河南义马地区页岩气储层孔隙非均质性

运用高压压汞、液氮吸附及渗透率测试等实验,利用极差、突进系数、变异系数等参数,表征煤系页岩孔渗特征及孔隙层间非均质性,分析孔隙层间非均质性主控因素。结果表明:河南义马地区上、下石盒子组泥页岩微孔与小孔较为发育,山西组大孔较为发育,分别提供了气体吸附附着面积和储存运移空间;上石盒子组孔容与孔径相对偏差最小,孔隙分布均匀,山西组比表面积相对偏差最小,表面积分布均匀;随围压增大,渗透率不断降低,且满足负指数相关关系;渗透率级差、突进系数和变异系数显示下石盒子组渗透率非均质性较弱,山西组渗透率非均质性很弱,更易于压裂开发。非均质性宏观上主要受沉积物质组成和构造改造作用影响,微观上受成岩演化影响。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长探区延长组页岩气储层孔隙结构特征

为了评价陆相页岩气储层的储集空间和储气能力,以鄂尔多斯盆地延长探区上三叠统延长组长7段、长9段页岩为研究对象,运用电子扫描显微镜、高压压汞、低温CO2和N2气体吸附等实验方法,对陆相页岩气储层孔隙类型特征、孔隙结构及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明：(1)延长探区上三叠统延长组陆相页岩发育多种类型微观孔隙,以粒间孔和粒内孔为主,少量晶间孔和溶蚀孔,有机质孔发育较少,为陆相页岩气赋存提供了储集空间;(2)延长组页岩中介孔(2～50 nm)贡献了其主要的孔容和比表面积,占总孔容的7437%,占总比表面积的6440%,且长9段页岩的总孔容和总比表面积均大于长7段页岩;(3)延长组页岩孔隙结构以狭缝型孔和板状孔为主,孔径主要分布在04～09 nm、3～25 nm和5～200 μm区间段内,延长组页岩平均孔径为853 nm,且长7段页岩平均孔径大于长9段页岩;(4)页岩有机碳含量、有机质成熟度及矿物成分含量共同影响着延长组页岩孔隙的发育,其中矿物成分含量是以介孔孔隙为主的延长组页岩孔隙发育的主控因素,有机碳含量及成熟度的增加主要对页岩中微孔孔隙的发育起到积极作用。     

海相油页岩的生烃动力学特征——以燕山地区下马岭组油页岩为例

油页岩是未来重要的补充与替代能源。通过开放体系程序升温热模拟实验,对燕山地区下马岭组海相油页岩进行了研究。结果表明:其热裂解反应主要发生在440～480℃,表观生烃活化能集中分布于170～290 kJ/mol,主峰约为240 kJ/mol,明显高于陆相油页岩(抚顺油页岩和茂名油页岩),而与下古生界海相烃源岩(甘肃平凉奥陶系灰岩及爱沙尼亚奥陶系Kukersite油页岩)活化能分布范围及主峰位置相似。以ICP技术规范为例,在相同热历史条件下,通过数值模拟认识到下马岭组海相油页岩主生烃温度为275～325℃,高于湖相油页岩(265～305℃),而与下古生界海相烃源岩相似,表明其可能具有与古生界海相有机质相似的生烃机理。     

陆相煤系页岩气储层孔隙特征及其主控因素

认识储层特殊性并遴选优质层段是进行陆相煤系页岩勘探开发的首要工作。本文运用TOC、Ro、有机岩石热解、XRD、SEM、高压压汞、低温液氮吸附等实验,对大同组陆相页岩储层特征进行定性与定量表征,探讨孔隙结构特殊性及主控因素。结果表明,宁武地区大同组泥页岩厚度大,成熟度中等,具有生烃潜力,按照岩性可划分为4个层段。大同组微纳米孔隙可划分为“双峰型”、“单峰型”和“弱峰型”,孔隙比表面积与TOC呈正相关趋势,比表面积与黏土矿物含量正相关,相关性较好,大孔和微孔分别由脆性矿物和黏土矿物提供。陆相页岩孔隙主要受沉积成岩和构造改造影响,分流河道沉积表现为由下至上黏土矿物含量增多,沉积物颗粒变细,泥页岩孔隙度逐渐减小,深湖相沉积表现为由下至上黏土矿物含量降低,碎屑矿物颗粒增多,沉积物颗粒变粗,孔隙度增大,成岩作用对页岩有机质生烃孔隙具有贡献,同时发生压实作用使孔隙率降低,构造改造对页岩气渗流和逸散利弊并存。     

