武夷山中段司前花岗岩体形成时代、地球化学特征及地质意义

本文对武夷山中段的司前岩体进行了系统的岩石学、地球化学、年代学及Lu-Hf同位素研究。结果表明,司前岩体形成于(140±1)Ma,主要由黑云母二长花岗岩组成,富碱(K_2O+Na_2O=6.67 wt%~8.25 wt%),富钾(K_2O/Na_2O=1.16~2.41),A/CNK值介于1.01~1.25之间。岩体具有较高的∑REE(177.73×10~(-6)~427.88×10~(-6))、Zr+Nb+Y+Ce含量(262.6×10~(-6)~581.5×10~(-6))和Zr饱和温度(平均824°C),FeOt/MgO(3.06~3.93)和10 000×Ga/Al(2.64~3.28)比值均较高,属典型的铝质-过铝质A型花岗岩。岩体的锆石εHf(t)值均为负值(–18.6~–7.9),暗示其源于古老的地壳物质重熔。综合上述结果和区域背景推测,司前岩体的源岩为新元古代麻源群变质火山-碎屑岩,源岩可能经历早古生代和白垩纪两期熔融事件,地幔岩浆为花岗岩的形成提供了热源,但并未贡献物质,岩体的形成与古太平洋板块俯冲过程中因俯冲板片后撤诱发的弧后扩张作用有关。     

云南凤庆邦漂地区花岗伟晶岩地球化学及其成因北大核心CSCD

滇西凤庆邦漂地区发育大量花岗伟晶岩脉,为揭示花岗伟晶岩脉群的成因和地球动力学背景,对其进行了全岩地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学研究。伟晶岩样品具高硅(w(SiO_(2))=74.2%~78.6%,平均75.7%)、富碱(w(Na_(2)O+K_(2)O)=7.63%~11.11%,平均9.03%)、低镁值(Mg^(#)=16.6~39.0,平均28.6)、弱过铝质(A/CNK=0.85~1.12,平均1.01)特征,属弱过铝质高钾钙碱性—钾玄岩系列。样品具低固结指数(SI=0.44~1.02),高分异指数(DI=95.1~97.3),w(Ba)(18.600×10^(-6)~99.300×10^(-6))、w(Sr)(6.200×10^(-6)~13.200×10^(-6))、w(Ti)(42.430×10^(-6)~106.140×10^(-6))、w(Eu)(0.023×10^(-6)~0.065×10^(-6))元素负异常,Nb/Ta(3.48~10.37)、Zr/Hf(13.18~30.06)值明显低于球粒陨石和大陆地壳的相应比值特征,指示岩浆演化高分异特性;样品富含过铝质矿物白云母,弱过铝质和偏低的锆石饱和温度(平均666℃),总体与S型花岗岩特征吻合,综合表明其属高分异S型花岗岩。花岗伟晶岩结晶年龄为221.4±1.9 Ma,略晚于三叠纪花岗岩成岩年龄(239~224 Ma),与岩浆演化顺序一致;二者微量元素配分曲线相似,Ba,Sr和Eu亏损,在w(Zr)-w(Hf)图上呈线性正相关关系,反映二者存有亲缘关系。综上认为,花岗伟晶岩是三叠纪花岗岩晚期岩浆热液高度结晶分异的结果,起源于古元古代地壳(富黏土泥质岩)的部分熔融,形成于晚三叠世保山—思茅地块后碰撞阶段。     

甘肃北山牛圈子地区志留纪骆驼圈西岩体的岩石成因及构造意义

北山牛圈子地区的骆驼圈西埃达克岩为过铝质钙碱性岩浆系列,具有高的SiO_2(57.94%)、Al_2O_3(16.66%)和低的MgO(4.32%)含量,较高的Na_2O/K_2O比值(3.13),显示富钠的特征;而在微量元素上,高Sr(589×10~(-6)~1170×10~(-6)),低Y(4.60×10~(-6)~13.90×10~(-6))和Yb(0.43×10~(-6)~1.32×10~(-6));轻重稀土分异明显(La/Dy)N=4.60~13.87、(La/Yb)N=7.17~20.58,Eu异常不明显(Eu/Eu*=0.85~1.32);富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,而亏损高场强元素Nb,Ta,Ti和重稀土HREE,与世界上典型的俯冲洋壳熔融形成的埃达克岩特征相似。结合区域上埃达克岩的研究成果和岀露的构造位置,以及与牛圈子蛇绿岩的关系,认为骆驼圈西埃达克岩是志留纪(U-Pb年龄为428.9 Ma)时期热的洋壳向公婆泉—东七一山早古生代活动陆缘带俯冲过程中部分熔融的产物。对该岩体的研究,为进一步研究北山造山带早古生代北山洋盆闭合和晚古生代北山洋盆重新裂开提供新的依据。     

