喉道。在油水饱和度实验分析和压汞基础参数分析基础上,将砂岩和砾岩储层根据分形维数对孔隙结构综合定量划分为Ⅰ—Ⅲ类,砾质储层产能相对砂质储层更好。     

华庆地区长63段低渗储层特征及优质储层主控因素

综合运用岩心观察、薄片鉴定、物性分析、压汞分析及试油分析等技术方法,对华庆地区长6₃段低渗储层特征进行了系统研究,分析了低渗储层的成因,并探讨了优质储层的主控因素。结果表明,华庆地区长6₃段储层的厚层块状砂岩主要由具有液化流性质的砂质碎屑流沉积形成的相对较厚块状砂岩纵向叠置组成。岩石类型主要为长石砂岩,其次为岩屑长石砂岩;储层具有低孔特低孔-特低渗透超低渗透特征;储集空间主要包括粒间原生孔隙、次生溶蚀孔隙及晶间微孔隙,为小孔微细喉型孔隙结构。杂基含量高、成分成熟度和结构成熟度差是华庆地区长6₃低渗储层形成的主控因素,压实作用对其形成起到强化作用。沉积鼎盛时期水动力强的主力沉积期次,形成泥质含量较低的砂岩是优质储层形成的主控因素,而较大的储层厚度是优质储层形成的必要条件。     

孔隙结构对低渗-特低渗砂岩储层渗流特征的影响段储层为例——以鄂尔多斯盆地东部上古生界盒8段储层为例

通过铸体薄片显微镜下观察、孔喉图像、毛细管压力、恒速压汞、气水相对渗透率、核磁共振等多种分析实验手段,研究了鄂尔多斯盆地东部上古生界盒8段低孔、低渗-特低渗砂岩储层的微观孔隙结构和渗流特征,探讨了孔隙结构对储层渗流特征的影响。结果表明,孔隙结构特征是影响低孔、低渗-特低渗砂岩储集性能与渗流特征的主要因素。而砂岩的孔隙结构特征主要受砂岩原生矿物组合与成岩演化过程及其产物的控制,盒8段各砂岩类型由于其矿物成分不同导致孔隙结构的差异,也是各砂岩类型储集性能与渗流能力存在差别的直接原因。在孔隙结构参数中,喉道的大小、有效孔隙与喉道的体积及其连通性是决定储层储集与渗流能力的关键。大孔喉对储层渗流能力的贡献更大,中-小孔喉则对储集能力的贡献相对较高。微裂缝是除孔隙结构以外影响砂岩储集性能与渗流特征的重要因素。     

Pore Size Distribution of a Tight Sandstone Reservoir and its Effect on Micro Pore-throat Structure: A Case Study of the Chang 7 Member of the Xin’anbian Block,Ordos Basin,China

Pore distribution and micro pore-throat structure characteristics are significant for tight oil reservoir evaluation, but their relationship remains unclear. This paper selects the tight sandstone reservoir of the Chang 7 member of the Xin’anbian Block in the Ordos Basin as the research object and analyzes the pore size distribution and micro pore-throat structure using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI), highpressure mercury injection, and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) analyses. The study finds that:(1) Based on the pore size distribution, the tight sandstone reservoir is characterized by three main patterns with different peak amplitudes. The former peak corresponds to the nanopore scale, and the latter peak corresponds to the micropore scale. Then, the tight sandstone reservoir is categorized into three types: type 1 reservoir contains more nanopores with a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 82:18;type 2 reservoir has a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 47:53;and type 3 reservoir contains more micropores with a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 35:65.(2) Affected by the pore size distribution, the throat radius distributions of different reservoir types are notably offset. The type 1 reservoir throat radius distribution curve is weakly unimodal, with a relatively dispersed distribution and peak ranging from 0.01 μm to 0.025 μm. The type 2 reservoir’s throat radius distribution curve is single-peaked with a wide distribution range and peak from 0.1 μm to 0.25 μm. The type 3 reservoir’s throat radius distribution curve is single-peaked with a relatively narrow distribution and peak from 0.1 μm to 0.25 μm. With increasing micropore volume, pore-throat structure characteristics gradually improve.(3) The correlation between micropore permeability and porosity exceeds that of nanopores, indicating that the development of micropores notably influences the seepage capacity. In the type 1 reservoir, only the mean radius and effective porosity have suitable correlations with the nanopore and micropore porosities. The pore-throat structure parameters of the type 2 and 3 reservoirs have reasonable correlations with the nanopore and micropore porosities, indicating that the development of these types of reservoirs is affected by the pore size distribution. This study is of great significance for evaluating lacustrine tight sandstone reservoirs in China. The research results can provide guidance for evaluating tight sandstone reservoirs in other regions based on pore size distribution.     

Petrophysical characterisation of tight sandstone gas reservoirs using nuclear magnetic resonance: a case study of the upper Paleozoic strata in the Kangning area,eastern margin of the Ordos Basin,China

Residual and movable porosity are significant parameters for characterising petrophysical properties, especially in tight reservoirs. Eight tight sandstone samples from the upper Paleozoic gas-bearing strata in the Kangning area, from the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin, were analysed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), petrography, and porosity and permeability tests. The lithology and pore types were identified and classified using petrography and SEM. The residual and movable porosity were obtained with NMR. In addition, NMR was used to visualise pore structure and pore size distribution. The results suggest that the upper Paleozoic sandstones in the study area mainly comprise feldspathic litharenite and litharenite. The sandstone porosity and permeability are low, with means of 5.9% and 0.549 mD, respectively. Four pore types exist in the tight sandstones: residual primary pores, grain dissolution pores, micropores (clay-dominated) and microfractures. The T₂ spectra under water-saturated conditions correlate with pore size and can be used to distinguish small and large pores based on the transverse relaxation time cutoff value of 10 ms, which corresponds to a pore diameter of 0.232 μm. Small pores account for 72% of the pores in the tight sandstones. The continuous bimodal T₂ spectra suggest good connectivity between small and large pores, despite the low porosity and permeability. In this study, the movable porosity of the major tight sandstone gas reservoirs is higher than the residual porosity, which confirms the effective evaluation of movable porosity to tight sandstone reservoirs, based on NMR experiments.     