渝东南地区龙马溪组高演化页岩微纳米孔隙非均质性及主控因素

对页岩气赋存的主要场所页岩孔隙的研究是解决页岩气赋存和保存机理的关键,但目前缺少有效的手段去定量刻画高演化页岩微纳米孔隙的非均质性特征。通过低压N2吸附/解吸、高压压汞、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)等实验,运用分形维数对渝东南地区龙马溪组高演化页岩微纳米孔隙非均质性进行了定量分析。结果表明：高演化页岩的微纳米级孔隙非均质性极强。中孔(2.0~50.0 nm)中2.0~4.5 nm 的孔隙分形维数平均2.853 4,4.5~50.0 nm 的孔隙分形维数平均2.7367,这种极强非均质性主要受有机质控制。总有机碳(TOC)含量大于1.7 %时,有机质孔在中孔中占主导地位,粘土矿物含量的增加会在一定程度上增加中孔的非均质性。宏孔(＞50.0 nm)分形维数平均2.8441,非均质性较强,主要受石英和碳酸盐等脆性矿物控制,随着碳酸盐矿物含量的增大,非均质程度增加,有机质对页岩宏孔的非均质性影响不明显。     

华北燕山东段下马岭组黑色岩系元素地球化学组成——对其沉积作用的约束

华北地区燕山东段下马岭组地层中发育一套黑色岩系,本文测定了该岩系代表性岩石的地球化学组成。主微量元素分析结果显示,样品主量元素含量变化较大(如SiO2=53.00%~78.83%,Al2O3=1.20%~17.57%);PAAS标准化稀土配分型式为重稀土富集型,具Ce负异常,与现代海水配分型式一致。样品具有较高的Al2O3+TiO2含量(1.31%~18.48%),其U含量(平均3.95×10-6)、Th/Sc值(0.97~1.26)、Th/U值(平均3.50)、球粒陨石标准化稀土配分型式及大陆地壳标准化微量元素蛛网图表明黑色岩系沉积过程中有较多陆源碎屑物质的加入。黑色岩系Ba/Sr值(9.28~22.79)、Co/Zn值(0.01~0.29)及相关图解显示其沉积过程明显受到海底热液作用的影响,但原始溶液中热液组分含量不足0.1%。主微量元素比值、Ce/Ce*PAAS值(0.82~0.93)及构造背景判别图解表明黑色岩系可能沉积于大陆岛弧背景下的深水缺氧环境。     

页岩气储层粘土矿物孔隙特征及其甲烷吸附作用

粘土矿物是页岩的主要组成矿物,与页岩气的赋存和富集密切相关。粘土矿物因其特殊的晶体结构,在晶层之间、矿物内部以及矿物颗粒之间形成了不同类型的孔隙,这些孔隙的大小、形貌和比表面积决定着粘土矿物的甲烷吸附能力。为此,本文综述了粘土矿物的孔隙结构以及孔隙中的水和有机质对甲烷吸附性的影响,指出不同类型的粘土矿物孔隙发育与形貌特征存在差异,蒙脱石中多发育圆形、狭缝状的微孔且总比表面积最大,导致蒙脱石在所有粘土矿物中的甲烷吸附量最大;伊利石与高岭石中多发育中孔与大孔,吸附甲烷的能力低于蒙脱石。粘土矿物孔隙中的水与有机质显著影响到甲烷的吸附能力,水分子会占据孔隙表面,降低了甲烷的吸附能力,但可溶有机质对粘土矿物甲烷吸附能力的具体影响目前尚不明了。同时,根据页岩气勘探需求指出了本方向某些有待深入探讨的问题。     

沁水盆地武乡区块上古生界煤系页岩气储层孔隙特征和孔隙结构

储层孔隙特征和孔隙结构是影响页岩气赋存与储集的重要因素。为评价海陆过渡相高演化煤系页岩储层性质与页岩气储集性能,应用扫描电子显微镜、高压压汞、低温N₂和 CO₂气体吸附、微米CT扫描、核磁共振实验方法,对沁水盆地武乡区块上古生界煤系页岩气储层孔隙微观特征和孔隙结构进行了研究。结果表明,沁水盆地武乡区块上古生界煤系页岩样品中发育多种类型微观孔隙,常见粒间孔、粒内孔和微裂缝,有机质孔几乎不发育;武乡区块煤系页岩气储层样品孔隙总孔容分布在0.021 9~0.073 5 mL/g之间,平均值为0.039 9 mL/g,总比表面积主要分布在11.94~46.83 m²/g之间,平均为29.16 m²/g,其中介孔(2~50 nm)和微孔(<2 nm)是煤系页岩气储集的主要载体。煤系页岩中的高配位数孔隙数量越多,相应的孔容和孔比表面积越大,孔隙连通性越好;在孔隙数量和总孔容相差不大的前提下,山西组煤系页岩储层孔隙结构与连通性比太原组煤系页岩稍好。     