四川盐源西范坪斑岩铜矿石英二长斑岩锆石U-Pb同位素定年及其意义

四川盐源西范坪斑岩铜矿处于扬子地块西缘,靠近盐源-丽江坳陷带与甘孜-理塘缝合带的结合部位,该矿区侵入岩体主要为石英二长斑岩组成。西范坪铜矿石英二长斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(100.8±0.7)Ma(MSWD=0.2),表明了斑岩侵位时代为早白垩世。石英二长斑岩富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、K),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti、P),LREE富集、HREE亏损,为高钾准铝质花岗岩。w(Si O2)为64.06%~65.24%,具有高w(Al_2O3)(15.58%~16.55%)、w(Sr)(719×10~(-6)~1221×10~(-6))及Sr/Y比值(49.2~82.5),低w(MgO)(1.30%~1.63%)、w(Yb)(1.08×10~(-6)~1.55×10~(-6))及w(Y)(13.7×10~(-6)~14.8×10~(-6)),Eu异常(0.83~0.90)不明显,轻重稀土分异明显((La/Yb)N=29.94~52.14),具有埃达克岩特征。西范坪埃达克岩富钾贫钠(K_2O/Na_2O=0.78~2.44),低Cr、Ni,高Th、Th/U以及相对低的Sr/Y等特征,表明其为加厚下地壳部分熔融形成。西范坪早白垩世(100.8Ma)地壳增厚作用可能受控于甘孜-理塘洋闭合后的造山运动,该斑岩体为印支期褶皱造山后(200 Ma),喜马拉雅期碰撞造山之前(65 Ma),陆内由挤压向伸展转换期岩浆作用的产物。     

内蒙古东部红山子复式岩体晚侏罗世黑云母花岗岩地球化学特征及地质意义

位于沽源—红山子铀成矿带北东段的红山子复式岩体,由晚侏罗世早期碱长花岗岩、黑云母花岗岩和早白垩世早期细粒黑云母花岗岩、花岗斑岩组成,并以晚侏罗世早期碱长花岗岩、黑云母花岗岩为主体。晚侏罗世早期黑云母花岗岩包括中细粒黑云母花岗岩和似斑状黑云母花岗岩两种,它们均具高硅、富碱、钾和铁、贫铝和低钙、镁的主量元素特征,SiO_2分别为75.2%～76.6%和74.6%～75.3%,(K_2O+Na_2O)分别为8.19%～8.96%和8.78%～9.10%, K_2O/Na_2O分别为1.19～1.39和1.29～1.35,在SiO_2—MALI图解中落入钙碱值与碱钙值A型花岗岩区域内;Al_2O_3的含量分别为11.5%～12.3%和12.5%～12.7%,CaO分别为0.30%～1.24%和0.76%～0.83%,A/CNK分别为0.90～0.97和0.93～0.96,均不含标准矿物刚玉;FeO+Fe_2O_3分别为2.23%～2.65%和2.33%～2.48%(均1.00%),锆石饱和温度分别为834～869℃和819～839℃(均800℃),具有A型花岗岩的富铁和高温特征。中细粒黑云母花岗岩和斑状黑云母花岗岩稀土含量较高、富集轻稀土、重稀土分异不明显和Eu强烈亏损,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、K等和高场强元素Zr、Hf、Nd、Ta、Y等,亏损大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr等,Zr+Nb+Ce+Y的含量分别为897×10~(-6)～1236×10~(-6)和513×10~(-6)～643×10~(-6)(均350×10~(-6)),10000Ga/Al值分别为6.28～6.90和3.28～3.98(均大于2.6),具有A型花岗岩的微量元素特征。在Nb—Y—3Ga、Nb—Y—Ce和Y/Nb—Rb/Nb图解中显示A_1和A_2型过渡型花岗岩的特征,微量元素构造判别图解显示板内拉张构造环境。中细粒黑云母花岗岩和斑状黑云母花岗岩具有较低的■、较高的ε_(Nd)(t)、较年轻的T_(DM2)、较低的■、■、■和较低的δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW),表明岩浆源于年轻下地壳底部的部分熔融,且经历了高温热液蚀变作用。可见,中细粒黑云母花岗岩和斑状黑云母花岗岩是在板内拉张构造环境下,由源于Ⅰ型富集地幔的基性岩浆底侵于下地壳和少量古老下地壳混染后,形成的年轻下地壳再部分熔融形成的A_2型花岗岩。根据中细粒黑云母花岗岩和斑状黑云母花岗岩U含量较高,分别为7.3×10~(-6)～22.3×10~(-6)(平均14.6×10~(-6))和4.53×10~(-6)～6.90×10~(-6)(平均6.01×10~(-6)),并经历了高温热液蚀变作用,特别是前者与晚侏罗世火山岩的内、外接触带中已发现铀矿化,提出晚侏罗世黑云母花岗岩的内、外接触带是深入开展铀矿勘查的有利部位。     

