Influence of seismic input mechanisms and radiation damping on arch dam response

In this study, two different earthquake input models are introduced, i.e. massless foundation model and viscous-spring boundary input model considering radiation damping. Linear elastic and nonlinear contraction joint opening analyses of the 210 m high Dagangshan arch dam under construction in China are performed using the two different earthquake input models. First, the responses of the three-dimensional (3-D) canyon without the dam are analyzed, respectively, with massless-truncated foundation and with viscous-spring boundary; second, linear and nonlinear analyses of the dam–foundation system are performed and compared by using the two input models. Hydrodynamic effects are considered using finite element discretization for incompressible reservoir fluid. It is concluded that stresses and displacements and contraction joint opening in the dam are significantly reduced both in linear and nonlinear analyses when using viscous-spring boundary model. Interestingly, in the case of linear analysis of the Dagangshan, the massless foundation input model with a relatively higher damping ratio of 10% leads to a comparable response of the dam to that using viscous-spring boundary model. In addition, the maximum tensile stresses from nonlinear analysis are 10–25% larger than that of the corresponding linear cases due to a partial release of the arch action.     

基于Marc二次开发实现粘弹性人工边界和振型分解反应谱法

新版《水电工程水工建筑物抗震设计规范》（NB35047-2015）中规定:"抗震设防类别为甲类的混凝土坝应考虑远域地基的辐射阻尼效应"。针对通用商业有限元软件Marc在振型分解反应谱法中的不足,且缺少时程分析法中模拟地基辐射阻尼效应的粘弹性人工边界,采用Fortran语言编制相应的独立程序及二次开发程序,以便在Mrac软件中精确实现新规范要求下的混凝土坝抗震安全评价。数值算例和工程实例分析结果验证了基于Marc二次开发实施思路和自编程序的正确性;重力坝抗震薄弱部位主要为坝体断面突变处,考虑无限地基的辐射阻尼效应后,坝体地震动力响应明显下降。     

基于UPFs的珊瑚岛礁场地地震反应分析方法研究

合理且高效地模拟珊瑚砂非线性动力特性、远场无限地基辐射阻尼以及海域岛礁动水压力的影响是进行珊瑚岛礁抗震安全分析的关键技术问题.以通用有限元软件ANSYS为研究工具,基于UPFs二次开发灵活性的特点,建立了适用于珊瑚砂地基条件下的岛礁场地地震反应分析时域计算模型.通过创建一种新的珊瑚砂等价线性单元描述岛礁场地的非线性动力...     

Direct finite element method for nonlinear earthquake analysis of concrete dams: Simplification,modeling, and practical application

A direct finite element (FE) method for nonlinear response history analysis of semi-unbounded dam-water-foundation systems has recently been presented. The analysis procedure employs standard viscous-damper absorbing boundaries to model the semi-unbounded foundation and fluid domains and specifies the seismic input as effective earthquake forces—determined from a control motion defined at the foundation surface—at these boundaries. Presented in this paper are several simplifications to this direct FE method that greatly facilitates its implementation in commercial FE software. Also addressed is the modeling of the principal nonlinear mechanisms for concrete dams, calibration of damping in the numerical model to ensure consistency with values measured at actual dams, and practical procedures for implementation of the direct FE method with a commercial FE program.     

某高精密设备平台基础隔振措施分析

结合某高精密设备平台基础隔振实际工程,基于UPFs(User Programmable Features)二次开发特点,提出考虑基础-地基-基础动力相互作用计算基础隔振分析的三维有限元方法。该方法首先将动力机器、周围地基以及高精密设备平台基础作为完整的研究对象,通过引入三维紧支黏弹性边界单元模拟半无限地基辐射阻尼效应和远场介质的弹性恢复性能,并在通用有限元软件ANSYS中实现。进而基于最小二乘方法回归分析得到振动衰减关系曲线,通过其与数值分析结果的对比验证计算模型的合理性。最后针对此工程场地条件建立隔振沟减振隔振措施的有限元模型,并对隔振沟影响因素的减振效果进行分析。计算结果表明,隔振沟的位置、深度以及长度是实际工程中需要考虑的重要因素,对其进行合理的选取可获得较好的隔振效果。     