Geological Features and Reservoiring Mode of Shale Gas Reservoirs in Longmaxi Formation of the Jiaoshiba Area

Abstract: This study is based on the sedimentation conditions, organic geochemistry, storage spaces, physical properties, lithology and gas content of the shale gas reservoirs in Longmaxi Formation of the Jiaoshiba area and the gas accumulation mode is summarized and then compared with that in northern America. The shale gas reservoirs in the Longmaxi Formation in Jiaoshiba have good geological conditions, great thickness of quality shales, high organic content, high gas content, good physical properties, suitable depth, good preservation conditions and good reservoir types. The quality shales at the bottom of the deep shelf are the main target interval for shale gas exploration and development. Shale gas in the Longmaxi Formation has undergone three main reservoiring stages: the early stage of hydrocarbon generation and compaction when shale gas reservoirs were first formed; the middle stage of deep burial and large-scale hydrocarbon generation, which caused the enrichment of reservoirs with shale gas; the late stage of uplift, erosion and fracture development when shale gas reservoirs were finally formed.     

Geological Factors Controlling the Accumulation and High Yield of Marine-Facies Shale Gas: Case Study of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in the Dingshan Area of Southeast Sichuan,China

The main geological factors controlling the accumulation and yield of marine-facies shale gas reservoirs are the focus of the current shale gas exploration and development research. In this study, the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in the Dingshan area of southeast Sichuan was investigated. Shale cores underwent laboratory testing, which included the evaluation of total organic carbon(TOC), vitrinite reflectance(Ro), whole-rock X-ray diffraction(XRD), pore permeability,and imaging through field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM). Based on the results of natural gamma ray spectrum logging, conventional logging, imaging logging, and seismic coherence properties, the exploration and development potential of shale gas in the Dingshan area have been discussed comprehensively. The results showed that(1)layer No. 4(WF2-LM4) of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation has a Th/U ratio 2 and a Th/K ratio of 3.5–12. Graptolites and pyrite are relatively abundant in the shale core, indicating sub-high-energy and low-energy marine-facies anoxic reducing environments.(2) The organic matter is mainly I-type kerogen with a small amount of II1-type kerogen. There is a good correlation among TOC, Ro, gas content, and brittle minerals; the fracturing property(brittleness) is 57.3%. Organic and inorganic pores are moderately developed. A higher pressure coefficient is correlated with the increase in porosity and the decrease in permeability.(3) The DY1 well of the shale gas reservoir was affected by natural defects and important latestage double destructive effects, and it is poorly preserved. The DY2 well is located far from the Qiyueshan Fault. Large faults are absent, and upward fractures in the Longmaxi Formation are poorly developed. The well is affected by low tectonic deformation intensity, and it is well preserved.(4) The Dingshan area is located at the junction of the two sedimentary centers of Jiaoshiba and Changning. The thickness of the high-quality shale interval(WF2-LM4) is relatively small, which may be an important reason for the unstable production of shale gas thus far. Based on the systematic analysis of the geological factors controlling high-yield shale gas enrichment in the Dingshan area, and the comparative analysis with the surrounding typical exploration areas, the geological understanding of marine shale gas enrichment in southern China has been improved. Therefore, this study can provide a useful reference for shale gas exploration and further development.     

A New SHRIMP Age of the Xiamaling Formation in the North China Plate and Its Geological Significance

Setting up the hypostratotype of late Precambrian is the main aim of the research on the Meso- and Neoproterozoic in North China. The chronostratigraphic position is the key in this study. However, many key horizons have not been calibrated with the high-quality isotopic ages. Using the reported new U-Pb age with the Sensitive High-Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP II), a zircon U-Pb age was obtained of the ash bed in the Xiamaling Formation in North China Plate, yielding a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 1368±12 Ma. It is the first SHRIMP U-Pb age from the Xiamaling Formation in the North China Plate, and represents the depositing time of the middle part of the Xiamaling Formation. The zircon age plays an important role to understanding geological evolution of the North China Plate during Meso- and Neoproterozoic.     