致密混积岩储层物性及孔径分布影响因素——以辽河西部凹陷雷家地区杜家台油层杜三段为例

研究储层物性控制因素对储层评价至关重要.致密混积岩储层所含矿物成分多样, 孔隙结构复杂, 造成储层物性变化大.辽河坳陷西部凹陷雷家地区沙河街组四段位于浅湖-半深湖相带, 其中的杜家台油层杜三段发育方沸石、白云石、长石、石英等多种组分混积储层, 具有较大的致密油资源潜力.根据矿物成分可以将杜三段储层分为泥晶云岩、细粒混积岩和方沸石岩3大类.铸体薄片分析与扫描电镜分析结合, 发现3大类储层均发育中微米孔(孔喉半径>10 μm)-微微米孔(孔喉半径为1~10 μm)-纳米孔(孔喉半径<1 μm)多级孔喉系统.中微米孔主要为粒间溶孔及白云石、方沸石晶间和晶内溶孔.微微米孔主要为白云石晶间孔、碎屑矿物粒间孔及部分微溶孔.大部分白云石晶内溶孔、粘土矿物晶间孔属于纳米孔.高压压汞分析结果表明, 3类致密储层的孔径均具双峰特征.泥晶云岩类储层微微米孔的孔径峰值约为4 μm, 纳米孔的孔径峰值约为10 nm, 二者所占比例分别为25.1%和63.1%.细粒混积岩主要发育中微米孔及纳米孔, 所占比例分别为20.9%和79.1%.方沸石岩类储层的中微米孔和纳米孔所占比例分别为12.1%和85.9%.不同矿物成分发育的孔隙类型及大小控制了混积岩储层的整体孔喉结构, 是造成混积岩储层孔径分布呈双峰特征的主要原因.由于白云石晶间孔连通性好, 方沸石主要以充填物的形式出现, 长石-石英碎屑易溶蚀, 粘土矿物主要发育纳米级晶间孔等原因, 致密混积岩储层孔隙度与方沸石含量负相关, 与长石-石英碎屑含量正相关.在储层中裂缝广泛发育的背景下, 致密混积岩矿物成分与渗透率相关性差.     

应用恒速压汞技术定量评价低渗—特低渗砂岩储层微观孔喉特征:以石臼坨凸起陡坡带东三段为例

砂砾岩储层中的低渗—特低渗砂岩对储层整体油气运聚、成藏起到了重要影响。利用恒速压汞技术探讨石臼坨凸起陡坡带东三段扇三角洲砂砾岩储层中不同渗透率级别的低渗—特低渗砂岩储层微观孔喉分布特征及不同尺度孔喉的物性贡献。研究表明:(1)低渗—特低渗砂岩和常规砂岩相比具有孔隙大小中等,喉道半径偏小,孔喉比异常大的特点。渗透率受孔喉半径变化影响更明显,大半径喉道数量和分布是影响储层渗流能力的关键因素;(2)低渗—特低渗砂岩孔隙主控进汞区是控制流体流动最有效最主要的空间,渗透率越高,孔隙主控区的喉道半径范围越大。孔喉过渡进汞区进汞贡献主要来自孔隙和喉道联合进汞,随着喉道半径减小,细喉道逐渐成为流体储集和流动的主要空间;喉道主控区渗透率贡献也很低,微细喉道及微喉道是进汞主体空间,孔隙贡献基本为0,该阶段流体流动能力受喉道半径变化影响较大。随着渗透率增加,低渗—特低渗砂岩渗流能力的决定性喉道半径值从1~2μm增大到3~4μm。基于恒速压汞技术的低渗—特低渗砂岩微观孔喉定量表征填补了渤海海域相关研究的空白,从而有助于实现该类储层全面准确的储层评价。     

致密气储层孔喉分形特征及其与渗流的关系--以鄂尔多斯盆地下石盒子组盒8段为例

选取鄂尔多斯盆地盒8段16块致密砂岩样品进行恒速压汞测试,结合同位样品核磁共振实验,分析了致密气储层孔喉分布特征;在此基础上,运用分形几何原理和方法,开展了致密气储层孔喉分形研究,并表征了分形与储层渗流特征和孔隙结构参数的关系。结果表明:致密气储层有效孔隙被亚微米-微米级孔喉所控制,其中孔隙主要为大孔和中孔,喉道由微喉道、微细喉道和细喉道所组成;致密气储层孔隙分布不具分形特征,而孔喉整体和喉道则符合分形结构,且分别对应分形维数D₁和D₂;基于储层孔喉分形结构与其渗流特征,将盒8段致密气储层孔喉分形结构划分为2种类型:Ⅰ型表现为阶段式分形特征,以进汞压力1 MPa为界,大于1 MPa孔喉具有分形特征,且储层阶段进汞饱和度主要由喉道贡献,反之,孔喉不符合分形特征,其进汞饱和度增量由孔隙贡献;Ⅱ型为整体式分形,进汞饱和度几乎全由喉道贡献。储层孔喉分形维数与渗透率、平均喉道半径和主流喉道半径存在较好的负相关性,与微观非均质系数呈现较明显的正相关性,而与孔隙度、平均孔隙半径和平均孔喉半径比之间没有明显的相关性。