内蒙古东乌旗巴彦都兰铜矿床地质和地球化学特征及其意义

内蒙古巴彦都兰铜矿床位于二连—东乌旗成矿带,该矿区出露下泥盆统泥鳅河组粉砂岩和海西中期黑云母花岗岩体,铜矿体呈脉状产出于泥鳅河组粉砂岩中,严格受断裂控制。主要金属矿物为黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿等,脉石矿物主要为石英和碳酸盐岩等。矿区黑云母花岗岩La-ICP-MS锆石~(206)Pb/~(238) U加权平均年龄为303.5 Ma±1.1 Ma,铜矿床属于晚古生代构造-岩浆作用的产物。岩石地球化学特征反映黑云母花岗岩属准铝质-弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列,A/CNK值介于0.99~1.04之间,高碱(w(K_2O+Na_2O)=7.36%~8.73%),富钾(w(K_2O)/w(Na_2O)=1.08~1.66),其形成具有岛弧或后碰撞环境I型花岗岩特征;微量元素特征显示岩体可能形成于后碰撞伸展阶段早期的构造环境中。黄铜矿硫同位素组成介于0.1×10~(-3)~2.1×10~(-3)之间,反映成矿所需的硫可能来自于岩浆,巴彦都兰铜矿区花岗岩很可能是成矿硫的提供者。     

西准噶尔克孜勒巴斯套A型花岗岩地球化学特征、岩石成因及其地质意义

新疆西准噶尔构造带分布着大量的中酸性侵入体,其岩石成因和侵位期次对于认识该构造带的岩浆演化具有十分重要的意义。本次研究在详细的野外地质调查基础上,针对西准噶尔南部克孜勒巴斯套岩体8个样品进行地球化学特征分析。结果表明,克孜勒巴斯套岩体出露面积约7km~2,岩性主要为碱长花岗岩。其形成时代为306.4 Ma±3.7Ma,属晚石炭世晚期。岩石主量元素具有高硅(w(SiO_2)=74.30%～77.18%)、富碱且相对富钠(w(Na_2O+K_2O)=7.38%～8.73%,Na_2O/K_2O=0.97～1.39)、贫钙镁(w(CaO)=0.22%～0.48%;w(MgO)=0.19%～0.44%)、相对富铝(w(Al_2O_3)=11.93%～13.42%)的特征,明显富集Rb,K等大离子亲石元素及Zr,Hf等高场强元素,亏损Ba,Sr,P,Eu,Ti等元素,具有较高的TFeO/MgO(5.88～9.07),Zr+Nb+Ce+Y(372.4×10~(-6)～482.7×10~(-6))值及锆石饱和温度(860℃～890℃),属于碱性准铝质-弱过铝质A型花岗岩,为低压高温氧化条件年轻下地壳物质部分熔融的产物。结合区域构造背景和前人研究成果,认为西准噶尔南部地区在晚石炭世晚期仍处于俯冲体制,可能与晚石炭世洋脊俯冲作用有关。     