Process and Mechanisms of Deep Fluid Effects on Hydrocarbon Generation and Pore Space in Shale: A Case Study from the Mesoproterozoic Xiamaling Formation in the Zhaojiashan Section

Heat carried by deep fluid might greatly affect hydrocarbon generation and pore space in shale. Dyke intrusion carrying high levels of heat may be a means by which to explore the influence of deep fluid on shale reservoirs. This study evaluates hydrocarbon generation and analyzed the evolution of shale storage space in the third member of the Xiamaling Formation in the Zhaojiashan section, Hebei Province, based on experimental data such as TOC, SEM, VRo, low-temperature N2 adsorption and high-pressure mercury injection. The results show that the dyke intrusion reduced the shale TOC content drastically―by up to 77%―and also induced instantaneous hydrocarbon generation over a range about 1.4 times the thickness of the intrusion. Furthermore, the dyke intrusion might transform organic pores in surrounding shales into inorganic pores. There were two shale porosity peaks: one appeared when VRo = 2.0%, caused by the increase of organic pores as thermal maturity increased, the other occurred when the VRo value was between 3% and 4%, caused by the increase of inorganic mineral pores. It can be concluded that dyke intrusion can be an effective tool with which to study how deep fluid affects instantaneous hydrocarbon generation and pore space in shale.     

页岩油层系储集层微观孔隙非均质性及控制因素——以吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组为例

吉木萨尔芦草沟组页岩油层系岩性复杂,揭示不同类型储集层微观孔隙特征及非均质性控制因素,有利于指导该区页岩油甜点评价及优选.本文优选芦草沟组30块页岩油储集层样品,采用场发射扫描电镜、高压压汞、核磁共振等实验手段,刻画页岩油储集层微观孔隙结构,探讨混积型页岩油孔隙非均质性的控制因素.结果表明,芦草沟组发育7类孔隙和3类孔...     

皖南地区古生界页岩孔隙特征及影响因素

为了评估下扬子皖南地区古生界页岩气储层性质,应用扫描电子显微镜、高压压汞法、N₂和CO₂气体吸附法,对皖南地区古生界页岩孔隙特征和孔隙结构进行研究,并探讨页岩孔隙发育的主要影响因素。结果表明,皖南地区古生界页岩孔隙度和渗透率低,页岩样品中常见粒间孔、凝絮孔、溶蚀孔、基质晶间孔和有机质孔,并且发育微米-纳米级孔隙。古生界页岩孔隙中50%以上为微孔和介孔;孔隙结构主要为圆柱孔、狭缝型孔和混合型孔,平均孔径范围为4.17~12.06 nm。页岩孔容和比表面积随着有机碳(TOC)含量的增大而增大;页岩孔隙度随着有机质成熟度(R_o)的增大而减小;页岩孔容随着黏土矿物含量的增加而增大,随着脆性矿物含量的增加而减小。     

中扬子地区震旦系陡山沱组页岩储层孔隙结构特征

通过氩离子抛光-SEM技术,分析了中扬子地区震旦系陡山沱组页岩储层孔隙类型、孔隙形态、孔径和面孔率特征,探讨了这些孔隙的油气地质意义。研究认为,陡山沱组页岩储层发育有机质孔隙、粒间孔隙、粒内孔隙和微裂缝4种孔隙类型。页岩孔隙形态可分为不规则多边形孔、圆形或椭圆形孔、复杂网状孔、串珠状孔、长条形孔、线状孔6种类型,其中复杂网状孔的连通性最好,有利于压差传递,可提高页岩气的解吸效率和储层的渗透率。页岩孔径为10~2 000 nm,主体范围为20~200 nm,平均面孔率为1.4%~6.2%。不同类型的孔隙能够为页岩气的赋存提供不同尺度的储集空间,微裂缝和粒间孔隙对页岩气的运移最为有利。     

陆相页岩气储层孔隙发育特征及其主控因素分析:以鄂尔多斯盆地长7段为例

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组是目前最具页岩气潜力的研究层段之一。本文以该盆地东部长7段为研究对象,运用氮气吸附法及氩离子剖光扫描电镜分析对页岩气储层孔隙结构及孔隙类型进行分析和测定,并结合岩石矿物组分、有机质成熟度以及总有机碳（TOC）质量分数,讨论了孔隙结构和影响因素。结果表明,长7段页岩气储层孔隙结构复杂,根据吸附回线形态可分为2类：Ⅰ类回线主要对应孔径为2.6~4.2 nm的狭缝结构或楔形结构的平行板状孔或微裂缝,具体可分为黏土矿物矿片间孔隙、有机质内狭缝状孔隙及基质微裂隙等类型;Ⅱ类回线主要为分布于2.3~3.1、3.5~3.8、4.3~5.2 nm等多个孔径段的开放型圆筒状孔,包括有机质孔和残余粒间孔。中孔和微孔是总孔体积和比表面积的主要贡献者。w（TOC）是延长组页岩总孔体积及比表面积的主要控制因素,与总孔体积及比表面积均呈正相关关系;镜质体反射率及矿物含量对孔隙发育的控制作用不明显,但黏土矿物对微孔孔容贡献较大,其中伊利石质量分数与BET比表面积及孔容有较好的相关性。     