Coupled gravity dam-foundation analysis using a simplified direct method of soil-structure interaction

A time domain transient analysis of a concrete gravity dam and its foundation has been carried out in a coupled manner using finite element technique and the effect of Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) has been incorporated using a simplified direct method. A two dimensional plane strain dam-foundation model has been used for the time history analysis to compute the stresses and displacements against earthquake loading considering the effect of soil-structure interaction. An effective boundary condition has been implemented by attaching dashpots to the vertical boundaries. The material damping effects have also been considered and the dam and foundation have both been modeled as linear, elastic materials. To achieve a greater degree of accuracy, the displacements and stresses calculated in the free-field analysis have also been added to those developed in the complete dam-foundation analysis. The proposed algorithm has been simulated for the case of two published problems and in both the cases the results have been found to be in close agreement. The proposed technique is quite simple and easy to implement in the computer code. The outcomes of the results show the efficacy of the developed method.     

ABAQUS中动力问题边界条件的选取

数值模拟是研究半无限域中结构地震反应的重要手段,而边界条件的选取则直接影响到数值模拟结果的可靠性.本文应用有限元软件ABAQUS,分别采用固定边界条件、黏性边界条件和远置边界条件对简单弹性半无限介质的波源问题和散射问题进行了数值模拟分析,结果显示:使用固定边界时,波动不能穿过边界面进入半无限介质,这与波动在半无限介质中...     

地震作用下场地有限元建模时底部边界条件的影响

用有限元方法对场地进行地震反应分析时需将半无限域的场地有限化。本文针对底部人工边界的设置,采用滞回阻尼假设,推导了同时包含辐射阻尼和材料阻尼的均质场地地表位移放大系数解析式,进而研究了材料阻尼和辐射阻尼的变化对放大系数的影响。有限元建模时相当于忽略了辐射阻尼,计算误差会随着所分析场地阻抗的增加而逐渐增大,在共振区附近,忽略任一种阻尼的影响,都将显著地高估地表动力反应;远离共振区,阻尼的影响会迅速衰退。本文提出了通过增加场地材料阻尼来弥补所忽略的辐射阻尼的思路,并给出了有限元建模时考虑辐射阻尼后新的材料阻尼的确定方法。     

土-结构相互作用分析中几类地震输入方式的比较

地震作用下土-结构动力相互作用的整体有限元分析需要在人工边界处输入地震动。目前可能采用的地震输入方法包括黏弹性边界自由场输入方法、自由场应力方法、自由场位移方法以及侧边界自由方法。由于采用近似人工边界条件或者未完全考虑地震自由场,上述地震输入方法均为近似方法。本文以大开地铁车站二维有限元分析为例,根据规范建议的边界位置,研究了上述地震输入方法的精度,研究成果可为土-结构相互作用分析的合理地震输入提供一定参考。     

用于地下结构地震反应分析的改进反应加速度法

为考虑结构的存在对反应加速度法中地震输入荷载的影响,基于《城市轨道交通结构抗震设计规范》（GB 50909—2014）中的反应加速度法,提出将土-结构模型转换为自由场模型的等效方式进行地震反应分析。采用等效自由场进行地震输入荷载计算,近似地考虑了结构的存在对地震输入荷载的影响,以期提高反应加速度法的计算精度。使用有限元软件ABAQUS,采用改进前后反应加速度法对日本大开车站不同工况下的地震反应进行计算。研究结果表明,采用等效自由场计算的地震输入荷载有效提高了反应加速度法的计算精度。在验证等效方式有效性的基础上,分析等效模型宽度的选取对反应加速度法计算结果的影响,建议等效模型边界至结构侧边的距离取为1～3倍结构宽度。     