塔里木盆地西北缘早二叠世后碰撞花岗质岩浆活动及其构造意义

塔里木地块西北缘的阔什布拉克钾长花岗岩富碱(Na_2O+K_2O平均8.36%8%),富钾(K_2O/Na_2O=1.27～1.47),准铝质(A/CNK=0.82～0.88),属于高钾钙碱性系列岩浆岩。岩石的稀土含量较高(∑REE=263.90×10~(-6)～445.75×10~(-6)),富集Th、U、Ta、Nb、Hf和Y等高场强元素和大离子亲石元素Rb,具有强的负Eu异常(δEu=0.003～0.019),富集高不相容元素(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y=368×10~(-6)～531×10~(-6)350×10~(-6)),高Ga(Ga/Al×10 000=4.17～4.722.6),显示出A型花岗岩的地球化学特征。岩石Th/U比值(平均为3.86)、Nb/Ta比值(平均为12.75)和Rb-Th富集、Ti亏损指示其壳源成因。对花岗岩进行的LA-ICP-MS微区原位锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,花岗岩的结晶侵位年龄为275.4±2.8 Ma。综合西南天山与塔里木盆地早二叠世花岗质岩浆活动的特点,认为早二叠世西南天山的后碰撞岩浆活动不仅在西南天山内部引起了强烈的花岗质岩浆活动,而且对塔里木地块西北边缘的花岗质岩浆活动也有显著的影响。阔什布拉克A型花岗岩也说明西南天山地区的碰撞造山作用在275.4±2.8 Ma之前已经趋于结束,以南天山洋盆为代表的古亚洲洋已基本结束了其演化历史。     

云南香格里拉盖吉夏含矿石英二长闪长玢岩年代学、地球化学、锆石Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

盖吉夏铜多金属矿床位于香格里拉地区格咱斑岩带红山-普朗铜多金属成矿亚带北段,铜多金属矿化与石英二长闪长玢岩紧密相关。石英二长闪长玢岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为216.6±2.3Ma (MSWD=1.9),与区域上普朗、松诺、地苏嘎、雪鸡坪、春都等含矿斑岩体年龄一致。锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值分布范围为-1.55～3.27,平均为1.57,分布较集中;单阶段Hf模式年龄(t_(DM1))变化范围为733～918Ma,平均为795Ma,二阶段Hf模式年龄(t_(DM2))为923～1178Ma,平均为1015Ma,揭示其源区可能为亏损地幔或新生壳源物质。岩石SiO_2为61.08%～69.55%,Na_2O+K_2O为7.22%～7.82%,Na_2O/K_2O为0.87～1.87,具高钾钙碱性准铝质-弱过铝质(A/CNK=0.75-1.34)特征,岩石富集轻稀土元素[(La/Yb) N=13.35-24.85]和大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Pb等),相对亏损重稀土元素和高场强元素(Ti、Nb、P等),且具有高Sr(400×10~(-6)),低Y(18×10~(-6))、Yb(1.9×10~(-6))及高Sr/Y、La/Nb等特点,显示出正常弧岩浆系列钙碱性岩石特征,说明含矿石英二长闪长玢岩与岛弧环境密切相关。这种特征的花岗岩可能为盖吉夏的Cu成矿作用提供了重要的物质来源。     

新疆东天山地区三岔口铜矿床的成因:岩石学、年代学和地球化学证据

三岔口铜矿床位于新疆东天山大南湖岛弧带的东北缘。目前对于三岔口铜矿床的成因类型及成矿年代还存在争议。三岔口铜矿床中赋矿岩体为闪长岩-花岗闪长岩,发育黑云母化、硅化、绢英岩化、青磐岩化等。测得三岔口铜矿床辉钼矿Re-Os年龄为416Ma±6.4 Ma,含矿闪长岩中锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为425 Ma±3.9 Ma,反映该矿床形成于中志留世。矿区内闪长岩-花岗闪长岩w(Na_2O+K_2O)为3.88%~4.68%,A/NCK值均大于1,为铝饱和岩石。岩体贫钾(w(K_2O)0.47%~1.18%)富钠(w(Na_2O)_2.83%~4.23%),w(TiO_2)偏低(0.41%~0.46%),多属于低钾拉斑系列。岩体富集w(Ba)(260×10~(-6)~4 810×10~(-6)),w(Sr)(644×10~(-6)~797×10~(-6))等大离子亲石元素,亏损w(Nb)(2.1×10~(-6)~2.6×10~(-6)),w(Ta)(0.1×10~(-6)),w(Zr)(11.2×10~(-6)~13.1×10~(-6))等高场强元素,具岛弧岩浆岩的特征。岩体富Na贫K,K_2O/Na_2O0.42,且具有高w(Al_2O_3)(≥16.65%),w(SiO_2)(≥61.3%),w(Sr)(≥644×10~(-6))以及较低的w(Y)(≤13.7×10~(-6))和w(Yb)(≤1.41×10~(-6)),具O型埃达克岩的特征,表明三岔口铜矿床形成于俯冲岛弧环境。结合研究区域内铜(钼)矿床的成矿时代及矿床类型,得出东天山地区有三期斑岩型矿床成矿作用:志留纪的三岔口、玉海斑岩型铜矿床,石炭纪的土屋-延东、延西等斑岩型铜矿床,以及三叠纪的东戈壁、白山斑岩型钼矿床。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Metals,arsenic, and sulfur in the Aue and Eibenstock granites,Erzgebirge