黔西北地区石炭系祥摆组页岩微观孔隙结构及分形特征

为研究海相含煤地层页岩的微观孔隙特征,选取黔西北地区石炭系祥摆组页岩作为研究对象,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和液氮吸附实验研究孔隙特征,同时研究其分形特征,并探讨孔隙结构的影响因素。研究结果表明:研究区石炭系祥摆组页岩在扫描电镜下可观察到4类微观孔隙(粒内孔、粒间孔、有机质孔、微裂缝),其中微裂缝、有机质孔发育较丰富,具有较强的生成烃类气体能力和良好的储集性能;液氮吸附等温线在形态上呈反“S”形,表明中孔在微观孔隙中最为发育,滞后回线类型主要为H2型的细颈广体的墨水瓶孔;BJH总孔体积和BET比表面积值均较大,平均值分别为0.0155 cm³/g和13.20 m²/g,平均孔径为6.22 nm,纳米级微观孔隙大量发育,为烃类气体提供丰富的储集空间;页岩样品微观孔隙结构分形维数D较大,主体大于2.723 2,反映出孔隙结构复杂、非均质性较强;BET比表面积与TOC、石英含量呈一定的负相关性,与分形维数呈一定的正相关性;平均孔径值与石英含量正相关性较好,与分形维数负相关性较好,与黏土矿物含量呈一定的负相关性。石炭系祥摆组页岩微观孔隙的BET比表面积较大、平均孔径较小,微观孔隙结构较为复杂。     

川南地区筇竹寺组页岩微观孔隙结构特征及其影响因素

页岩微观孔隙结构是影响页岩气储层储集能力的重要因素。为评价川南地区下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩性质,基于井下 岩心样品、钻井资料,运用普通扫描电镜和氩离子抛光-场发射扫描电镜观测、Image J2x软件分析、低温CO2和N2 吸附、 高压压汞实验方法,对川南地区筇竹寺组页岩气微观孔隙成因类型、孔隙结构特征及其影响因素进行了研究。研究结果表 明,川南地区下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩孔隙度为0.25%~5.80%,平均为2.49%;发育多种成因类型微观孔隙,以粒间孔为 主,粒内孔、有机质孔和微裂缝次之,页岩微观孔隙总面孔率为3.58%~5.92%;川南地区筇竹寺组页岩总孔容为（2.86~ 12.55）×10-3 mL/g,总比表面积为2.727~21.992 m2/g,孔径主要分布于0.30~1.00 nm、2.5~4.7 nm和55~70 nm这三个区间,微 孔（<2 nm）和介孔（2~50 nm）是筇竹寺组页岩气储集空间的主体,孔隙结构形态主要为圆孔、楔形孔、平板狭缝型孔和混合 型孔结构。页岩孔隙度及总比表面积与TOC、脆性矿物含量呈正相关关系,页岩微孔孔容及比表面积与TOC呈正相关关 系,页岩孔隙度、总孔容及总比表面积与R0、粘土矿物含量呈负相关关系。     

古隆起边缘成藏模式与湖北宜昌页岩气重大发现

在对四川盆地内威远古隆起、盆外雪峰古隆起和汉南古隆起等构造研究的基础上,创新提出"古老隆起边缘控藏模式"页岩气成藏模式,古老隆起边缘控藏模式认为古隆起周缘具有埋藏深度适中、抬升较早、构造变形较弱的特点,有利于页岩气的富集和保存,以此为指导,通过部署页岩气基础地质调查和二维地震勘探,优选了鄂西长阳页岩气有利区,通过实施鄂阳页1井,获得寒武系天河板组、牛蹄塘组和震旦系灯影组、陡山沱组页岩气与天然气"四层楼"式重大发现。开辟了南方古老层系页岩气勘查新领域。     

沁水盆地阳泉区块太原组煤系页岩孔隙结构特征

页岩孔隙结构是影响页岩气赋存与储集的基本因素之一.为研究高演化海陆过渡相煤系页岩的孔隙结构和评价页岩气储集能力,主要运用扫描电子显微镜、高压压汞、低温N2和CO2气体吸附实验方法,对沁水盆地阳泉区块太原组海陆过渡相煤系页岩孔隙微观特征与孔隙结构进行了研究,并分析了太原组煤系页岩孔隙发育的影响因素.研究结果表明:沁水盆地...