土体本构模型及简化模型对基坑开挖变形数值分析结果的影响

基于大型商用专用软件的数值模拟方法已成为基坑开挖稳定性分析的重要手段之一,但对变形的分析研究较少。通过分析基坑开挖引起的地表沉降变形、基坑侧壁水平位移及坑底隆起变形,研究ABAQUS软件内置土体本构模型及二维简化分析模型对基坑开挖数值模拟结果的影响,并给出基坑开挖三维模型简化成二维模型的适用条件,为基于ABAQUS软件的基坑开挖稳定性分析及变形数值模拟提供参考。     

Harbour resonance problems using finite elements

The problem of harbour resonance is discussed, and the probabilistic analysis of a harbour's response is carried out using a finite element technique. The results presented in this paper show the importance of considering two types of damping (radiation and friction) in the study of harbour resonance phenomena. The radiation, or energy transfer between the harbour and the open sea, is introduced using an expression similar to Sommerfeld's radiation condition, and appears as a boundary only damping term.The three analyses with or without damping and with or without radiation are compared, and it is shown that it is important to include both effects to avoid distortion of the response spectrum. The probability of exceedance for elevations is calculated for the Duncan Basin, and a way of calculating the horizontal displacements is indicated.     

Implementation of configuration dependent stiffness proportional damping for the dynamics of rigid multi-block systems

The distinct element method (DEM) has been used successfully for the dynamic analysis of rigid block systems. One of many difficulties associated with DEM is modeling of damping. In this paper, new procedures are proposed for the damping modeling and its numerical implementation in distinct element analysis of rigid multi-block systems. The stiffness proportional damping is constructed for the prescribed damping ratio, based on the non-zero fundamental frequency effective during the time interval while the boundary conditions remain essentially constant. At this time interval, the fundamental frequency can be estimated without complete eigenvalue analysis. The damping coefficients will vary while the damping ratio remains the same throughout the entire analysis. A new numerical procedure is developed to prevent unnecessary energy loss that can occur during the separation phases. These procedures were implemented in the development of the distinct element method for the dynamic analyses of piled multi-block systems. The analysis results for the single-block and two-block systems were in a good agreement with the analytic predictions. Applications to the seismic analyses of piled fourblock systems revealed that the new procedures can make a significant difference and may lead to much-improved results.     

Response of L-shaped rigid foundations embedded in a uniform half-space to traveling seismic waves

A simplified indirect boundary element method is applied to compute the impedance functions for L-shaped rigid foundations embedded in a homogeneous viscoelastic half-space. In this method, the waves generated by the 3D vibrating foundation are constructed from radiating sources located on the actual boundary of the foundation. The impedance functions together with the free-field displacements and tractions generated along the soil–foundation interface are used to calculate the foundation input motion for incident P, S and Rayleigh waves. This is accomplished by application of Iguchi's averaging method which, in turn, is verified by comparison with results obtained rigorously using the relation between the solutions of the basic radiation (impedance functions) and scattering (input motions) problems. Numerical results are presented for both surface-supported and embedded foundations. It is shown how the seismic response of L-shaped foundations with symmetrical wings differs from that of enveloping square foundations. The effects of inclination and azimuth of the earthquake excitation are examined as well. These results should be of use in analyses of soil–structure interaction to account for the traveling wave effects usually overlooked in practice.     

Three-dimensional boundary element reservoir model for seismic analysis of arch and gravity dams

The boundary element method has been successfully applied in the past to the analysis of hydrodynamic forces in two-dimensional infinite as well as two- and three-dimensional finite reservoirs subjected to seismic ground motions. This paper presents the results of more recent research on the application of the constant boundary element method to the 3D analysis of reservoir vibration. Special boundary conditions, previously used in the 2D case, to treat infinite radiation damping and damping from foundation soil and banks have been incorporated in this formulation. Numerical results for vibration of a 3D infinite rectangular reservoir as well as of a 3D infinite reservoir impounded by an arch dam are presented and compared with some existing results obtained by other researchers.     