Average concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, and other metals, as well as S and As, were calculated for the Aue granitic cupola, the contact aureole of which hosts the large vein-type uranium deposit of Schlema-Alberoda and the Schneeberg uranium-base metal deposit (Erzgebirge, Germany). The cupola was exposed by mine workings and boreholes, which provided an opportunity to evaluate variations in the abundances of metals in the granites over a vertical interval of more than 2.5 km and estimate their losses in the upper oxidized part of the investigated volume of the cupola (coefficient of iron oxidation, KO _Fe, increases in the granites from bottom to top from 7 to 70%) compared with the lower unaltered and unoxidized part (with a KO _Fe plateau at about 5%). The average concentrations of metals in the upper part of the cupola are lower than those in the lower part by a factor of 2.5 for Pb, 1.56 for Zn, 1.45 for Cu, 1.3 for Co, etc. A similar decrease in the abundances of ore elements along the vertical section associating with the relative epigenetic alteration and oxidation of the granite was previously described by us for U and Th and for the components of high-temperature ores, W, Sn, and Mo. The removal of ore elements from the granite was accompanied by a decrease in the bulk contents of sulfur and arsenic by a factor of 1.35 and 1.65, respectively. The leaching of trace metals from the granites of the upper part of the Aue cupola was followed by their partial redeposition above the cupola in the ore veins of the Schlema and Schneeberg deposits. Original Russian Text ? Vikt. L. Barsukov, N.T. Sokolova, O.M. Ivanitskii, 2006, published in Geokhimiya, 2006, No. 9, pp. 967–982.     

Total mercury and monomethylmercury in water, sediments, and hydrophytes from the rivers, estuary, and bay along the Bohai Sea coast, northeastern China

Mercury contamination in aquatic environments is of worldwide concern because of its high biomagnification factor in food chains and long-range transport. The rivers, estuary and the bay along the northwestern Bohai Sea coast, northeastern China have been heavily contaminated by Hg due to long-term Zn smelting and chlor-alkali production. This work investigated the distributions of total Hg (THg) and monomethylmercury (MMHg) in the water, sediment and hydrophytes from this area. Concentrations of THg in sediment (0.5–64 mg kg⁻¹) and water (39–2700 ng L⁻¹) were elevated by 1–3 orders of magnitude compared to background concentrations, which induced high concentrations of MMHg in these media. The highest concentration of MMHg in sediment reached 35 μg kg⁻¹, which was comparable to that in the Hg mining area, Wanshan, China, and the highest MMHg concentration of 3.0 ng L⁻¹ in the water sample exceeded the MMHg Chinese drinking water guideline of 1.0 ng L⁻¹. Concentrations of THg in a sediment profile from Jinzhou Bay were found to be consistent with annual Hg emission flux from a local Zn smelter (r = 0.74, p < 0.01), indicating that Hg contamination was mainly caused by Zn smelting locally. For some freshwater hydrophytes, concentrations of THg and MMHg ranged from 5.2 to 100 μg kg⁻¹ and 0.15 to 12 μg kg⁻¹, respectively. Compared to sediment, concentrations of THg in hydrophytes were 2–3 orders of magnitude lower but MMHg was comparable or higher, indicating that the bioaccumulation in plants was distinct for the two Hg species studied. The data suggest that a significant load of Hg has been released into the northwestern coastal region of the Bohai Sea.     