场地地震反应分析中侧向人工边界距离选取及影响因素分析

结合均匀场地模型和分层均匀场地模型,采用数值试验的方法研究了场地地震反应分析中侧向人工边界距离的选取问题。分析了各主要因素对人工边界距离选取的影响,得到了如下结论:单侧人工边界距离与土层深度之比L/h是影响人工边界距离选取的主要参数;随着侧向人工边界距离的增加,有限元模型的计算误差并不一直减小,在局部范围内,会出现计算误差随着边界距离的增加而增大的现象;场地硬度、阻尼比和激振频率等因素不会影响计算误差随边界距离的变化规律,但采用自由场边界时受输入地震动频谱特性的影响较为明显;对水平激振下的一维场地模型来说,采用结合自由度边界时所需边界距离最短,自由场边界次之,采用粘性边界达到收敛时所需边界距离最长;无论哪种边界条件,当边界距离大于某一范围后,都能得到稳定的计算结果;相对于均质场地模型来说,实际的分层均匀场地建模时可适当减小侧向人工边界距离。     

Boundary element reservoir model for seismic analysis of gravity dams

The boundary element method has been successfully applied in the past to the analysis of hydrodynamic forces in two- and three-dimensional finite water reservoirs subjected to seismic ground motions. In extending the method to an infinite reservoir, the loss of energy due to pressure waves moving away towards infinity must be taken into account. In addition, for both finite and infinite reservoirs, energy is lost owing to partial absorption of the waves incident on a flexible bottom consisting of alluvial deposits. This paper presents the results of more recent research on the application of the boundary element method to the analysis of 2D reservoir vibration. Two different formulations are used: a constant boundary element formulation and a linear boundary element formulation. Special boundary conditions to treat infinite radiation and foundation damping have been incorporated in both formulations. Numerical results have been obtained for each of the two alternative formulations and compared against each other as well as with classical solutions and results obtained by other researchers.     

拱坝系统三维非线性地震波动分析

本文将显式有限元结合外推人工边界的方法发展应用于三维非线性近场波动问题的研究。首次提出了拱坝－库水－地基系统三维非线性地震反应波动分析方法，并与传统的无质量地基分析方法进行了比较。     

考虑强震激励的某核岛厂房非岩性地基不同处理方案的对比研究

如何选取非岩性地基的处理方案对于不满足抗震适应性要求的核岛厂房地基而言具有重要的工程实用价值。结合国内某内陆核电不符合抗震适应性要求的实际厂址条件,给出地基处理方案评价的数值计算模型及分析过程。首先针对该核电工程实际项目,提出嵌岩桩、CFG桩及水泥土搅拌桩三种地基预处理方案,并以规范法验证处理后地基的承载力要求;进而通过建立非岩性地基条件下的桩-土-结构动力相互作用计算模型来综合考虑各方案对核岛厂房的地震响应影响,其中通过引入黏性人工边界和能量传递边界模拟无限地基辐射阻尼效应,采用等效线性法描述近场地基非线性特征,并基于上述有限元模型以全耦合方式考虑群桩效应的影响;最后从满足厂址地基适应性和经济效益两方面进行综合评价,给出针对本工程的最佳设计方案。该分析方法及研究成果可为类似条件下的核岛厂房非岩性地基处理方案的比选问题提供借鉴与参考。     

木柱与钢筋混凝土梁柔性装配节点的非线性力学性能分析

为研究装配式木柱与钢筋混凝土混合结构梁柱柔性节点的非线性力学性能,设计一种木柱与钢筋混凝土混合结构装配节点.利用 ABAQUS软件建立有限元模型,并对节点模型进行单调加载荷载分析和低周反复加载分析,主要研究橡胶硬度和竖向荷载对装配节点的破坏特征、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、承载力及耗能能力等非线性力学性能的影响,并与相关文献对比,验证分析方法的可行性.结果表明:该柔性节点的主要破坏模式有柱脚受压屈曲、受拉抬起现象和橡胶压缩变形破坏.柔性装配节点的承载力、刚度、延性与其阻尼材料的硬度二者呈正比关系.随着阻尼材料硬度提高,可以有效限制柱体侧倾和柱脚抬起现象.当采用71HA 硬度的橡胶材料时其耗能能力较好.同时,竖向荷载对装配节点的阻尼比影响较大,增加竖向荷载可以有效提高该节点的黏滞阻尼比.