Text, talk, things, and the subpolitics of performing place

This article tells the story of how a group of Dutch and Belgian citizens organized themselves to promote an area that they valued, to put it on the map, to raise awareness about its qualities, and to protect it from urban and industrial development. Our theoretical perspective focuses on the performative and political aspects of this place-making process and the discursive and material practices involved. We connect this to Beck’s concept of subpolitics.Our findings show how the group performed this place not only through text and talk - giving the area a name, using their knowledge and expertise to raise awareness about its values, lobbying and cooperating with decision-makers -, but also through things - installing art objects and information signs that articulate certain characteristics and values of the area. Our findings demonstrate the struggles involved in these performances. The group involved multiple perspectives on what the important values and characteristics of the area are and on what strategies would work best in trying to influence decision-making and protect the area. However, the use of expertise as the main strategy to gain influence excluded the more critical and activist strategies and privileging archaeological and historical values and characteristics came at the expense of attention on agricultural and natural values.Our findings make clear that performing place cannot be taken to be homogeneous and that it inevitably involves multiple perspectives and demands. The struggles, power relations and dynamics of inclusion and exclusion that this multiplicity implicates reveal a form of sub-politics that involves both politicization and depoliticization. Also, it is a form of subpolitics that is more diverse and ambiguous than Beck’s conceptualization presupposes by its emphasis on the role of outsiders as a homogeneous group.     

Distribution of REE,LILE, and HFSE between biotite,feldspar, and the melt in the granulite facies migmatite,nimnyr block,Aldan shield

The behavior of trace elements under conditions of partial melting of granitoid rocks has been studied. The element’s partition coefficients between minerals and the melt D_i^min/melt depends, in the first place, on the composition of the primary melt. In biotite the HREE D_i are a little below 1, while those of LREE, especially D_i for Ce, are 1–3 orders of magnitude less. This leads to an efficient differentiation of REEs in anatexic melts especially when biotite is the main mineral phase of restite. On the contrary, there are feldspars, the D_i of which cannot provide such a magnitude of differentiation. Unlike garnets and pyroxenes, whose stability in restite permits enrichment of anatexic melts produced in migmatization zones with Nb, Ti, and Cr, the presence of biotite in restite causes depletion of melts with those elements as well as with Rb. Feldspars, under conditions of their fractional crystallization or during differentiation of an anatexic melt, deplete the latter with Sr, Ba, and Rb, but enrich it with Nb, Ti, Cr, Y, Zr, and V.     

Dielectric constants of apatite,epidote, vesuvianite,and zoisite,and the oxide additivity rule

The dielectric constants and dielectric loss values of 4 Ca-containing minerals were determined at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: vesuvianitel κ′ _a=9.93 tan δ=0.006 κ′ _c=9.79 tan δ=0.005 vesuvianitel κ′ _a=10.02 tan δ=0.002 κ′ _c=9.85 tan δ=0.003 zoisite1 κ′ _a =10.49 tan δ=0.0006 κ′ _b =15.31 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c=9.51 tan δ=0.0008 zoisite2 κ′ _a =10.55 tan δ=0.0011 κ′ _b =15.45 tan δ=0.0013 κ′ _c=9.39 tan δ=0.0008 epidote κ′ ₁₁= 9.52 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ ₂₂=17.1 tan δ=0.0009 κ′ ₃₃= 9.37 tan δ=0.0006 fluorapatite1 κ′ _a =10.48 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c = 8.72 tan δ=0.0114 fluorapatite2 κ′ _a =10.40 tan δ=0.0010 κ′ _c=8.26 tan δ=0.0178 The deviation (δ) between measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation and those calculated from the sum of oxide polarizabilities according to α _D (mineral)=∑ α _D (oxides) for vesuvianite is ～ 0.5%. The large deviations of epidote and zoisite from the additivity rule with Δ=+ 10.1 and + 11.7%, respectively, are attributed to “rattling” Ca ions. The combined effects of both a large F thermal parameter and possible F-ion conductivity in fluorapatite are believed to be responsible for Δ=+2–3%. Although variation of oxygen polarizability with oxygen molar volume (V_o) is believed to affect the total polarizabilities, the variation of V_o in these Ca minerals is too small to observe the effect.     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.